Index

Affordable Care Act, 20

Agile approach, 90–94

Agile software industry, 134

AI. See Artificial Intelligence

Annual license

cost of, 127

ANSI SQL Standard, 78

APIs, 186

App Store, 184–85

Application centricity

and complexity, 73

and complexity math, 70

and small businesses, 198

Application code complexity, 83

Application functionality

cost of, 51–54

Application software

hidden cost of, 127

industry, 182–90

Application systems economics, 114

Application-centric mindset, 57–74

Arthur, Brian

The Nature of Technology, 115

Artificial Intelligence, 111–12

Assessment

of the problem, 201

Bake off, 214–15

Basement remodel, 155–56

Bezos, Jeff, 186

Bleeding

stopping the, 180–82

Boehm, Barry

Software Engineering Economics, 121

Borges, Jorge Luis, 67

Brooks, Fredrick, 66

Budget cycles, 177, 180–82

Bummer, 26

Burning platform, 11

Business application systems, 13

Business intelligence

and the data warehouse, 94–97

Canadian firearms, 24

Cancer research Institute, 27

Carr, Nicholas, 69

CGI Federal, 20

Change

cost of, 51–54, 211–13

Change and complexity

metrics for cost of, 209–10

Change management

people, 50

Child Support Enforcement, 123

Cloud, 101–5

Code

lines of (LOC), 146–49

Code complexity

application, 83

Code understanding systems, 219–22

Complex system, 46

Complexity, 52, 63–66

and application centricity, 73

and relational databases, 81–83

component of information systems cost, 46

overall, 210

Complexity and change

metrics for cost of, 209–10

Complexity math, 70

Computable model, 230

Computer hardware

costs of, 31–33

Contingency

true, 216–18

Controlled studies, 16–19

Costs

should, 162

types of, 160–64

Would, 160–62

Could cost, 162–64

Data Centric Revolution, 186

Data complexity, 82–83

Data scape, 168

Data understanding, 222–24

Data warehouse

and business intelligence, 94–97

and data lake tradeoff, 110

tradeoffs with, 96

Deep AI, 111–12

Dependencies

map your, 204–7

Dependency

component of information systems cost, 47–49

Dependency map, 206

Enterprise data model, 88–89

Enterprise IT (Information Technology)

statistics on, 1

Enterprise IT market

side of, 235–38

Enterprise ontology

building an, 226–32

ERP implementation, 160, 167, 183

ERP systems, 25, 53, 84–88

Estimation, 154

by analogy, 151–54

ETL (Extract, Transform and Load), 95, 96

Euromonitor, 236

Externalities, 167–69

Extract, Transform and Load (ETL), 95, 96

Federal Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), 123

Fielding, Roy, 187

Function points, 149–50

Functionality map, 202

Getty, J. Paul, 156

Google maps, 69

Greiner, Larry, 199

Hacker Rank, 8

Halstead metrics, 47

Healthcare.gov, 21

HealthSherpa.com, 22

Human in the loop

and relational databases, 80–81

Human mind

complexity of the, 66

IFTTT (If this then that), 185, 198

Inability to interoperate

and relational databases, 79–80

Incentives, 177–78

Industrial Revolution, 115

Information system costs

components of, 46

Information systems

costs factors for, 31–46

resources, 30–31

Information systems industry

waste in, 5–7

Information systems projects

costs of, 160–64

Information technology industry

factors of production in, 238

Insurance conglomerate, 25

Integration

component of information systems cost, 49

systems, 190–91

Interfaces, 203

Internet of Things (IoT), 14

Inventory of apps, 202

Johns Manville, 8

Kalogeropoulo, CEs, George, 23

Korean Peninsula, 17, 23

Leader/ follower practice, 213–14

Lean manufacturing, 5

Legacy modernization, 191–93

Legacy modernization industry, 10–12

Legacy software industry, 8–9

Legacy systems

replacement of, 225–26

reverse engineeing of, 218–19

understanding, 224

Legacy understanding, 224

software, 220

Leveling, 67–70

Licensing models, 39–41

Lines of code (LOC), 146–49

Low code / no code movement, 189–90

Low latency network, 37

Machine learning, 111–12

Maintenance revenue, 183

Map

dependency, 206

functionality, 202

McCabe Cyclomatic Complexity measure, 47

McConnell, Steve, 216

McNally, Rand

road map, 230

Mediocracy, 176

Message based architectures, 34

Microservices, 188

Minimum Viable Product, 181

Minimum viable product (MVP), 93

Mirchandani, Vinnie, 183

SAP Nation, 9

Modernization

legacy, 191–93

Moore’s law, 32

MRP (Manufacturing Resource Planning) systems, 85

MRP II, 85

Muda, 6

naïve data lake, 111

Nature of Technology, The (Arthur), 115

Negroponte Switch, 36

Negroponte, Nicholas, 35

Neo-legacy software industry, 9–10

Networking costs, 33–38

No Silver Bullet (Brooks), 66

North Korea, 18, 19

NoSQL, 109

Obama, Barack, 20

Offshoring, 97, 195–96

and IT costs, 100–101

Ohno Taiicho, 6

One neck to choke model, 155–64

Ontology, enterprise

building an, 226–32

Outsourcing, 97, 169, 193–95

and IT costs, 98–99

Packaged applications, 88

implementing cost of, 128–32

Packaged software

buying of, 135

reliance on, 180

People change management, 50

Pilot systems

and legacy systems replacement, 225–26

Planning horizons, 179

Platform vendors, 197–98

Play Store, 184–85

Positive ROI, 164–69

Power Builder, 192

Professional services

costs of, 42–46

Purchasing procedures, 174–75

Quagmire

by sector, 173–200

extrication process from, 207

getting out of, 201

QuickBooks, 71

Rand McNally road map, 230

Redundancy, 61–63

Relational databases, 76

and complexity, 81–83

and human-in-the-loop, 80–81

and inability to interoperate, 79–80

and relational databases, 84

non-portability of, 78–79

Representational State Transfer” (REST), 187

RESTful endpoint, 225

RestfulAPIs, 187–88

SaaS (Software as a Service), 198

SaaS systems, 105–6

SAP Nation (Mirchandani), 9

Sarbannes Oxley requirements, 110

Scaling

and relational databases, 84

Self-reinforcing beliefs

and detailed requirements, 121–26

and estimating, 145–54

and positive ROI, 164–69

and reinventing the wheel, 126–38

and software development, 138–44

of informatin system business, 169–72

one neck to choke model, 155–64

problems with, 119–21

Should cost, 162

Small business

and loss of productivity, 198

Software

why build, 135–38

Software as a Service (SaaS), 31, 42, 105–6

Software economics, 55

Software Engineering Economics (Boehm), 121

Software licenses

cost of, 38–42

South Korea, 18

Sporting goods manufacturer, 25

Stability, 179

Standard, declarative interface (SQL), 76

System, the

gaming, 175–76

Systems integration, 190–91

Talent

hiring, 174, 179

Thought experiment, 12–15

Three tier architecture, 58

Top Coder, 22

Top talent

hiring of, 174, 179

Toyota Production Systems, 5

Transportation industry, 43

waste in, 12–13

True contingency, 216–18

Understanding systems

code, 219–22

Velocity, 150

Vistage, 199

Waste

and the information systems industry, 5–7

cleaning-up of, 7–12

thought experiment on, 12–15

Waterfall methodology, 91

Work plans

detailed, 150–51

Workers Compensation Insurance Company, 53

World War II, 17

World Wide Web, 35

Would cost, 160–62

Y2K crisis, 181

Zachman, John, 140

Zoho, 185, 198