237

Index

AAA Insurance, 164

Aaron Rents, 8, 95

Abell, Vincent, 138

abuses, industry, 184–186

access (convenience) checks, 54

ACE Cash Express, 6–7, 10, 13, 61, 88, 92

ACORN (Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now), 14, 116

adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs), 115–118

Advance America, Cash Advance Centers, Inc., 7–8, 13

affluenza, 34

agent-assisted loan programs, 78

Alexander, Karen, 184

alternative financing schemes, 142

alternative local telephone services, 99–102

Alternatives Federal Credit Union, 209

A.M. Best Company, 163

American Association of Independent Credit Counseling Associations, 175

American Express, 48

America’s Car-Mart, 157

AmeriDebt, 184–185

Amerix, 185

annual percentage rate (APR), 5, 49–50

antitrust law violations, 49

Applebaum, Eileen, 33

appliance rental industry, 11, 93–99

appraisals of real property, 133–134

arbitration for disputes, 120

asset-based lending, 121

assets, transfer of, 141–142

Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), 14, 116

Association of Progressive Rental Organizations (APRO), 103

ATM machines, 205

auto industry

auto title pawns, 166–168

buy-here, pay-here (BHPH) lots, 155–162

buying used cars, 146–148

financing used cars, 148–154

high-cost insurance, 162–164

vehicle inspections, 164–166

auto title pawns, 166–168

auxiliary financial services, 88–93

balance-jumping, 53–54

balloon mortgages, 115–118

Baltimore, Calvin, 138

bank accounts, 19, 203

banking industry, 12–15

electronic bill paying, 92–93

Marquette v. First Omaha Service Corp., 63, 201

need for mainstream banks, 204–206

regulatory controls on, 86

banking model, 18–19

Bank of America, 14, 15, 48

Bank One, 91

bankruptcy, 35, 179, 180, 189, 192–194

Bernhardt, Annette, 33

Better Business Bureau, 189–190

Bilaal, Idriis, 138

Bonanno, Chuck, 158, 160

bonus upselling, 123

Bradley, Lucy and Mary 67238

Bradshaw, Mary 100

branded credit cards, 60

branded titles (vehicles), 148

Brighton Credit Management, 185

Brinkley Sterling, 9

brokers, mortgage, 123

Brookings Institute, 82

Brown, Lavelle, 22–23

bullet loans, 116

Bush, George W, 192

buy here, pay here (BHPH) financing, 149–150, 155–162, 170

Cady John, 183

call provisions, 120

Cambridge Credit Counseling, 185–186

Carfax, 148

Car Title Loans of America, 168

Cash America International, 8, 67, 70, 88, 91, 213

cash leasing, 77–78

cash loans, categories of, 66

Caskey, John, 12

CBS Evening News, “Unaffordable Housing” segment, 117–118

celebrity endorsements, credit cards, 60

cell phone services, 102–103, 106

Census Bureau, U.S. population projection, 24–25

Center for Responsible Lending, 119

Center for Responsible Living, 73, 75, 77

Chambers, Robert, 170

Chang, Wynne, 44

Chapter 7 and 13 bankruptcy, 180. See also bankruptcy

charge-offs, 179

cheap credit, 174

check-cashing outlets (CCOs), 4, 6, 88–93

Check ‘n Go, 88

checks, credit card, 54

ChexSystems, 88

Child Health Insurance Program (CHIPS), 23, 24

Child Tax Credit (CTC), 23, 24

Christianson, Ralph, 152–153, 163–164

Cingular, 102

Citigroup, 5, 13

CLAC, 170

CLECs (competitive local exchange carriers), 100, 101

Clinton, Bill, 22, 206

CNW Marketing Research, 150–151

Coalition for Responsible Credit Practices, 191

collateral-based cash loans, 66

collection tactics, payday loans, 75

college students, 54–56

Colston, Hal, 170–171

Community Advantage home-loan secondary market program, 211

Community Financial Services Association of America (CFSAA), 77

Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), 204

Consolidated Credit Counseling Services, 176

consolidation of financial services, 103–105

consumer credit counseling agencies

bankruptcy law, 192–194

Consumer Credit Counseling Services (CCCSs), 174

debt-management plans (DMPs), 174, 176–181

evolution of industry, 174–176

fair share cuts, 181–182

not-for-profits, 182–184

reining in, 190–192

scams/industry abuses, 184–186

Consumer Credit Counseling Services (CCCSs), 174

Consumer Federation of America, 18, 96

consumer protection, 63, 198–199239

Consumers for Responsible Credit Solutions, 179

control mechanisms for fringe economy, 199–211

convenience (access) checks, 54

costs. See fees

creative financing, 110–111, 127, 141

credit, types of consumer, 42

credit card industry. See also consumer credit counseling agencies

anti-consumer practices, 53

average credit card balance per household, 32–33

college students, 54–56

credit card issuers (CCIs), 43

creditworthiness, determination of, 46–48

how it works, 49–54

major players, 48–49

overview, 44–46

preloaded/stored-value debit cards (SVCs), 59–62

recourses for repayment, 179

reforms needed, 62–64

risk management, 11

secured versus unsecured credit cards, 56–59

credit industry, premise of, 43

creditor funding, 191

credit ratings, 59, 150, 162, 169, 181

Credit Repair Organizations Act, 183, 189–190

credit reports/reporting agencies, 91, 189

credit unions, 207–208 creditworthiness, determination of, 45–46, 46–48

Cross Country Bank, 58

cultural changes in borrowing, 36–37

customers, of fringe economy, 18–19

Dancel, Bernard, 183, 185

Danforth, Robert and Betsy 20–21

D’Angelo, 134

Daugherty Jill, 71

Davis, Milton, 207

Day, Katherine, 52

debit cards, 205–206

debt, 31–33. See also consumer credit counseling agencies

causes of indebtedness, 34–35

concept of acceptable, 42

debt disputes, 189

debt management plans (DMPs), 176–181

reasons for, 35

statistics on consumer, 31–32

uncollectible, 179

debt dispute, 189–190

debt-management plans, 176–181. See also consumer credit counseling agencies

Debt Relief Clearing House, 185

debt settlement, 186–188

debt-to-asset ratio, 125

DebtWorks (later Ballenger Group), 185

deferred deposit loans. See payday lenders

demographics. See statistics

“Denise B.” (foreclosure scam), 140–141

Department of Justice (DOJ), 49

Direct Telephone Company, 101

discounting practices (auto loans), 151–152, 153

Discount Tire, 165

Discover, 48

discrimination, 56, 89

disputes, arbitration, 119–120

Dollar Financial Corporation, 8, 88

downstreaming, 123

DPI Teleconnect, 101

Driven to Succeed, 171

DriveTime, 157

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), 23, 24, 80–81, 209

e-commerce, 26

economic phases (1989–1993), 21240

Economic Policy Institute, 22

economic stratification theory, 36–37

educating consumers, 202–204

electronic bill paying, 92

Employer Identification Number (EIN), 189

Engelkins, Lisa, 75

Equifax, 189

equity

HELOCs (home equity lines of credit), 122

home equity, 120–127

Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM), 126–127

Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act (HOEPA), 5

negative equity, 126–132

shared (SAM loans), 117–118

stripping, 123–126

upside down, 30–31, 121

European markets for fringe economy, 213–214

evolution of fringe economy, 103–105

Experian, 189

exportation of America’s fringe economy, 213–214

Express Cash, 67

EZCORP, 213

EZ Pawn, 8, 67

Fair Share plans, 175, 176, 178, 181–182, 191

Famous Pawn, 67

Fannie CLAC, 170

Fannie Mae (Federal National Mortgage Association), 113, 125, 211

Fast Cash pawnshop, 69–70

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), 7, 78, 85, 202, 206–207

federal regulations, 200–202

Federal Reserve Bank, 14, 91, 93, 111–112

Federal Reserve Board (FRB), 5, 202

Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 202

Feehan, Daniel, 9–10

fees

alternative phone market companies, 101–102

bounced-check/overdraft, 78, 207–208

check-cashing outlets, 90, 91

credit cards, 52, 57–58, 58–59, 61

debt settlement, 187–188

Get-A-Fone, 100–101

inequality of, 106–107

mortgage, 115–116, 119, 123

pawnbrokers, 67–68

payday loans, 73–74

post-paid cell phone service, 102–103

refinancing/home equity, 120

regulating, 142

FICO (Fair Isaac Company) score, 46–48, 115

file segregation, 189–190

financial institutions, mainstream, 12–15

Financial Liberty accounts (Legacy Bank), 209

Financial Service Centers of America (FiSCA), 14–15, 104

financing used cars, 148–154

First Accounts program (U.S. Treasury), 207

First Cash Pawn, 8, 67

First Premier Bank, 57–58

fixed-rate mortgages, 115–118

Fleischman, Sandra, 138

Fletcher, James, 207

floats, 93

Florida, 85

food stamps, 6, 23

Ford Foundation, 208

foreclosures, 126–132, 137–141

Four Oaks Bank, 61

fraud, file segregation, 189. See also scams

Freddie Mac, 121, 125241

Free File Alliance, 86

fringe economy

collaboration within, 123

consolidation of financial services, 103–105

defining, 5

employee salaries, 9–10

future of, 211–212

goals/nature of, 198–199

losses in, 8

profitability of, 9, 11–12

strategies for reforming, 199–211

targets, 18–19

functionally poor middle class, 30–31

funding, government, 204

furniture rental industry, 93–99. See also rent-to-own (RTO) industry

future of fringe economy, 211–214. See also reforms/reform strategies

Garcia, Ernest, 157

Gardner, Janis, 93–94

GEICO, 163–164

Genus Credit Management, 185

Georgetown University payday loan study, 73

Get-A-Fone, 100

Goldstein, John and Miriam, 30–31

Goldstein, Roberta, 165

Good News Garage, 170–171

governmental regulations, 200–202

government funding, 204

government spending, social welfare programs, 6

Graaf, John de, 34

grace periods (credit card interest), 51–52, 63

Grameen Bank Project, 206

Gramlich, Edward, 111–112, 112–113

Greenspan, Alan, 174

Gross, Karen, 178

Grzywinski, Ronald, 207

gurus, real estate, 137

Hall, Michael, 183–184

Hardy, Robin, 184

Harvey and Thompson, 213

Heady, Robert, 140

health insurance, 20, 22, 23, 35

HELOCs (home equity lines of credit), 122

Hernandez, Carlotta and Raul, 159–162, 163–164

Higgins, Gary, 166–168

high-cost insurance, 162–164

high-cost loans, definition, 5

High Desert Title Pawn, 167–168

high-risk loans, 113

Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM), 126–127

home equity loans, 120–127. See also housing; mortgages

Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act (HOEPA), 5

HomeVestors of America (HVA), 134–136

Hosseini, Fatemeh, 52

hot check laws, 75

Houghton, Mary, 207

Household Credit Services, 178

housing

foreclosures, 137–141

percentage of income paid toward, 35

rent-to-own, 132–134

subprime versus predatory lending, 111–115

U.S. policies, 141

Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 6, 126–127

housing market, revenues, 9

Howell, Melinda, 117–118

H&R Block, 60–61, 80–81, 83, 86, 104

HSBC Group, 213

Hudson, Michael, 13

Huffman, Larry and Erica, 123

ILECs (incumbent local exchange carriers), 99–100242

immigrants/immigration, 18, 24–26, 60, 92

income-based lending, 121

Individual Development Accounts

(IDAs), 211

inheritance problems, 127, 141–142

insurance

Child Health Insurance Program (CHIPS), 23, 24

credit checks by insurance companies, 162

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), 7, 78, 85, 202, 206–207

health, 20, 22, 23, 35

high-cost auto, 162–164

mandatory nonessential, 142

private mortgage insurance (PMI), 119

rate increases, 35

required by mortgage lenders, 118–119

risk of insurance for low-income buyers, 163

uninsured motorists, 164–165

insurance companies, financial strength of, 163

interest rates

auto, 148

collateral-based loans, 66

credit card, 33, 46, 49–50

DMP comparisons, 180

indexes, 50

mortgage, 5, 113

for new versus used cars, 149

pawnshops, 67–68, 71

subprime auto loans, 154

teaser rates, 50

universal default practice, 51

usury laws, 26–27, 63, 67

Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 85–86, 183

international money transfers, 92

Internet, dangers of, 26–27

investment accounts, 211

Jackson Hewitt, 80–81, 104

J.D. Byrider, 157–158

Jefferson, Ralph, 120

Johnson, George, Jr., 10

Johnson, Kyle and Marti, 97

Johnson, Ralph, 72, 76

Joint Center for Housing Studies (Harvard University), 142

Jones-Cox, Vena, 137

JPMorgan Chase, 91

Jubilee Financial Services, 184

junk titles (vehicles), 148

Kauffman, James, 10

Kiyosaki, Robert, 137

Lander, David, 178

Landry Kim, 150–151

La Raza Personal Advantage Media MasterCard, 60

late fees, 51, 63

lease options, 132

Leedom, Chris, 156

Legacy Bank, 209

legal issues/legislation. See also regulation/regulatory measures antitrust law violations, 49

Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (2005), 192–194

bankruptcy law, 192–194

Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), 204

Credit Repair Organizations Act, 183, 189–190

exclusionary rule (credit card issuance), 49

fencing of stolen goods/pawnshops, 68–69

FTC lawsuit against AmeriDebt, 184–185

Home Ownership and Equity Protection Act (HOEPA), 5243

hot check laws, 75

J.D. Byrider lawsuit, 157–158

lawsuit against Cambridge Credit Counseling, 186

Marquette v. First Omaha Service Corp., 63, 201

National Consumer Law Center, 190

processing of checks by banks, 78–79

prosecuting borrowers, 75, 85

racketeering lawsuit against H&R Block/Household International, 213–214

Truth-In-Lending Act, 106

usury laws, 26–27, 63, 67, 151, 201–202

lender kickbacks, 154

lenders, subprime auto, 151

Leonetti, Robert, 137

Linn, Michael, 158

loan flipping, 125

loan packing, 111

loan-refinancing, traps, 121–122

loan-sharking, 104

loan solicitation, 123

loan terms, 85

loan-to-value (LTV), 124, 142

local alternative bank programs, 209–211

Lund, Will, 184

Madden, John, 98

mainstream banks, need for, 204–206

mandatory disclosures (auto sales), 170

marketing, of credit cards, 62–63

Marolian, Joe, 94–95

MasterCard, 48–49, 63

Mayer, Caroline, 52

McCagno, Scott, 176

McGee, Alexis, 138

McKigney Darrell, 200

mental health problems, 34

middle class, definition, 30

minimum wage earners, 21–22

MoneyGram, 9

Money Mart, 88

MoneySmart program (FDIC), 207

money transfers, international, 92

Morrow, Nancy, 70–71

mortgages

adjustable-rate/fixed-rate, 115–118

alternative lending programs, 210–211

Fannie Mae (Federal National Mortgage Association), 113, 125, 211

fees, 115–116, 119, 123

hidden costs/traps, 118–120

high interest, 5

Home Equity Conversion Mortgage (HECM), 126–127

insurance, 118–119

interest rates, 5, 113

Mortgage Bankers Association, 138

mortgage brokers, 123

mortgage finance market, 110–111

negative amortization, 52, 117

private mortgage insurance (PMI), 119

refinancing, 120–127

reverse, 140

SAM loans, 117–118, 142

subprime, 113–114, 113–115, 115–120

Moseley Jeanette, 44

Mountaintop Investments, 130–132

Mr. Payroll, 88, 91

Multilateral Investment Fund, 92

Murnane, Richard, 33

National Association of BHPH Dealers, 156–157

National Community Investment Fund (NCIF), 208

National Conference of State Legislatures, 23–24

National Consumer Law Center, 190

National Foundation for Consumer Credit (NFCC), 174, 176244

Naylor, Thomas, 34

negative amortization, 52, 117

negative equity, 126–127, 126–132

no-documents owner financing, 133

nonbranded credit cards, 60

nonprime lending (auto loans), 149–150

non-qualifying financing, 132

non-revolving credit, 42

nontraditional bank services, 205–206

North Carolina, 73

North Side Community Federal Credit Union, 210

note lots (buy here, pay here), 149–150, 155–162

not-for-profit credit counseling agencies, 182–184

Obedja, Kamil, 68

Office of Budget Management (OMB), 86

Olivera, Maria, 69–70

option considerations, 132

overconsumption, 34–36, 42, 141

Owens, Ruth M., 52–53

owner financing (real estate), 133

par-plus premium pricing, 123

pawns, auto title, 166–168

pawnshops, 8, 11, 66–72

Payday Alternative Loan (PAL), 210

payday lenders, 7–8, 53

average customers of, 19

customers, 24

online, 26–27

payday loans, 6, 72–79, 208

risk management, 11

penalty rates (credit cards), 51

personal bankruptcy, 180

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), 23

Pew Hispanic Center, 92

points, mortgage, 115–116

policies, federal housing, 143

postpaid cell phone service, 102–103

predatory lending, 63

CCIs, 53

definition of, 112

First Premier Bank Visa cards, 57–58

foreclosure rescues, 138–141

paybacks by lenders, 14

stigma of, 103

versus subprime, 5, 111–115

preloaded/stored-value debit cards (SVCs), 59–62

prepaid telecommunications, 99–103, 106

prepayment penalties, 111, 119, 142

private mortgage insurance (PMI), 119

profitability of fringe economy, 5–12, 211–212. See also revenues

protection for consumers, 63

public assistance programs, 6

Puccio, John, 185–186

Puccio, Richard, 185–186

Pukke, Andris, 185

Qtel, 101, 102

racial stereotyping, 154

Rainbow Rentals, 96

real estate. See housing; mortgages real estate gurus, 137

real estate speculation, 130, 134–136

Reed, John, 133, 135

refinancing mortgages, 120–127

reforms/reform strategies

ACORN (Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now), 116

alternative credit/lending institutions, 206–211

alternative services sector, 105–107

approach for, 199–200

Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN), 14

auto sector, 169–171

consumer education, 202–204245

control mechanisms for fringe economy, 199–211

credit card industry, 62–64 fringe housing market, 141–143

governmental regulations, 200–202

mainstream banks, 204–206

welfare reform, 22–24, 25

refund/tax preparation loans (RALs), 60–61, 79–84, 80–81

regulation/regulatory measures. See also legal issues/legislation

banking industry, 86

check-cashing outlets, 89–90

credit card industry, 63–64

governmental, 200–202

interest rates, 84–85

limitations of, 214

pawnshops, 68

regulating fees, 142

Reilly Tom, 186

Rent-A-Center, 8, 95

Rental Centers, 73

Rent-A-Tire, 165

Rent-A-Wheel, 165

Rent Rite, 98

rent-to-own (RTO) industry

credit sales versus leases, 105–106

furniture/appliances, 8, 11, 93–99

housing, 132–134

tires, 164–166

RentWay 8

repossession of cars, 160–161

rescue loans, 120, 137–138

research. See studies retailer financing programs, 43

Retail Financial Services Initiative, 208

revenues

America’s Car-Mart, 157

Cash America International, 70

CCIs’, 63

check-cashing outlets, 90, 92

fringe economy in general, 104

housing market, 9

H&R Block’s, 83–84

Mountaintop Investments, 131

pawnshops, 8

payday loan industry, 73

profitability of fringe economy, 5–12

rent-to-own furniture/appliance industry, 95–96

reverse mortgages, 140

revolving credit, 42

risk factors

for fringe economy businesses, 11

high-risk loans, 113

of insurance for low-income buyers, 163

subprime auto loans, 151–152

Roberts, Bennett, 125

Rodriquez, Elise and Bernardo, 4

“Ruth B.” (foreclosure scam), 140

safeguards, denial of, 134

SAM (shared appreciation mortgages) loans, 117–118, 142

Samuelson, Robert, 174

savings, rates of personal, 32

savings accounts, 205

scams, 138–141, 142, 184–186, 189–190

Schmitt, Christopher, 183

Schneider, Rob, 13

Schor, Juliet, 34, 42

scope of fringe economy, 5–12

secured cash loans, 66

secured credit cards, 56–59, 58–59

secured deposit loans, 205

security deposits, 57

Self-Help credit union, 210–211

service release fees (SRFs), 123

shared appreciation mortgages (SAM) loans, 117–118, 142

Sheets, Carleton, 137

Sherry, Linda, 53

Shipler, David, 80–81

Shipowitz, Jay, 10

ShoreBank, 207

Shuster, Pamela, 185246

Simpson, John, 56

Small City Auto Loans, 161

Social Security Administration (SSA) Federal Credit Union, 209–210

social welfare programs, 5–6

Southwest Center for Economic

Integrity, 76, 77

startup costs, check-cashing stores, 9

state regulations, 200–202

state vehicle inspections, 164–166

statistics, 18

Americans without bank accounts, 19

borrowers using NFCC agencies, 179

consumer debt, 31–32

credit card use, 44–45

federal debt, 31

minimum wage earners, 21–22

payday loans, 77

personal savings, 32

poverty-level Americans, 21

rent-to-own customers, 103

subprime mortgages, 113–114

two-income family earnings, 33

uninsured motorists, 164–165

used car sales, 147

vehicles on the road, 149

welfare case loads, 23

Stein, Eric, 110

stored-value debit cards (SVCs), 59–62

storefront loan industry, 6, 84–86 strategies for reform. See reforms/reform strategies

studies

cash prices of rent-to-own goods, 96–97

credit checks by insurance companies, 162

EITC recipients receiving RALs, 82–83

foreclosures, 138

goals of children, 42

home equity loan averages, 121

housing trends, 142

payday borrowers’ use of loan money, 76, 77

payday loan customers, 73

raising of cardholders’ interest rates, 51

rent-to-own transactions, 98

student credit card debt, 56

survey of credit counseling agencies, 181

taxpayer subsidization of medical care, 20

tax preparers per zipcode, 82

users of payday lenders, 19

subprime lending, 5

mainstream financial institutions in, 13–14

mortgages, 113–115, 115–120

versus predatory, 111–115

through credit unions, 208–209

Sullivan, Teresa, 35

Sunshine Motors, 158–162

Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 25

taxes/tax issues

Child Tax Credit (CTC), 23, 24

on debt settlement funds, 189

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), 23, 24, 80–81, 209

Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 85–86, 183

refund/tax preparation loans (RALs), 60–61, 79–84, 80–81

taxpayer subsidization of medical care, 20

tax preparers per zipcode, 82

Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA), 86

telecommunications industry

alternative local telephone services, 99–102

alternative phone market companies, 101–102

post-paid cell phone service, 102–103247

prepaid cellular services, 106

Teletrack, 73

Temporary Aid to Needy Families (TANF), 6, 22, 23, 24

Tennessee, 73

terms of loans, 85

Texas, 111

third-chance financing, 149

Timmons, Heather, 183

tire-rental outlets, 165

titles, vehicle, 148, 166–168

Trans-Union, 189

Trevina, Javier and Ana, 130–131

Triozzi, Robert, 52

Truth-In-Lending Act, 106

tuition costs, 35

two-income families, 33

Tyagi, Amelia, 33

unbanked/underbanked customers, 19

universal default practice, 51

unsecured cash loans, 66

unsecured credit cards, 56–59

upside down equity, 30–31

U.S. housing policies, 141

U.S. Public Interest Research Group (U.S. PIRG), 56, 208

U.S. Treasury, 207

used car buying, 146–148, 148–154

usury laws, 26–27, 63, 151, 201–202

vehicle identification numbers (VINs), 148

vehicle inspections, 164–166

Visa, 48–49, 63

Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA), 86

wages, 21, 23–24

Waldron, Chuck, 88–89

Walker, John, 97

Wal-Mart, 20, 49, 91, 92

Walsh, Rich, 186–187

Walters, Ingram, 158

Wann, David, 34

Warren, Elizabeth, 33, 35

Webster, William “Billy” IV, 7, 10

Weiss, Jeffrey, 10

welfare reform, 22–24, 25

Wells Fargo, 13–14, 51, 58

Wessel, Rick, 10

Westbrook, Jay, 35

Williams, Judy, 80

Williams, Katia, 153

Wired Plastic, 61

Wisankowski, Helen, 137–138

Wisconsin Works program, 22

Wisnowsky, Josh, 54–55

working poor, 20–22

Working Wheels, 171

yield spread premiums (YSPs), 123

Yunus, Muhammad, 206