• 3D printing
  • soft nanolithography (SL), 67
  • two-photo polymerization microfabrication (TPPMF), 66–67

A

• Activated textile surface, 273
• Active smart textiles, 7
• Actuators, 236–237
• Antibacterial activity, 236
• Anodic aluminum oxide membrane (AAOM), 328
• Anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid sodium salt (AQSA), 315
• Antimicrobial, 101
• Antimicrobial nanocoatings,
  • antimicrobial finishing, 265
  • mechanism of antimicrobioal activity, 263, 264
• Application, 111–114, 116, 117, 119–124
• Architecture fabrics, 281–282
• Asymmetric supercapacitor, 139, 147

B

• Bicomponent nanofiber structures, 316
• Bicomponent spinning, 330–331
• Bioactive, 101
• Biological characterization, 371
  • immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, 371
  • in vitro, in vivo, 371
  • MTT/MTS, 371
• Biomedicine, 14
• Bolaform, 332
• Bubble electrospinning, 319–320

C

• Carbon coatings, 287
• Carbon nanodots, 101
• Carbon nanofibers (CNFs), 220, 304, 315
• Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 218–220, 313
• Ceramic matrix nanocomposites, 213, 214–215
• Charge transport path, 131
• Chemical sensors, 313
• Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 66, 133, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 163
• Clay nanoparticles, 277
• Coated textiles, 247–248
• Coating agent, 93
• Composite spinning, 65–66
• Conductive nanofibers, 304
• Conducting polymers, 223–224
• Conductive textiles, 286–291
• Confined feed system (CFS), 319
• Controlled release, 103
• Core-sheath nanofibers, 304
• Cross-linked liquid crystal polymeric fibers (CLCP), 316
• Cross-linking agents, 268–269

D

• Defense applications, 236
• Deformation, 132, 141
• Dimethyl formamide (DMF), 314, 320
• Drug release, 118–120
• Dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA), 314
• Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), 369–370
  • brownian motion, 369, 370
  • particle size analyzer, 369
  • photon correlation spectroscopy, 370
  • quasi-elastic light scattering, 370
  • zeta potential, 370

E

• Electrical conductivity, 137–138, 141–142, 150
• Electrical resistance, 131
• Electrochemical deposition, 136
• Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), 372
  • conductivity, 350, 365, 372
  • dielectric, 372
  • Ohm’s law, 372
• Electroblowing, 320–321
• Electromagentic interference shielding, 56
• Electrospinning, 111, 113–116, 118, 305–323
  • affecting parameters, 47
  • bending instability, 47
  • challenges, 60–65
  • device, 305–306
  • materials, 47
  • multi-jet, 62
  • near-field electrospinning, 64–65
  • needleless, 62–63
  • setup, 46–47
  • taylor cone, 47
  • types of electrospinning, 306–310, 313
  • use for smart textiles, 313–316
• Electrospinning by microfluidic manifold, 321
• Electrospinning by porous hollow tube, 321
• Electrostatic precipitators, 305
• Electrospun nanofibers, 116, 118, 120
• Encapsulation, 279–280
• Energy harvesting, 237–238
• Energy storage capability, 138
• Esterification, 269

F

• Fibers, 127, 129–130, 133, 137–139, 141–144, 150, 152, 158, 160–162
• Fire hazard, 277
• Fire protection, 236
• Flash spinning, 328, 330
• Flame retardant textiles, 276–279
• Flexibility, 127, 130, 132–133, 138, 140–141, 148, 153
• Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 350, 351, 353–355
  • attenuated total reflection (ATR), 354, 355
  • infrared spectrum, 350, 351, 353
• Formhals patent, 305

G

• Grafting, 273
• Graphene oxide (GO), 278

H

• Hyaluronic acid (HA), 320
• Hybrid nanogenerators for smart textiles, 200–204
• Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), 148–150
• Hydrophobic materials, 51–52
• Hydrophobic structure, 51–52
• Hydrothermal method, 147, 153, 156
• Hyperthermia, 111, 119, 120

I

• Inherently conducing polymers (ICPs), 304, 314
• In situ polymerization, 133, 140, 157
• Interface, 216
• Intumescent materials, 276

L

• Laminated nanocomposites, 231
• LCST, 112, 118, 119
• Light responsive, 96
• Limiting oxygen index (LOI), 276
• Liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), 315
• Lupamin, 97
• Lupasol, 97

M

• Maslow’s theory, 67
• Melt blowing, 324–326
• Melt electrospinning, 308–313
• Melt spinning, 327–328
• Metal matrix nanocomposites, 213, 215
• Metal-based conductive coatings, 288–291
• Moisture management, 12
• Multijets,
  • from multiple needles, 317–318
  • from needleless systems, 318–319
  • from single needle, 317
• Multiple needle electrospinning (MNE), 317–318
• Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNs), 327–328

N

• Nanocellulose, 221–223
• Nanoclays, 225–226
• Nanocoating, 23–24
• Nanocomposites, 21–23, 211–245
  • coatings, 233
  • fibers, 231–232
  • hydrogels, 233–234
  • membranes, 232–233
• Nanofiber, 11, 111–123
  • application, 42, 44–45
  • aspect ratio, 42
  • category, 43
  • definition, 42
  • diameter, 42
  • electrical conductivity, 43
  • fabric lamination, 63–64
  • fabrication technologies, 46, 62–67
  • functions, 44–45, 47
  • materials, 44–45
  • mechanical properties, 60–61
  • pore size, 51
  • surface area, 42–43
  • yarn, 63
• Nanofiber formation, 24–26
• Nanogenerators, 19–21
  • piezoelectric nanogenerator, 57–58
  • triboelectic nanogenerator, 58
• Nanomaterials, 10
• Nanoparticles, 224–225
• Nanosol preparation, 93
• Nanosols, 14–16
• Nanotechnological characterization, 26–27
• Nanotechnology, 9
• Nanowebs, 304
• Nanowires, 18–19, 226–227
• Network, 127, 131, 133
• NIPAAm, 112, 113, 115, 117–119, 121
• N,N’-Dimethyl formamide (DMF), 326
• Non-intumescent materials, 276
• Nonwoven, 111, 115

O

• One-dimensional nanomaterials, 132
• Oriented assembly, 132

P

• Paraffin, 280
• Passive smart textiles, 7
• Permeability, 372
  • barrier property, 350, 373
• Personal protection, 13–14
  • antibacterial, 55–56
  • chemical decontamination, 55–56
  • filtration, 57
  • fire protection, 54–55
  • heat (IR) protection, 56
  • UV-protection, 55
• Personal thermal management (PTM), 279
• Pesticide sprayers, 305
• Phase Change Materials (PCMs), 279–282, 331
• Photocatalyst, 96, 98
• Photocatalytic activity of TiO₂, 253
• Photocatalytic self-cleaning coatings, 252
• Photo-induced chemiluminescence (PICL), 267
• Piezoelectric nanogenerators, 179–181
• Piezoelectric nanogenerators for smart textiles, 187–192
• Plasma,
  • low-pressure plasma, 272
  • plasma polymerization, 273
  • plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), 273
  • plasma on textiles, 272
• poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL), 308
• Polyacetylene, 304
• Polyacrylonitriles (PAN), 316, 320, 330
• Polyaniline, 304, 313, 314
• Polyaniline/polyethylene oxide (PEO), 313
• Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), 320–321
• Polyethylene (PE), 319
• Poly(ethylene) adipate (PEA), 326
• (polyethylene glycol)-block-(poly-ε-caprolactone) (PEG47-b-PCL95), 308
• Polyethylene oxide (PEO), 316, 318
• Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 308, 309
• Polylactic acid (PLA), 308
• Polylactide, 308
• Polymer of polyaniline (PANi), 316
• Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 316
• Polymer light-emitting diode cover, 59
• Polymer matrix nanocomposites, 213, 215
• Polymer nanocomposites, 274
• Polyolefin filaments, 330
• Polypyrrole (PPy), 304, 313, 314, 315
• Polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), 316
• Polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE), 320
• Polythiophene, 304
• Polyurethane (PU) nanofibers, 321, 330
• Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers, 318
• Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 314–315
• Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), 315, 320
• Polyvinylamine, 97
• Porosity, 371
  • Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET), 371, 372
  • void volume, 371
• Propylene (PP), 308, 308, 321
• P-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA), 315
• Power conversion efficiency (PCE), 135, 152, 154–155

R

• Raman spectroscopy, 350–353
  • Raman effect, 351, 352
  • rayleigh scattering, 351, 352
  • stokes, antistokes scattering, 351, 352, 370
• Rapid expansion of a supercritical solution into a liquid solvent (RESSLS), 333
• Responsive polymers, 16–18
• Responsivity, 144, 158
• Roller electrospinning, 322

S

• Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 350, 358–361, 365
  • electron beam, 358–359, 361–362
  • energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), 361, 359
  • field emission, 359
  • surface topography, 358
• Scanning probe microscopy (SPM), 350, 364
  • atomic force microscope (AFM), 358, 364–366, 373
  • contact mode, 365
  • non contact mode, 365
  • roughness, 365
  • tapping mode, 365
• Schottky junctions, 142
• Self-assembly, 331, 332
• Self-cleaning, 237
• Self-cleaning textiles, 254–259
• Self-powered devices, 129
• Semiconductor, 127, 130, 132, 138, 141
• Sensors, 116, 117, 234–235
  • pressure sensor, 59
  • strain sensor, 59
• Shape changing polymers (SCPs), 315
• Shape memory effect (SME), 314
• Shape memory fibres (SMFs), 313, 326–327
• Shape memory polyurethane (SMPU), 313, 314
• Silane coupling agent, 275
• Silica sol, 94, 96
• Silver nanowires, 282
• Silver particle, 100
• Single needle electrospinning (SNE), 317
• SMPs, 313, 327–328
• Solar radiation, 266
• Sol-gel chemistry, 249–250
• Solution electrospinning, 306–308, 315
• Specific surface area, 131, 153
• Spray deposition, 134
• Stimuli-responsive, 111–114, 116, 120, 123
• Stretchability, 132
• Stretchable electrical conductors, 288
• Styryl dye (StD), 313
• Supercapacitors, 129, 135–136, 138–140, 146–148, 155–157
• Superhydrophilic textiles, 256–258
• Superhydrophobicity, 259–260

T

• Taylor cone, 305–307
• Temperature-responsive, 111–114, 116, 120, 123
• Template melt extrusion, 328
• Tetraethylammonium bromide (TEAB) salt, 321
• Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), 94
• Tetrahydrofuran (THF), 330
• Textile,
  • air permeability, 48, 51
  • breathability, 48
  • comfort, 48
  • diffusion, 49
  • functions, 48
  • moisture management, 49, 51
  • smart textiles, 68
  • water contact angel, 50–51
  • waterproof, 49, 51–52
  • wettability, 50
  • wicking, 50
• Theoretical origin of nanogenerators – Maxwell’s displacement current, 184–186
• Thermal characterization,
  • differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 372
  • differential thermal analysis (DTA), 372
  • thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 372
  • Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 276
• Thermoregulating effect, 279, 281
• Thermoregulation, 13
  • heat transfer, 52–53
  • thermal conduction, 53
  • thermmal radiation, 53, 56
  • phase change, 53–54
• TiO₂/SiO₂, 258
• Titanium dioxide, 96, 100
• Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), 350, 358, 361–365
  • convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED), 362
  • selected area diffraction (SAD), 362
• Transparency, 130–131
• Transparent conductive electrodes, 130–131
• Triboelectric nanogenerators, 181–184
• Triboelectric nanogenerators for smart textiles, 192–200

U

• Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF), 267
• Unconfined feed system (UFS), 319
• UV protective fabrics, 267–268
• UV–Vis spectroscopy, 347, 349–351, 356–358
  • absorbance, 355–357
  • Beer-Lamberts law, 357
  • transmittance, 356, 355

V

• Vapor phase deposition techniques, 315
• Visible-light active nanocoatings, 258–259

W

• Water vapor permeability (WVP), 314
• Wearables, 57–59
• Wet spinning, 326–327
• Wettability, 373, 374
  • contact angle, 373
  • goniometer, 373
  • hydrophobic, hydrophilic, 373, 374
• Wool surface oxidation, 270
• Wound dressing, 60

X

• X-ray diffraction (XRD), 347, 350, 367, 368, 374
  • Bragg’s law, 367
  • constructive and destructive scattering, 367
  • lattice strain, 368
  • modulus of crystal phase, 368
• X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 350, 355, 368, 369
  • electronic spectroscopy of chemical analysis (ESCA), 368
  • elemental composition, 361–362, 369

Z

• Zinc oxide (ZnO), 101