Collins, James C., and Jerry I. Porras. Built to Last. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2002.

See “Biographical Index” for a list of interviewees included in this book.

Kosman, Joshua. “Innovators of Our Time, Smithsonian magazine’s 35 who made a difference.” Smithsonian Magazine, 36:8 (November 2005): 87–88.

See “The Pleasure of Finding Things Out—A Look at the Research Behind Success Built to Last.”

Encarta World English Dictionary, ed. Anne Soukhanov. (New York, NY: St.Martin’s Press, 1999) s.v. “success.”

Wipro Limited. 2006. “Azim H. Premji.” About Wipro. http://www.wipro.com/aboutus/azim_profile.htm.

Alice Waters is a strong advocate for farmer’s markets and for sound and sustainable agriculture. In 1996, celebrating Chez Panisse’s 25^th anniversary, she created the Chez Panisse Foundation to help underwrite cultural and educational programs, such as the one at the Edible Schoolyard.

Red, green, and blue are the additive primary colors, and produce white when combined. Yellow, cyan, and magenta are the subtractive primary colors, and produce black when combined. (Annenberg Media. 1997–2006. “Primary Colors.” Workshop 3. http://www.learner.org/channel/workshops/sheddinglight/highlights/highlights3.html.)

Tarrant, John J. Drucker: The Man Who Invented the Corporate Society. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1976.

Brigman, June, and Mary Schmich. “Brenda Starr.” Tribune Media Services, http://www.comicspage.com/brendastarr/brenda_characters.html.

(Sparrow, 1998). Niven, David. 100 Simple Secrets of Successful People. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2002.

Researchers offering money in exchange for creative solutions to problems find that monetary rewards are unrelated to people’s capacity to offer original ideas. Instead, creativity is more frequently the product of genuine interest in the problem and a belief that superiors appreciate creativity (Cooper, Clasen, Silva-Jaleonen, and Butler, 1999). Niven, David. 100 Simple Secrets of Successful People. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2002.

Girl Scouts of the United States of America. 1998–2005. Who We Are. http://www.girlscouts.org/who-we-are/.

Leader to Leader Institute. 2006. “Frances Hesselbein Biography.” About the Institute. http://www.pfdf.org/about/fh-bio.html.

Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 1990.

Born Marguerite Ann Johnson, she received the name Maya Angelou in her twenties after debuting as a dancer at the Purple Onion cabaret.

Angelou, Maya. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York, NY: Random House, 1969.

She holds the lifetime chair as Z. Smith Reynolds Professor of American Studies at Wake Forest University.

Seven out of 10 corporate leaders who survive longest in their jobs downplay both the best and worst outcomes they experienced. When asked what they attribute to their successes and failures, people are seven times as likely to focus on effort when describing a success as they are when describing a failure. This tendency is 19% greater among inexperienced workers, who take even more credit for success and dish out blame for failures—learning nothing in the process (Moeller and Koeller, 2000.) Niven, David. 100 Simple Secrets of Successful People. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2002.

Ibarra, Herminia. “How to Stay Stuck in the Wrong Career.” Harvard Business Review (December 2002): 40.

Brown, Jeffrey, Sandeep Junnarkar, Mukul Pandya, Robbie Shell, and Susan Warner. Nightly Business Report Presents Lasting Leadership. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2005.

Bono and Bill Gates. Press conference, World Economic Forum, New York, NY, February 3, 2002.

Bono Quotes from an interview with the World Association of Newspapers for World Press Freedom Day in May 2004. http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Bono.

Collins, James C., and Jerry I. Porras. Built to Last, pp. 222. New York: HarperCollins, 2002.

Ibid.

Collins, James C., and Jerry I. Porras. Built to Last, pp.229. New York: HarperCollins, 2002.

Bloom, Harold. “Heroes and Icons: Billy Graham.” Time, June 14, 1999, www.Time.com/time/time100/heroes/profile/graham01.html.

Penguin Group (USA), Inc. 2004. “Tom Clancy.” Tom Clancy. http://us.penguingroup.com/static/packages/us/tomclancy/bio.html.

Naval Institute Press originally published this novel. It is the first work of fiction they ever published and it is still the most successful. Clancy, Tom. The Hunt for Red October. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1984.

Ibarra, Herminia. “How to Stay Stuck in the Wrong Career.” Harvard Business Review (December 2002): pp. 40–47.

Patagonia, Inc. 2006. “Company History.” Company Info. http://www.patagonia.com.

Waxman, Sharon. “The Oscar Acceptance Speech: By and Large It’s a Lost Art.” Washington Post, March 21, 1999, http://www.littlereview.com/goddesslouise/articles/oscrpost.htm.

Collins, James C., and Jerry I. Porras. Built to Last. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2002.

See “The Pleasure of Finding Things Out—A Look at the Research Behind Success Built to Last.”

Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, June 12, 2005, http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html.

The Gorilla Foundation. 2003. “Penny Patterson, Ph.D.: President and Director of Research.” The Foundation. http://www.koko.org/foundation/penny.html.

Sixty-eight percent of people who consider themselves a success say there is at least one area of their jobs at which they are an expert (Austin, 2000). Niven, David. 100 Simple Secrets of Successful People. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2002.

Russakoff, Dale. “Lessons of Might and Right.” Washington Post Magazine, September 9, 2001, W23, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A54664-2001Sep6.html.

Hoover Institution: Stanford University. 2006. “Condoleezza Rice: Thomas and Barbara Stephenson Senior Fellow.” Hoover Institution. www.hoover.org/bios/rice.html.

The White House. “Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of State.” The White House. www.whitehouse.gov/government/rice-bio.html.

Manafian, Lisa. “Power from Within.” The Black Perspective, November 19, 2004, http://www.blackperspective.com/pages/mag_articles/spring2002_rice.html.

Kettmann, Steve. “Bush’s Secret Weapon.” Salon.com, March 20, 2000, http://dir.salon.com/story/politics2000/feature/2000/03/20/rice/index.html.

Iowa State University’s Brad Bushman and Case Western University’s Roy Baumeister learned that high self-confidence is as likely—or is perhaps more likely—to appear in sociopaths as it is to appear in those with low self-esteem. Goode, Erica. “Deflating Self-Esteem’s Role in Society’s Ills.” New York Times, October 1, 2002, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9A02EEDA1538F932A35753C1A9649C8B63.

Self-esteem, by itself, does not predict success. In fact, those with particularly high self-esteem are 26% more vulnerable to the consequences of failures and setbacks because of the devastating effect negative outcomes can have on their self-image (Coover and Murphy, 2000). Niven, David. 100 Simple Secrets of Successful People. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2002.

Enberg, Dick. Humorous Quotes for All Occasions. Kansas City, MO: Andrews McMeel, 2000.

Among managers in upper-level positions, 84% report having had to deal with a “period of discomfort” in their lives. Some took career risks, worked for long hours, or acquired new skills, but they say the sacrifice is necessary to pursue employment, promotion, and success (Atkinson, 1999). Of people who feel they have failed to achieve success, 64% point to a specific standard others have set that they were unable to live up to (Arnold, 1995). Niven, David. 100 Simple Secrets of Successful People. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2002.

The first definition listed in the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary doesn’t quite capture our point; please see the second definition. “1: the imaginative projection of a subjective state into an object so that the object appears to be infused with it 2: the action of understanding, being aware of, being sensitive to, and vicariously experiencing the feelings, thoughts, and experience of another of either the past or present without having the feelings, thoughts, and experience fully communicated in an objectively explicit manner.” Merriam-Webster. 2005–2006. “empathy.” Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/empathy.

Murty, L.S., and Janat Shah. “Compassionate, High Quality Health Care at Low Cost: The Aravind Model,” interview with Dr. G. Venkataswamy and R.D. Thulasiraj, IIMB Management Review, September 2004, http://www.aravind.org/downloads/IIMB.pdf.

Huntsman, Jon M. Winners Never Cheat, pp. 113. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2005.

According to Joe Nichols, that section of roadway was later reengineered and rebuilt because traffic overburdened it and, apparently, the turn contributed to other accidents. In the meantime, Joe has rebuilt his life. When the town settled out of court for $75,000, Joe put that modest nest egg to work in his company.

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. “serendipity.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed. www.bartleby.com/61/93/S0279300.html.

Remer, Theodore G., ed., with Introduction and Notes. Serendipity and The Three Princes: From the Peregrinaggio of 1557. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965.

Merton, Robert K., and Elinor Barber. The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity: A Study in Sociological Semantics and the Sociology of Science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.

Collins, James C., and Jerry I. Porras. Built to Last, pp. 94. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2002.

Ibid.

Rosten, Leo. The Joys of Yiddish. Pocket Books, 2000.

Collins, James C., and Jerry I. Porras. Built to Last, pp.105. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2002.

Brown, Jeffrey, Sandeep Junnarkar, Mukul Pandya, Robbie Shell, and Susan Warner. Nightly Business Report Presents Lasting Leadership. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2005.

Leadership consultant Jim Moore hosts sessions in which an organization’s values and mission statement are put on mock trial. One set of managers handles the defense and another set prosecutes, as if in a court of law. This is an engaging and useful way to give full permission to push on politically incorrect issues that might otherwise be sacrosanct. It also is a highly effective approach for arbitrating simmering disputes that might not otherwise get a fair hearing.

Focus: HOPE. “Eleanor M. Josaitis,” About Focus: HOPE. http://www.focushope.edu/about.htm#josaitis.

Napoleon Hill (October 26, 1883–November 8, 1970) was one of the earliest American authors of personal-success literature. His most famous work, Think and Grow Rich, is one of the bestselling books of all time. Hill, Napolean. Think and Grow Rich. New York, NY: Fawcett Books, 1960.

Self-motivated people, who feel they control their own lives, are hardier and more resilient than people who feel external forces control them. Siebert, Al. The Resiliency Advantage. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2005.

Feynman, Richard P., et al. The Pleasure of Finding Things Out: The Best Short Works of Richard P. Feynman. New York, NY: Perseus Books, 1999.

The metaphor that Collins and Porras used in thinking about how to select the comparison companies in the Built to Last study was one of a horse race. Two horses started the race at the same time (founding date) in the same place (industry) for the same length of time (until 1990). The basic question that could then be asked is, “What did the Visionary horse do in running the race that the Comparison horse did not do?” To use that comparison in the context of a company was fine for Built to Last, but for an individual person, it quickly becomes problematic. The birthdate of the person could be parallel to the founding date of an organization (or horse). But what is the parallel to industry? Is it education, profession, company, organization affiliation, or dozens of other possible factors? How do we identify the comparison person based on their not having achieved the same level of success as the enduringly successful people in our study? Do we pick “losers?” Do we pick an individual who is not quite as successful? How do we determine that? In Built to Last, we did not use success as a key factor for picking the comparison companies. Differences in performance of the two groups of companies in the Built to Last research were discovered after the selection of the companies, not before. Enduringly successful people might look like race horses, but they believe their success would have been undermined had they been fixated on competition for the decades in which they had achieved so highly. As it turns out, one of the most significant findings in the two studies upon which Success Built to Last is constructed is that only an individual can define for herself or himself the criteria for success based on their own sense of what it means—and that the traditional measures of achievement, fame, wealth, and power were outcomes from years of effort, not the driving factors in the belief systems of enduringly successful people!