Notes
Chapter 1
1. Many of the OPENPediatrics videos are also available for the public on YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/user/OPENPediatrics/.
2. C. Shirky, Web 2.0 Expo NY, blip.tv/web2expo/web-2-0-expony-clay-shirky-shirky-com-it-s-not-information-overload-it-s-filter-failure-1283699.
3. The British government first sponsored a Longitude Prize in 1714.
4. M. Conner and S. LeBlanc, “Where Social Learning Thrives,” Fast Company, February 11, 2010, http://www.fastcompany.com/1546824/where-social-learning-thrives.
5. Jane Bozarth’s book Social Learning for Trainers offers specific approaches to facilitate social learning by educators. For self-organizing approaches, find a friend or colleague and talk about what you’re curious about right now.
6. D. Lavoy, “Social Business Doesn’t Mean What You Think It Does, Neither Does Enterprise 2.0,” CMS Wire, September 2011. http://www.cmswire.com/cms/social-business/social-business-doesnt-mean-what-you-think-it-does-neither-does-enterprise-20-012620.php. Also see https://productfour.wordpress.com/.
7. C. Shirky, http://www.shirky.com/writings/group_enemy.html.
8. S. Jones, ed., Encyclopedia of New Media: An Essential Reference to Communication and Technology (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications). The WELL is still a vibrant online community with die-hard fans who have participated since its inception and newcomers curious what makes it so captivating after all of these years. See for yourself at http://well.com.
9. From http://marciaconner.com/blog/defining-social-learning/.
10. S. Boyd, Interview with authors.
11. For more on social learning theory, see B. Elkjaer, “Social Learning Theory: Learning as Participation in Social Processes,” in The Blackwell Handbook for Organizational Learning and Knowledge Management, eds. M. Easterby-Smith and M.A. Lyles (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2003).
12. A. Bandura, Social Learning Theory (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1977), 173.
13. J. Piaget, Psychology of Intelligence, Routledge Classics, trans. M. Piercy and D.E. Berlyne (London: Routledge, 2001).
14. This set the stage for Peter Berger and Thomas Luckman’s social construction of reality, which led to the prominence of social constructivism. See P. Berger and T. Luckman, The Social Construction of Reality: The Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (London: Penguin, 1967).
15. In addition to these widely accepted theories and practices is Connectivism, “a learning theory for the connected age” put forth by George Semens and Stephen Downs. Holocracy, similar to Wirearchy, is the organization model espoused by Zappos founder Tony Hsieh, http://holacracy.org/how-it-works.
16. A. Weber, http://www.fastcompany.com/36819/learning-change.
17. P. Senge, The Dance of Change: The Challenges to Sustaining Momentum in a Learning Organization (New York: Doubleday, 1999).
18. More on Getzendanner’s website at http://joelgetz.com.
19. K. Stephenson, “What Knowledge Tears Apart, Networks Make Whole,” Internal Communication Focus, no. 36. 1998, http://www.netform.com/html/icf.pdf. There’s also an excellent video of Stephenson on the Rotterdam School of Management website: http://bit.ly/1aHpqfr.
20. For some terrific insights on lean and agile, see http://www.hackerchick.com.
21. S. Nathoo, Interview with authors. For more, see http://salimanathoo.com/lean-learning/.
22. C. Quinn, “Making ‘Sense,’” February 24, 2015, Learnlets: Clark Quinn’s Learnings About Learning Blog, http://blog.learnlets.com/?p=4220.
23. “Broadcast: Heidi Forbes Öste, PhD Research on Wearable Technologies and Presence of Mind,” http://startupproduct.com/broadcast-heidi-forbes-oste-phd-researcher-wearable-technologies-presence-mind/.
24. B. Ives, Interview with authors.
25. G. Bradt, “The Mantle of Leadership Is Passing to Millennials—Get Ready.” Forbes online, http://www.forbes.com/sites/georgebradt/2014/11/12/the-mantle-of-leadership-is-passing-to-millennials-get-ready/.
26. W.S. Smith, Decoding Generational Differences: Fact, Fiction … Or Should We Just Get Back to Work? Deloitte Development LLC, 2008, https://www.insala.com/whitepapers/decoding-generational-differences.pdf.
27. 2012 Sitel Study, http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/10/prweb9962757.htm and Kimberlee Morrison, “Millennials Are Hugely Influential Among Peers on Social Media,” SocialTimes, September 26, 2014, http://www.adweek.com/socialtimes/millennials-hugely-influential-among-peers-social-media/205293.
28. Although Baby Boomers are retiring in droves, according to labor force predictions, more of them will be staying in the workforce for longer than the generations before them due to economic conditions and an interest in staying active. http://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_pub_labor_force.htm.
29. The Rise of Social Media: Enhancing Collaboration and Productivity Across Generations (Alexandria, VA: ASTD Press, 2010).
30. Learn more about PG&E’s Power Pathways program: http://careers.pge.com/career-training-development/ and their labor shortage: http://www.marketplace.org/topics/economy/clocked/utility-tries-head-silver-tsunami.
31. J. Notter and M. Grant, When Millennials Take Over: Preparing for the Ridiculously Optimistic Future of Business (IdeaPress, 2015).
32. For more on IBM’s millennial study, “Myths, Exaggerations and Uncomfortable Truths: The Real Story Behind Millennials in the Workplace,” download an executive summary or the entire report from http://ibm.biz/MillennialMyths.
33. M. Winograd and M.D. Hais, Millennial Momentum: How a New Generation Is Remaking America (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2011) and “The Republican Party Ignores Young Millennials at Its Peril,” Los Angeles Times, May 10, 2009.
34. T. Koulopoulos and D. Keldsen, The Gen Z Effect: The Six Forces Shaping the Future of Business (Brookline, MA: Bibliomotion, 2014). More information at http://www.thegenzeffect.com/.
35. For more on women’s use of social media, see She’s Connected Multimedia Corporation, “The Power of Social Networking for Women: A Compilation of Primary and Secondary Research,” 2009, http://shesconnectedmultimedia.com/pdf/report.pdf.
36. Pew Research Center: Social Networking Fact Sheet, http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheets/social-networking-fact-sheet/.
37. G. Pellegrino, S. D’Amato, and A. Weisberg, The Gender Dividend: Making the Business Case for Investing in Women (Deloitte Report, 2011), http://www.deloitte.com/genderdividend. Also see “A Guide to Womenomics,” The Economist, April 12, 2006 and S. Lawson and D. Gilman, “The Power of the Purse: Global Equality and Middle Class Spending,” Goldman Sachs Global Research Institute, August 5, 2009.
38. “Families and Living Arrangements in 2005,” http://www.census.gov/population/pop profile/dynamic/FamiliesLA.pdf.
39. M. Gordon, The Roots of Empathy: Changing the World Child by Child, (New York: The Experiment, 2009). Also see: http://www.rootsofempathy.org.
40. M. Szalavitz and B.D. Perry, Born for Love: Why Empathy Is Essential—and Endangered (New York: William Morrow, 2010).
41. Y. Wang, “More People Have Cell Phones Than Toilets, U.N. Study Shows,” March 25, 2013, Time, http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/03/25/more-people-have-cell-phones-than-toilets-u-n-study-shows.
42. “Global Shoppers Consider Ethics and Environment,” November 21, 2008, http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/news/2008/global-shoppers-consider-ethics-and-environment.html.
43. M.J. Berland, “What America Cares About: Compassion Counts More Than Ever,” Parade, March 7, 2010.
44. “Despite Economic Crisis, Consumers Value Brands’ Commitment to Social Purpose, Global Study Finds,” Edelman, November 17, 2008, http://www.edelman.co.uk/2008/11/despite-economic-crisis-consumers-value-brands-commitment-to-social-purpose-global-study-finds/ and http://www.edelman.com/practice/business-social-purpose/.
45. The Cassandra Report: http://www.cassandra.co/report/.
46. Mind the Gaps: The 2015 Deloitte Millennials survey (executive summary), http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/About-Deloitte/gx-wef-2015-millennial-survey-executivesummary.pdf.
47. V. Landau, E. Clegg, and D. Engelbart, The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs with Douglas Engelbart, 2d ed. (Berkeley, CA: Next Press, 2009).
48. H. Cleveland, “Learning and Learning with Nobody in Charge,” in M. Conner and J. Clawson (eds.), Creating a Learning Culture: Strategy, Technology, and Practice (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
49. P. A. Moss, “Reconceptualizing Validity for Classroom Assessment,” Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 22(4), 2003, 13-25, http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/72390/j.1745-3992.2003.tb00140.x.pdf.
50. É. Wenger, http://wenger-trayner.com/introduction-to-communities-of-practice/.
51. É. Wenger, Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
52. Studies include “Unlocking the Value of On-the-Job Learning,” Learning and Development Roundtable, Corporate Executive Board, 2009, http://ldr.executiveboard.com.
53. C. Malamed, “Informal Learning: An Interview with Jay Cross,” The eLearning Coach, http://theelearningcoach.com/elearning2-0/informal-learning-an-interview-with-jay-cross/.
54. More from LeBlanc on https://sleve.wordpress.com/everything/.
55. J. Hart, “It’s Not About Adding Technology to Training but About Changing Training,” Learning in the Social Workplace Blog, December 6, 2014, http://www.c4lpt.co.uk/blog/2014/12/06/its-not-about-technology-to-training-but-changing-training/.
56. H. Jarche, “Work Is Learning, and Learning Is the Work,” Harold Jarche Blog, June 2012, http://jarche.com/2012/06/work-is-learning-and-learning-is-the-work/.
57. H. Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier, rev. ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000). http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book/.
58. D.W. Hock, Birth of the Chaordic Age (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 1999).
59. While it used to be widely quoted that 70 percent of change efforts fail, research touting that number has come under scrutiny. Given that most people in the corporate sector have personally experienced more failed changes than successes, we can at least say with confidence “many fail.” http://conversationsofchange.com.au/2013/09/02/70-of-change-projects-fail-bollocks1/.
60. B. Brooks, Interview with authors. More on Brooks at http://benbrooksny.com and https://www.youtube.com/user/BenBrooksNY.
61. E. Wagner, Interview with authors. Also see http://elearningroadtrip.typepad.com and http://parframework.org.
62. A. Rossett, Interview with authors. See http://allisonrossett.com for more.
63. J. Hart, The Social Learning Handbook (United Kingdom: Centre for Learning & Performance Technologies, 2014) and http://www.c4lpt.co.uk/blog/2011/09/12/social-learning-doesnt-mean-what-you-think-it-does/.
64. L. Bassi and D. McMurrer, “Does Engagement Really Drive Results?” Talent Management Magazine, March 2010, http://www.mcbassi.com/email_pdfs/DebunkingEmployee EngagementMyths.pdf, with more at http://mcbassi.com.
65. G. Fowler, Interview with authors.
Chapter 2
1. From an interview of Edgar Schein posted to YouTube on March 3, 2014, http://youtu.be/4Fw5H7GWzog.
2. E. Semple, Organizations Don’t Tweet, People Do: A Manager’s Guide to the Social Web (Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2012), 69. For more from Semple, see http://euansemple.com.
3. The Community Roundtable has created a Community Maturity Model that provides far more dimensions and can be used to benchmark your organization against other organizations. Learn more at http://www.communityroundtable.com/research/community-maturity-model/.
4. https://www.jobvite.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Jobvite_SocialRecruiting_Survey2014.pdf.
5. A. Baron, Interview with authors. Learn more at http://ayeletbaron.com.
6. S. Scrupski, Interview with authors. More on Scrupski at http://susanscrupski.com/.
7. T. Liu, Correspondence with authors. More on Liu at http://mortrisha.com/.
8. K. Rollag, S. Parise, and R. Cross, “Getting New Hires Up to Speed Quickly,” MIT Sloan Management Review, Winter 2005, 35-41, http://www.robcross.org/Documents/Publications/SMR_Promoting_Rapid_Onboarding_with_Networks.pdf.
9. C. Crummey, Conversation with authors.
10. J. Bughin, M. Chui, and J. Manyika, “Capturing Business Value With Social Technologies,” The McKinsey Quarterly, November 2012, http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/high_tech_telecoms_internet/capturing_business_value_with_social_technologies; see also McKinsey’s Social Economy report: http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/high_tech_telecoms_internet/the_social_economy and S. Billett, “Learning Through Work: Workplace Affordances and Individual Engagement,” Journal of Workplace Learning, 2001, 13:5, 209-214, http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/EUM0000000005548.
11. Society for New Communications Research, Beeline Labs, and Deloitte, “The Tribalization of Business,” 2008, http://www.tribalizationofbusiness.com.
12. C.N. Quinn, Revolutionize Learning and Development: Performance & Innovation Strategy for the Information Age (San Francisco: Wiley, 2014).
13. More on Ledford’s hands-on approach in this YouTube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mgXPDJEOyNM.
14. http://www.robcross.org/consortia_network_alignment.htm.
Chapter 3
1. T. Vander Wal, Folksonomy. http://vanderwal.net/folksonomy.html.
2. D. Pontefract, Interview with authors. Also see http://danpontefract.com and Flat Army: Creating a Connected and Engaged Organization (Wiley, 2013).
3. E. Brill, Interview with authors. Also see http://www.edbrill.com.
4. E. Duval, K. Verbert, X. Ochoa, and W. Hodgins, “The Snowflake Number” WebScience Journal, 2009, http://journal.webscience.org/203/2/websci09_submission_108.pdf.
5. M. Conner, “Data on Big Data,” marciaconner.com http://marciaconner.com/blog/data-on-big-data/, M. Conner, “Time to Build Your Big Data Muscles,” Fast Company, July 2012, http://www.fastcompany.com/1842928/time-to-build-your-big-data-muscles/, and M. Hilbert, “How Much Information Is in the Information Society?” Significance, Special Issue on Big Data, August 2012, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2012.00584.x/abstract.
6. Interview with authors.
7. K. Kruse, “What Is Employee Engagement?” Forbes, June 22, 2012, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinkruse/2012/06/22/employee-engagement-what-and-why/.
8. T. Davenport and J. Beck, The Attention Economy: Understanding the New Currency of Business (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2001).
9. D. Cohen and L. Prusak, In Good Company: How Social Capital Makes Organizations Work (Boston: Harvard Business Press, 1991).
10. J. Lave and É. Wenger, Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991) (First published in 1990 as Institute for Research on Learning Report 90-0013).
11. R. Cross, T. Laseter, A. Parker, and G. Velasquez, “Using Social Network Analysis to Improve Communities of Practice,” California Management Review, 49:1 (Nov 2006), 32, http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/23160322/using-social-network-analysis-improve-communities-practice.
12. R. Cross, A. Cowen, L. Vertucci, and R.J. Thomas, “Leading in a Connected World: How Effective Leaders Drive Results Through Networks,” Organizational Dynamics, October 2009, 93-105, http://doi:10.1016/j.orgdyn.2009.02.006 and http://www.robcross.org/pdf/research/leading_in_connected_world.pdf; additional information on the Connected Commons at http://www.robcross.org/consortia.htm.
13. R. Happe, Interview with authors.
14. R.J. Light, Making the Most of College: Students Speak Their Minds (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001).
15. W.S. Smith, Decoding Generational Differences: Fact, Fiction … Or Should We Just Get Back to Work? Deloitte Development LLC, 2008, https://www.insala.com/whitepapers/decoding-generational-differences.pdf.
16. C. Thompson, “Brave New World of Digital Intimacy,” New York Times, September 5, 2008.
17. C. Shirky, “A Speculative Post on the Idea of Algorithmic Authority,” 2009, http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2009/11/a-speculative-post-on-the-idea-of-algorithmic-authority/.
18. P. Thornton, Interview with authors.
19. B. Kaliski, Interview with authors.
20. M. Flinsch, Interview with authors.
21. J. Roush, Interview with authors.
22. “Jacksonville Sheriff’s Office on the Cutting Edge,” Law Officer, August 9, 2008, http://www.lawofficer.com/articles/2008/08/jacksonville-sheriffs-office-c.html.
23. A. Levin, “BookBlog,” 2009, http://www.alevin.com/?m=200909.
24. V. Landau, E. Clegg, and D. Engelbart, The Engelbart Hypothesis: Dialogs With Douglas Engelbart, 2d ed. (Berkeley, CA: Next Press, 2009).
25. L. Fitton, Interview with authors.
26. “N. White, “An Overview of Online Facilitation,” http://www.fullcirc.com/resources/facilitation-resources/an-overview-of-online-facilitation/. Also see É. Wenger, N. White, and J. Smith, Digital Habitats: Stewarding Technology for Communities (Portland, OR: CPsquare, 2009), http://technologyforcommunities.com/.
27. L. Levitt, L. Popkin, and D. Hatch, “Building Online Communities for High-Profile Internet Sites,” 1999, News Internet Services, USA, https://www.isoc.org/inet98/proceedings/1b/1b_3.htm.
28. J. Bozarth, Show Your Work: The Payoffs and How-To’s of Working Out Loud (San Francisco: Wiley, 2014).
29. J. Stepper, Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life, http://workingoutloud.com/.
30. http://thebryceswrite.com/2010/11/29/when-will-we-work-out-loud-soon/.
31. More on Babnis from a series of articles on WOL, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/working-out-loud-21st-century-way-collaborating-sheila-babnis.
32. A. Kleon, Show Your Work!: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get Discovered (New York: Workman Publishing, 2014)
33. A. Silvers, Interview with authors. More at http://MakingBetter.us.
34. Accordent, “Marathon Oil Corporation Taps Rich Vein of Streaming Media Content for Educating and Communicating with Its Global Workforce,” Case Study.
35. T. Starner, “Video Nation,” Human Resource Executive Online, October 2, 2007, http://www.hreonline.com/HRE/story.jsp?storyId=33267457.
36. D. Kelly, “Is Content Curation in Your Skill Set? It Should Be,” Learning Solutions Magazine, October 2012, http://www.learningsolutionsmag.com/articles/1037/is-content-curation-in-your-skill-set-it-should-be.
37. A. Anderson and B. Betts, eds. Curation in Learning (Alexandria, VA: ATD Press, forthcoming).
Chapter 4
1. A. Campbell, Interview with authors; more at http://LAZparking.com.
2. K. Jones, Interview with authors; more at http://vinjones.com and https://www.youtube.com/user/vinjonesvids.
3. B. Brown, “On Vulnerability,” TED Talk, 2010, http://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_on_vulnerability.
4. IBM Institute for Business Value, “2012 CEO Study: Leading Through Connections,” http://www-935.ibm.com/services/us/en/c-suite/ceostudy2012/ (a listing of all C-Suite studies is available on the IBM website: http://www-935.ibm.com/services/c-suite/ceo/).
5. M. McLure Wasko and S. Faraj, “Why Should I Share? Examining Social Capital and Knowledge Contribution in Electronic Networks of Practice,” MIS Quarterly, 29(1), 2005, 35-57, Special Issue on Information Technologies and Knowledge Management.
6. Conversation with authors.
7. From L. Buczek, “The Big Failure of Enterprise 2.0 Social Business,” Blog post, Beyond the Cube Blog, http://www.lauriebuczek.com/2011/08/23/the-big-failure-of-enterprise-2-0-social-business/.
8. The Jive Community Social Business Blog, https://community.jivesoftware.com/community/socbiz/blog/2012/02/08/community-management-101-no-censorship.
9. J. Sullivan, Interview with authors.
10. C. Brown, C. Efstratiou, I. Leontiadis, D. Quercia, and C. Mascolo, “Tracking Serendipitous Interactions: How Individual Cultures Shape the Office,” ACM Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, 2014, 1072-1081.
11. Interview with authors.
Chapter 5
1. S. Terry, Interview with the authors. More at http://simonterry.tumblr.com.
2. In 1995, Gloria Gery put forth the idea that counting the number of people that were trained was no more useful than their aggregate weight. Attendance was being counted because it could be and people didn’t know what else to measure. G. Gery, Electronic Performance Support Systems (Tolland, MA: Gery Performance Press, 1995).
3. N.M. Radziwill, Statistics (The Easier Way) With R: An Informal Text on Applied Statistics (Lapis Lucera, 2015).
4. More about the Theory of Change at http://www.theoryofchange.org/.
5. N. Burke, Interview with authors. More on Burke’s work at http://www.commonhealthaction.org/message.html and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FY4miyfd7ms.
6. B. Brooks, Interview with authors.
7. A. Bryant, “Douglas Merrill of ZestFinance: Steer Clear of What You Can’t Measure,” New York Times, March 20, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/21/business/douglas-merrill-of-zestfinance-steer-clear-of-what-you-cant-measure.html.
8. More from Gianpiero Petriglieri at http://petriglieri.com.
9. J. Postman, SocialCorp: Social Media Goes Corporate (Berkeley, CA: New Riders), 114.
10. T. Griffith, Interview with authors; see also http://www.terrigriffith.com/.
11. Aberdeen Group, 2009, and others.
12. Assess Your Organization’s Need for HR Analytics, http://gca.mcbassi.com/s3/AnalyticsAssess?srp=mcbt.
13. http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/llee/papers.html.
14. N. Sadat Shami, J.Yang, L. Panc, C. Dugan, T. Ratchford, J. Rasmussen, Y. Assogba, T. Steier, T. Soule, S. Lupushor, W. Geyer, I. Guy, and J. Ferrar, “Understanding Employee Social Media Chatter with Enterprise Social Pulse,” ACM Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (New York: ACM Press, 2014), 379-392, http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2531602.2531650.
15. P. Lilienthal, “If You Give Your Employees a Voice, Do You Listen?” The Journal for Quality and Participation 25(3), 2002, 38-40.
16. World Economic Forum, 2014, Forum for Young Global Leaders, http://www.weforum.org/community/forum-young-global-leaders.
17. S. Baron-Cohen, The Essential Difference: Male and Female Brains and the Truth About Autism (New York: Basic Books, 2003).
18. B. Parmar, “Corporate Empathy Is not an Oxymoron,” Harvard Business Review, January 2015, https://hbr.org/2015/01/corporate-empathy-is-not-an-oxymoron.
19. C. Cherniss, “The Business Case for Emotional Intelligence,” http://www.eiconsortium.org/reports/business_case_for_ei.html, citing L.M. Spencer, Jr. and S.M. Spencer, Competence at Work: Models for Superior Performance (New York: Wiley, 1993) and L.M.J. Spencer, D.C. McClelland, and S. Kelner, Competency Assessment Methods: History and State of the Art (Boston: Hay/McBer, 1997).
20. B. Parmer, “Can Empathy Really Work in a Business World Dominated by Testosterone?” The Guardian, June 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/women-in-leadership/2014/jun/18/empathy-secret-revolutionise-business.
21. I. Macleod, “Trust, Empathy and Honesty the Keys to Make Social Work—Telefonica Europe’s Digital and Social Lead,” The Drum, June 2014, http://www.thedrum.com/news/2014/06/25/trust-empathy-and-honesty-keys-make-social-work-telefonica-europe-s-digital-and.
22. S. Sinek, Leaders Eat Last: Why Some Teams Pull Together and Others Don’t (New York: Portfolio, 2014); more from Sinek at https://www.startwithwhy.com/.
23. http://www.cmo.com/articles/2015/4/7/quick-chat-lucie-sarif-head-of-strategy-and-planning-lady-geek.html.
24. R. G. McGrath, “Management’s Three Eras: A Brief History,” Harvard Business Review, July 30, 2014, https://hbr.org/2014/07/managements-three-eras-a-brief-history/.
25. S. Taplinger, “Mar-Tech Future Merges Data and Humanity,” http://thedma.org/news/mar-tech-future-merges-data-and-humanity/.
26. R. Shadoan, “Structure: A Better Way of Thinking about Data,” Akashic Labs, March 6, 2015, http://www.akashiclabs.com/structure-a-useful-way-of-thinking-about-data/.
27. The PAR Framework team uses new data-focused technologies to share their big data journey with others and to collaborate across organizations with similar goals. For an example, see https://community.datacookbook.com/institutions/par.
28. The 2012 142-country study, State of the Global Workplace, showed only 13 percent of employees worldwide are engaged at work. http://www.gallup.com/services/178517/state-global-workplace.aspx.
29. G. Johnson, “Otherwise Engaged,” Training, 41(10), 2004, 4.
30. W.H. Macey, B. Schneider, K.M. Barbera, and S.A. Young, Employee Engagement: Tools for Analysis, Practice, and Competitive Advantage (Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009).
31. A.M. Saks, “Antecedents and Consequences of Employee Engagement,” Journal of Managerial Psychology 21(7) 2006, 600-619.
32. B.L. Rich, J.A. Lepine, and E.R. Crawford, “Job Engagement: Antecedents and Effects on Job Performance,” Academy of Management Journal 53(3) 2010, 617-635.
33. J.K. Harter, F.L. Schmidt, and T.L. Hayes, “Business Unit-Level Relationship Between Employee Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Business Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Applied Psychology 87(2), 2002, 268-279.
34. N.E. Chalofsky, Meaningful Workplaces: Reframing How and Where We Work (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010).
35. J. Notter and M. Grant, Humanize: How People-Centric Organizations Succeed in a Social World (Indianapolis: Que, 2012). For the “How to Be Generative Worksheet,” see http://www.scribd.com/doc/65255892/Humanize-Worksheet-Generative.
36. D. Birnbaum, Interview with authors.
37. V. Krebs, “Discovering Emergent Communities of Knowledge in Your Organization,” TNT: The Network Thinkers Blog, March 2015, http://www.thenetworkthinkers.com/2015/03/discovering-emergent-communities-of.html.
38. http://robcross.org/pdf/roundtable/energy_and_innovation.pdf.
39. R. Cross, W. Baker, and A. Parker, “What Creates Energy in Organizations?” MIT Sloan Management Review (2003) 44(4), 51-57, http://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/what-creates-energy-in-organizations/.
40. P. Anklam, Net Work: A Practical Guide to Creating and Sustaining Networks at Work and in the World (London: Routledge, 2011); for more information, see http://www.pattianklam.com/blog/.
41. R. Cross, C. Ernst, and B. Pasmore, “A Bridge Too Far? How Boundary Spanning Networks Drive Organizational Change and Effectiveness,” Organizational Dynamics (2013) 42, 81-91, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2013.03.001.
42. To learn more about the CMM and find free resources, see their website: http://www.communityroundtable.com/research/community-maturity-model/.
43. Find more on SMILE at http://www.simply-goodadvice.com/smile-sub/index.htm.
44. Learn more at http://www.engageforsuccess.org/sub-groups/social-media-digital-engagement-subgroup/.
45. C.N. Quinn, Revolutionize Learning & Development: Performance and Innovation Strategy for the Information Age (San Francisco: Wiley/ATD, 2014), 167. For those wondering why we haven’t addressed the training department stalwart, the Kirkpatrick four levels of evaluation, Quinn does a masterful job explaining how the model has been misused in organizations, almost always done in the reverse of how it was intended and having none of the effect it was designed to achieve. See Quinn’s book for how to approach learning and development measurement in a meaningful way.
46. More on Think Big at http://www.o2.co.uk/thinkbig.
47. To quantify the financial benefit, they looked at employee engagement scores (from their annual Reflect survey), at annual appraisal scores, sickness days, and on-boarding costs. They also asked people and their managers about the skills they developed when getting involved and then cross-referenced everything with the literature available to determine its strength.
48. http://www.globalactionplan.org.uk/News/starting-at-square-one.
49. C. Thompson, Smarter Than You Think: How Technology Is Changing Our Minds for the Better (New York: Penguin, 2013).
50. Minimizing the ripple effect of web-centric software by using the pheromone extension, http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2160227.
51. http://www.goodcompanyindex.com.
52. The explanation is simple. Worthy firms enjoy the benefits of energized employees, enthusiastic customers, and empathetic communities. These features not only help boost the bottom line, but also create a virtuous cycle. Workers, customers, and investors will be drawn to companies that do right by their stakeholders.
53. http://www.goodcompanyindex.com/good-company/self-assessment/.
54. Due to the large scale and quantitative nature of the analysis, they only used structural data (metadata), e.g., who responds to whom, but did not take into account the actual message content. In the study they also point out that Deloitte is ideally suited to study influence because, 1. As a professional service firm, hierarchy and formal influence is an important mechanism for work allocation; 2. Much of their work is knowledge work, which means the collaborative space plays an active part in informal influence as people search and seek additional knowledge; and 3. Deloitte social network, D Street, is highly successful and widely adopted across the organization, which makes it a good candidate to study community emergence.
55. K. Riemer, S. Stieglitz, and C. Meske, “From Top to Bottom: Investigating the Changing Role of Hierarchy and Influence in Enterprise Social Networks,” Business & Information Systems Engineering (DOI 10.1007/s12599-015-0375-3) and “Or: How Influence in ESN Changes Over Time,” bbr [backed by research], Kai Riemer’s blog, https://byresearch.wordpress.com/2015/03/05/esn-community/.
56. http://socialbusinessindex.com.
57. Clive Thompson was introduced to this concept by legal scholar Andrew K. Woods, He writes about this in Smarter Than You Think, 254.
58. G. Mark, S.T. Iqbal, M. Czerwinski, and P. Johns, “Bored Mondays and Focused Afternoons: The Rhythm of Attention and Online Activity in the Workplace,” Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York: ACM Press, 2014), 3025-3034, http://research.microsoft.com/apps/pubs/default.aspx?id=241877.
59. Conversation with authors and from M.C. Benton and N.M. Radziwill, “A Framework for Assessment of Social Learning in Organizations (Manuscript in preparation, 2015).
60. https://www.leaderboarded.com/gurus.
61. C. Wallis et al., “Help! I’ve Lost My Focus,” Time, January 9, 2006.
62. “Multitasking: Switching Costs,” American Psychological Association, http://www.apa.org/research/action/multitask.aspx.
63. Visionary Marketing: The Blog, http://visionarymarketing.com/en/blog.
64. M.E. Weksler and B.B. Weksler, “The Epidemic of Distraction,” Gerentology, 2012; 58(5), 385-390, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22572729; D.M. Sanbonmatsu, D.L. Strayer, N. Medeiros-Ward, et. al., “Who Multi-Tasks and Why? Multi-Tasking Ability, Perceived Multi-Tasking Ability, Impulsivity, and Sensation Seeking,” PLoS One, 2013, 8(1): e54402, Epub 2013 Jan 23, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/23372720; and T.M. Amabile and S.J. Kramer, “The Power of Small Wins,” Harvard Business Review, May 2011, http://hbr.org/2011/05/the-power-of-small-wins/.
65. M. Conner, “Minds at Work: Achieving Transformation Beyond Wellness, Social, and Even Culture,” May 2015 http://marciaconner.com/minds-at-work/.
66. M. Conner, “Turning Social Capital Into Financial Capital,” Change This, November 2010, http://changethis.com/manifesto/show/76.03.NewSocialLearning.pdf; M. Mazmanian and I. Erickson, “The Product of Availability: Understanding the Economic Underpinnings of Constant Connectivity,” Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York: ACM Press, 2014), 763-772; and R. Teodoro, P. Ozturk, M. Naaman, W. Mason, and J. Lindqvist, “The Motivations and Experiences of the On-Demand Mobile Workforce,” Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing 2014 (CSCW)(New York: ACM Press, 2014).
67. K. Renner, Interview with authors.
68. V. Krebs, TNT: The Network Thinkers Blog, http://www.thenetworkthinkers.com/.
69. Quote from blog on Chet Wood’s D Street profile.
70. C. Brown, C. Efstratiou, I. Leontiadis, D. Quercia, and C. Mascolo, “Tracking Serendipitous Interactions: How Individual Cultures Shape the Office,” Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (New York: ACM Press, 2014), 1072-1081.
71. The “Forgetting Curve” was first hypothesized by Hermann Ebbinghaus in 1885—http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgetting_curve.
72. K.A. Neuendorf, The Content Analysis Guidebook (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2002), http://academic.csuohio.edu/kneuendorf/content/ and P.J. Stone, “Thematic Text Analysis: New Agendas for Analyzing Text Content,” chapter 2 in Text Analysis for the Social Sciences, ed. C. Roberts (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997), http://academic.csuohio.edu/kneuendorf/content/cpuca/ccap.htm.
74. “Making Change Work Study,” IBM Global Services, http://www-935.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/bus/pdf/gbe03100-usen-03-making-change-work.pdf.
75. J. Frahm, “70% of Change Projects Fail: Bollocks!” Conversations of Change, September 2013, http://conversationsofchange.com.au/2013/09/02/70-of-change-projects-fail-bollocks1/.
76. J. Little, “Is the 70% Failure Rate a Myth?” Agile Blog, September 2013, http://www.agilecoach.ca/2013/08/23/70-failure-rate-myth/.
77. R. Cross, C. Ernst, and B. Pasmore, op. cit.
78. M. Conner, Learning Culture Audit, marciaconner.com, http://marciaconner.com/assess/learning-culture/.
79. R. Cross, C. Ernst, and B. Pasmore, op. cit.
80. R. Cross, et. al. “Personal Network Analysis Workbook,” http://www.robcross.org/Documents/Personal_Network_Analysis_Workbook_Final.pdf; the PNA Workbook can be downloaded.
81. R. Larson and M. Csikszentmihalyi, “The Experience Sampling Method,” New Directions for Methodology of Social and Behavioral Science, 15, 41-56 (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass).
82. S.A. Grandhi, N. Laws, B. Amento, and Q. Jones, “The Importance of ‘Who’ and ‘What’ in Interruption Management: Empirical Evidence from a Cell Phone Use Study,” AMCIS 2008 Proceedings, http://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2008/79.
Chapter 6
1. N. Radjou, J. Prabhu, and S. Ahuja, Jugaad Innovation: Think Frugal, Be Flexible, Generate Breakthrough Growth (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2012), http://jugaadinnovation.com; see also N. Radjou and J. Prabhu, Frugal Innovation: How To Do More With Less (New York: The Economist, 2015).
2. S. Kaplan, Interview with authors. Learn more at http://www.businessinnovationfactory.com/.
3. S. Kaplan, The Business Model Innovation Factory (San Francisco: Wiley, 2012).
4. Michael Erand, “Think Tank: Where to Get a Good Idea: Steal It Outside Your Group,” New York Times, May 22, 2004. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/22/arts/think-tank-where-to-get-a-good-idea-steal-it-outside-your-group.html.
5. J. Foner, Interview with authors.
6. S. Nathoo, “Death by Conference: When Smart People Use Comic Sans,” http://salimanathoo.com/2013/10/death-by-conference/.
7. O. Mitchell, Interview with authors. More at http://www.speakingaboutpresenting.com/.
8. R. Scoble, “Twitter and the Mark Zuckerberg Interview,” WebProNews, March 11, 2008, http://www.webpronews.com/blogtalk/2008/03/11/twitter-and-the-mark-zuckerberg-interview.
9. G. Koelling, Interview with authors.
10. D. Sharesky, Interview with authors, also see more at http://ideasandthoughts.org/.
11. J. Veen, Interview with authors. https://about.me/veen.
12. L. Lawley, “Confessions of a Backchannel Queen,” Mamamusings blog post, March 30, 2004, http://mamamusings.net/archives/2004/03/30/confessions_of_a_backchannel_queen.php.
13. L. Fitton, Interview with authors. Also see https://about.me/pistachio.
14. J. Veen, Interview with authors.
15. W. Deyamport III, Interview with authors; more about Deyamport at http://www.iamdrwill.com.
16. P. Gillin, “While I Talked, People Twittered,” Blog post, September 11, 2008, Social Media and the Open Enterprise, http://gillin.com/blog/page/36/.
17. G. Brown-Martin, Interview with authors. More at http://www.grahambrownmartin.com and http://learning-reimagined.com/.
18. S. Berkun, Confessions of a Public Speaker (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2009).
19. J. Andrade, “What Does Doodling Do?” Applied Cognitive Psychology 24(1): 100-106.
20. E. Eckman, Interview with authors.
21. K. Hamlin, Interview with authors. More at http://www.identitywoman.net/.