Acts of the Apostles, 182–83, 185
African Americans, 5, 93, 96, 97. See also slavery
Age of Limits, An (Schroeder), 81
À la recherche du temps perdu (Proust), 22, 142–44, 149–50, 171–72
Alexander, J., 7n9
Anabaptists, 185
anarchy, 20
anthropology, 188
Anti-Semite and Jew (Sartre), 146–47
Arab Spring, 253
Arendt, Hannah, 189
aristocracy, 204–5, 215, 219–22, 220
Aron, Raymond, 15, 62, 105–25, 160, 244; The Century of Total War, 111; Le Grande Schisme, 111; The Great Debate, 111; The Imperial Republic, 111; Peace and War, 105, 121; Penser la guerre, Clausewitz, 117–19, 123; On War, 118
art: and depression, 152; and Marxism, 165, 170; sociology of, 159–68, 170–71
associations, 80
Asylums (Goffman), 136, 141, 145
Austen, Jane, 3
Australia, 232
Badiou, Alain, 174
Beckett, Samuel, 159, 171, 175
Being and Nothingness (Sartre), 133
Bell, Daniel, 93, 154, 160–65, 171, 173
Bell, Quentin, 168
Bellah, Robert, 225; Habits of the Heart, 223
Bentham, Jeremy, 115
Berger, John, 170
Berlin, Isaiah, 85
Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, 239
Bible, the: Acts of the Apostles, 182–83, 185
Birnbaum, Pierre, 108
Bismark, Otto von, 119, 122, 235, 239
Blair, Tony, 70
Britain: class conflict in, 71–72; devolution in, 70, 76; and imperialism, 229, 231–33, 236, 238, 246; radicalism in, 64, 65. See also England
Brunschvicg, Léon, 160
Bülow, Heinrich Dietrich von, 117
Burke, Edmund, 32
Bush, George W., 120
Calhoun, John, 94
capitalism, 9, 10, 15; and imperialism, 109; and individualism, 52; and intellectuals, 157–58; and nationalism, 7; and religion, 160–65. See also commercial society
Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (Giddens), 8–9
Carpocratians, 185
Ceausescu, Nicolae, 194
Céline, Louis-Ferdinand, 159
Century of Total War, The (Aron), 111
charity, 56
Charles V, 20
Chesterton, G. K., 140
China: Adam Smith on, 43–44; in the agrarian era, 196; Confucianism, 34; development in, 249, 252; homogeneity in, 245–46, 253–54; liberalization in, 200; Puritanism in, 173
Christianity, 26–28. See also religion
civic nationalism, 88–100, 103
civility: and authenticity, 130, 144, 148, 151; beyond the West, 253–54 (see also India); and civil society, 14–15, 19; and democracy, 222; and difference, 2, 3–4, 7, 10, 22–23, 83–86; and disaster, 250, 253; fragility of, 6; genealogy of, 26–35; importance of, 1–2; and inequality, 251; and intellectuals, 154, 217; and liberalism, 10; and morality, 2–4; and nationalism, 7; and outsiders, 83–86; and politics, 63, 82, 202; and romanticism, 7; rules of, 15; and sociology, 8–9; and the state, 15, 71, 217, 222, 247–48; and trust, 201; and war, 105. See also civil society; toleration
civil society: and civility, 14–15; and communism, 190, 194, 195–200; defenses of, 36–37; definition of, 19–23; outside the Occident, 33–35. See also civility
Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Societies (Dahrendorf), 70–71
class cooperation, 215, 218–19, 222
class struggle, 63–67, 70–74, 81, 95, 123, 180, 188, 221. See also revolutions
closed groups, 21
Coming Crisis of Western Sociology, The (Gouldner), 130–31
commercial society, 32; Adam Smith’s model of, 39–50, 54–61; and deception, 39, 54–55; division of labor, 40, 41–42; and liberty, 35, 49; and the market principle, 40, 41–42; and security of property, 45–46, 48; and specialization, 40, 41; and the state, 56–61. See also capitalism; moneymaking
communism, 15, 176–200; and civil society, 190, 194, 195–200; collapse of, 75, 189, 193–200; definition of, 183; and intellectuals, 178, 186–87; and liberalization, 190–200; military, 180–81, 184–85; postcommunist societies, 254; premodern, 180–83, 184–88; and religion, 182–83, 185–86; and romanticism, 176–77; and totalitarianism, 189–90, 191; vs. socialism, 178–79, 183–84. See also socialism
Confessions (Rousseau), 129
Confucianism, 34
Considerations on the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans (Montesquieu), 23
corruption, 44
Costa Rica, 73
Creation (Vidal), 26
Cuddihy, John Murray, 6n9, 85; The Ordeal of Civility, 83
culture. See art
Czech Republic, 91
Dahl, Robert, 91
Dahrendorf, Ralf, 147–49; Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Societies, 70–71; Society and Democracy in Germany, 132
Darwin, Charles, 13
Darwin, J., 239
deception and commercial society, 39, 54–55
deference, 55
de Gaulle, Charles, 108
democracy: and civility, 222; and envy, 203–4; and equality, 205; liberal, 74–76, 91; and money, 252; and nationalism, 91, 199; and privacy, 132; transitions to, 197, 199
Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 205–11
despotism, 203, 205, 210, 212, 217
Devils, The (Dostoyevsky), 156
difference: and civic nationalism, 89–91; and civility, 2, 3–4, 10, 22–23, 83–86; outside the Occident, 33–35; and pluralism, 87. See also diversity; toleration
diplomacy, 122
Discourses, The (Machiavelli), 62, 81
disenchantment of intellectuals, 15, 152–75
diversity, 4, 7, 22–23, 29–30, 88. See also difference; multiculturalism; toleration
division of labor, 40, 41–42, 58
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 162; The Devils, 156
Durkheim, Émile, 8, 11, 22, 137–38, 145, 154, 178–79, 180, 183, 184, 186, 187
Eagleton, T., 1n1
education, 58
El Salvador, 73
empire. See imperialism
Enfant sauvage, L’, 146
England: aristocracy in, 219–22; English civil war, 156; Englishness, 87; equality in, 212–13; freedom in, 212–13, 220–21; legal system in, 219; religion in, 221; taxation in, 219–20. See also Britain
envy, 13, 203–4, 210, 215–16, 222, 223–24
equality: and despotism, 203, 205, 210; in England, 212–13; in France, 215–16; and freedom, 205–6, 210–16; in the United States, 205–6, 210–11
ethnic cleansing, 6, 74, 104, 228, 230, 243–44
Europe: civic nationalism in, 88–91, 98–100; freedom in, 211–21; immigration in, 15, 102; liberal democracy in, 74–76; multiculturalism in, 101–3; unity of, 112. See also individual European countries
existentialism, 132–33, 136, 139, 140, 146
Exit, Voice and Loyalty (Hirschman), 68
Ferguson, Adam, 11
Ferguson, Miriam A., 94
Figaro, 108
First World War, 74, 113, 124, 235–43, 246
Flaubert, Gustave: A Simple Heart, 169
Fourier, Charles, 156
France: aristocracy in, 215, 220; associations in, 80; centralization in, 213–14; civic nationalism in, 88, 89; conflict in, 71; equality in, 215–16; freedom in, 212–19; French Revolution, 35, 88, 216; and imperialism, 110, 244; intellectuals in, 216–17; language policy in, 169–70; Languedoc, 218–19; religion in, 217; taxation in, 215, 217–18
France Libre, La, 106
Frederick the Great, 119
freedom: and the aristocracy, 204–5; and commercial society, 35, 49; in England, 212–13, 220–21; and equality, 205–6, 210–16; in Europe, 211–21; in France, 212–19; and religion, 208–10; and the self, 132–35, 141; and socialism, 183; and trust, 202, 215–16, 225; in the United States, 205–11
French Revolution, 35, 88, 216
Freud, Sigmund, 12, 85, 172, 183, 218; Moses and Monotheism, 98–99
Gellner, Ernest, 67–68, 83–85, 86, 91, 129, 172–73, 191–92
Genealogy of Morals (Nietzsche), 1
Germany, 232, 234; class relations in, 113; in the First World War, 236, 239–43, 246; Nazism, 147, 243; radicalism in, 64, 65–66, 74, 79–80; Weimar Republic, 19–20, 81
Gibbon, Edward, 32
Giddens, Anthony: Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, 8–9
global warming, 249
Goffman, Erving, 130–32, 134, 135–47, 150–51; Asylums, 136, 141, 145; The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life, 130; Relations in Public, 144–45; “Role Distance,” 142; Stigma, 146–47
Gompers, Samuel, 64
Goodwin, Jeff: No Other Way Out, 72, 73
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 192–93, 198–200
Gouldner, Alvin: The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology, 130–31
Gramsci, Antonio, 165
Grande Schisme, Le (Aron), 111
Grass, Günter, 148n30
Great Debate, The (Aron), 111
Greece, 101
Griffith, D. W., 159
habit, 144
Habits of the Heart (Bellah et al.), 223
Hapsburg Empire, 69, 228, 229, 235, 239–40
Hardinge, Charles, 246
Havel, Václav, 73
Henderson, Arthur, 64
Hirsch, Fred, 248
Hirschman, Albert: Exit, Voice and Loyalty, 68
History of the Russian Revolution (Trotsky), 64
Hitler, Adolf, 125, 148, 243, 244
Hobson, John: Imperialism: A Study, 226–27
Hofstadter, Richard, 93
homogeneity: in China, 245–46, 253–54; in Europe, 76, 101–2, 103; and international relations, 121–22, 123; and nationalism, 91, 230–31, 235; in the United States, 97, 103; vs. pluralism, 87
Hong Kong, 245
Hopkins, Anthony, 3
Huguenots, 29
Hull, Cordell, 243
human capital, 41, 45, 82, 229, 248, 251. See also labor
Hume, David, 12n16, 32, 40, 43, 47, 52, 53, 220–21; The Natural History of Religion, 58
Hundred Years’ War, 217
Hussein, Saddam, 120
Husserl, Edmund, 109
Hutterites, 186
identity, 2, 143–44, 151. See also self
immigration: in Europe, 15, 102, 251; in the United States, 15, 92, 98, 251
imperialism, 16, 109–10, 226–46. See also names of individual empires
Imperialism: A Study (Hobson), 226–27
Imperial Republic, The (Aron), 111
India, 33–34, 76–78, 77n18, 103, 188, 231, 238, 254
individual contracts, 20
individualism, 4, 11, 21, 32, 37, 52, 138–39, 140, 204, 223. See also self
Indonesia, 254
inequality, 251. See also equality
intellectuals: and capitalism, 157–58; and civility, 217; and communism, 178, 186–87; disenchantment of, 15, 152–75; in France, 216–17
international economy, 252
internationalism, 226
international law, 105, 113–14
international relations, 15, 105–25
International Workers of the World, 95
Ishiguro, Kazuo: The Remains of the Day, 3
Islam, 33
Israel, 108
Jackson, Andrew, 65
Japan, 230
jealousy, 13, 203. See also envy
Jesuits, 187
Jews, 83–86. See also anti-Semitism
John of Leiden, 185
Kádár, János, 191
Kafka, Franz, 85
Kavadh I, 187
Keynes, Maynard, 14, 38–39, 158, 252
Kierkegaard, Søren, 176
labor: Adam Smith’s sympathy with, 44–45, 251; division of, 40, 41–42, 58. See also human capital
language policy: in Cisleithenia, 234n11; in France, 169–70; in India, 77–78, 103; in Ukraine, 102–3; in the United States, 94–95
Lenin, Vladimir, 237; What Is to Be Done?, 66
liberalism, 2, 10, 67, 75, 90, 91, 99
liberty. See freedom
Libya, 173
Lincoln, Abraham, 94
Lipset, Seymour Martin, 93
literature, sociology of, 168–71
Lonely Crowd, The (Riesman), 52, 131, 148, 149
Louis XIV, 213
Louis XVI, 198
love, 42
Lukács, Georg, 165
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 62–63, 112; The Discourses, 62, 81; The Prince, 1, 2, 62, 67
macroforces, 7
mafiosi, 20
Marcuse, Herbert, 165
Mare au Diable, La (Sand), 169
Marx, Karl, 8, 11, 20, 30, 57, 63–65, 85, 176–79, 183, 184
masks. See roles
Matthys, Jan, 185
mercantilism, 60
microbehavior, 7
military service, 58
Mill, John Stuart, 91
Miller, David, 91
Mills, C. Wright, 8
Misanthrope, The (Molière), 129
Molière: The Misanthrope, 129
moneymaking, 23, 38–39. See also commercial society
Montesquieu, 10–11, 12, 31, 38, 105, 108, 188, 204; Considerations on the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans, 23; The Persian Letters, 23–26; The Spirit of the Laws, 23
morality, 2–4, 62–63. See also virtue
More, Thomas, 187
Mornet, Daniel, 216
Moses and Monotheism (Freud), 98–99
multiculturalism, 87, 90–91, 101–3, 227. See also diversity
nationalism: and civility, 7; and class, 78–79; and democracy, 91, 199; and immigration, 251; and imperialism, 16, 226–46; and independence, 67–71, 76; and the Jews, 85–86; and liberalism, 99; and war, 74, 242. See also civic nationalism; ethnic nationalism
NATO, 112
Natural History of Religion, The (Hume), 58
Nazi-Soviet Pact, 113
negative rule, 81
neoclassical economics, 20
New Zealand, 232
Nicaragua, 73
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 12, 152, 162; Genealogy of Morals, 1
No Other Way Out (Goodwin), 72, 73
North Briton, 99
nuclear technology, 244
Oakeshott, Michael, 84
Old Regime and the French Revolution, The (Tocqueville), 211, 212–18
On War (Aron), 118
Open Society and Its Enemies, The (Popper), 85–86
Ordeal of Civility, The (Cuddihy), 83
organized crime, 20
organized violence, 6, 6n8. See also war
Ortega, Daniel, 73
Othello (Shakespeare), 13, 203
Ottoman Empire, 230
outsiders, 83–86. See also difference; immigration
Paganon, Joseph, 107
Paraguay, 187
Parsons, Talcott, 130
Pascal, Blaise, 203
patterning, 142
peace, 250
Peace and War (Aron), 105, 121
Penser la guerre, Clausewitz (Aron), 117–19, 123
Persian Letters, The (Montesquieu), 23–26
personal self, 136, 141–44, 150
Pliny the Younger, 195
political consciousness. See radicalism
Popper, Karl, 186; The Open Society and Its Enemies, 85–86
Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life, The (Goffman), 130
Prince, The (Machiavelli), 1, 2, 62, 67
Princip, Gavrilo, 238
property, security of, 45–46, 48
Proust, Marcel: À la recherche du temps perdu, 22, 142–44, 149–50, 171–72
prudence, 56
public entertainment, 59
Putin, Vladimir, 115
radicalism, 64–74; in Britain, 64, 65; in Germany, 64, 65–66, 74, 79–80; in Poland, 67, 71; in Russia, 64, 66, 74; in the United States, 64, 65
Reeve, Henry, 201
Relations in Public (Goffman), 144–45
religion: Adam Smith on, 58–59; and capitalism, 160–65; and communism, 182–83, 185–86; diversity of, 29–30; in England, 221; in France, 217; and freedom, 208–10; in the United States, 93n16, 208–10. See also Christianity; Islam
Remains of the Day, The (Ishiguro), 3
Renan, Ernest, 89
revolutions, 122; French Revolution, 35, 88, 216; and nationalism, 7; Russian, 64, 66, 74, 188–89, 196; sociology of, 72–73. See also class struggle; radicalism
Richelieu, Cardinal, 213
Riesman, David: The Lonely Crowd, 52, 131, 148, 149
“Role Distance” (Goffman), 142
Romania, 194
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 10–11, 131, 133–35, 138, 152, 203, 204; Confessions, 129
Russia, 64, 66, 74, 115, 188–89, 196, 230. See also Soviet Union
Sand, George: La Mare au Diable, 169
Sanderson, Thomas, 246
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 66, 132, 133–35, 143, 144, 152; Anti-Semite and Jew, 146–47; Being and Nothingness, 133
Schroeder, Ralph: An Age of Limits, 81
Seeley, John, 232
self, 129, 132–36, 151; personal, 136, 141–44, 150; social, 136–40, 143–44
self-interest, 42, 50, 55, 81, 82
selfishness, 247
self-organization, 19–21, 32, 34–35
Shakespeare, William: Othello, 13, 203
Simple Heart, A (Flaubert), 169
Slovakia, 91
Smith, Adam, 8–9, 13, 15, 32, 35, 39–61, 82, 155, 158, 171, 175, 220–21, 229, 250–51; The Theory of Moral Sentiments, 50–56; The Wealth of Nations, 40, 43–46, 47–49, 50, 55, 56, 59–60
social contracts, 106–7, 134–35
social determinism, 142
socialism: collapse of, 71; and envy, 222; rise of, 222; in the United States, 95; vs. communism, 178–79, 183–84. See also communism
Society and Democracy in Germany (Dahrendorf), 132
sociology: of art, 159–68, 170–71; of literature, 168–71; stages of, 8–9
Sombart, Werner, 65
“Soul of Man under Socialism, The” (Wilde), 4
South Africa, 232
Soviet Union, 111, 113, 122, 192–93, 195, 197–200. See also Russia
Spencer, Herbert, 20
Spirit of the Laws, The (Montesquieu), 23
Stalin, Joseph, 113
states: and civility, 15, 71, 217, 222, 247–48; and commercial society, 56–61; and corporatism, 106–7; intelligence of, 122–23, 248; power of, 20; reification of, 121; restrained, 49–50; state-building, 28–29; and trust, 208, 213–14, 222; withering away of, 20, 57. See also international relations
Sting, 225
suicide, 26
Taaffe, Count, 234
Taborites, 185
Taff Vale, 65
Taiwan, 246
Tanzania, 104
Taylor, Charles, 12
Theory of Moral Sentiments, The (Smith), 50–56
Thoreau, Henry David, 156
Thucydides, 112
Tibet, 245
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 80, 81, 140, 158, 159, 196, 198, 200, 201–25; Democracy in America, 205–11; The Old Regime and the French Revolution, 211, 212–18; on the United States, 205–11
toleration: in agrarian civilizations, 26–27; and Indian civilization, 33–34; and Islam, 33; origins of in Europe, 27–33; and pluralism, 87. See also difference; diversity
totalitarianism, 189–90, 191, 197
tradition, 84
Trajan, 195
transnationalism, 88n9
Treaty of Augsburg, 30
Trotsky, Leon: History of the Russian Revolution, 64
Truffaut, François, 146
trust, 201–3; and class cooperation, 215, 218–19; and envy, 215–16, 223–24; and freedom, 202, 215–16, 225; and the state, 208, 213–14, 222
United States: African Americans, 5, 93, 96, 97; associations in, 80; civic nationalism in, 88, 92–98, 103; Civil War, 94; Cold War, 111, 113, 122; Constitution, 93, 94, 207; equality in, 205–6, 210–11; ethnic nationalism in, 96; ethnic relations in, 95–98; freedom in, 205–11; geography of, 206–7; immigration in, 15, 92, 98, 251; and the international economy, 252; Iraq War, 120–21, 123; language policy in, 94–95; legal system in, 207; political engagement in, 207–8; radicalism in, 64, 65; religion in, 93n16, 208–10; role in Europe of, 74, 75, 245; socialism in, 95; Tocqueville on, 205–11; Vietnam War, 117; welfare in, 98
Vendée, La, 88
Vidal, Gore: Creation, 26
Vietnam War, 117
violence, organized, 6, 6n8. See also war
virtue, 11, 15, 42–43, 75, 247. See also morality
war, 112–25; and civility, 105; definition of, 118–19; First World War, 74, 113, 124, 235–43, 246; Hundred Years’ War, 217; and international law, 105, 113–14; Iraq War, 120–21, 123; and nationalism, 7, 74, 242; necessity of, 250; Second World War, 6, 243–44; Vietnam War, 117
Washington, George, 3
wealth, 53–54. See also commercial society; moneymaking
Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 40, 43–46, 47–49, 50, 55, 56, 59–60
Weber, Max, 8, 31, 62, 79–80, 108, 109, 153, 174–75, 179–83, 186, 187, 235–36, 239, 240, 241
What Is to Be Done? (Lenin), 66
Wilde, Oscar, 4, 150, 247; “The Soul of Man under Socialism,” 4
Wilhelm II, 238
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 152
working classes. See class struggle
World War I. See First World War
World War II. See Second World War
Xenophon, 11
Yeltsin, Boris, 199
Yugoslavia, 76
Zionism, 86
Žižek, Slavoj, 174
Zola, Émile, 170