^[1] Private correspondence with Melissa Poe Hood dated January 22, 2010. Also, "Melissa Poe," Caring People (6), Fall 1993: 66, supplemented by interview with Trish Poe on November 3, 1994. See also James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, The Leadership Challenge, 3rd Edition. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2002, pp. 209–210. For more information on Kids F.A.C.E., see the website, www.kidsface.org.

^[2] Melissa Poe, "A Club of Six," Kids F.A.C.E. website, http://www.kidsface.org/pages/aclubofsix.html, accessed January 19, 2010.

^[3] Speech at 2009 Women of Distinction ceremony, June 4, 2009. A video of her speech can be found on YouTube, at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QMyECutpQo.

^[4] LPI Data Analysis, www.theleadershipchallenge.com.

^[5] This survey was first conducted in 1998 for Public Allies, now a part of AmeriCorps, only to those eighteen to thirty-two years of age. We adapted the survey and have administered it to a wider range of ages. See Public Allies, New Leadership for a New Century (Washington, DC: Public Allies, 1998).

^[6] James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI), 3rd Edition. San Francisco: Pfeiffer, 2003.

^[7] James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, The Leadership Challenge, 4th Edition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007. For more information about the impact of leaders on their constituents and organizations, visit our website for reports by the authors on their analysis of over one million responses to the Leadership Practices Inventory and abstracts on more than four hundred doctoral dissertations and other academic research. Here's the link: http://www.leadershipchallenge.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-131060.html.

^[8] Marianne Williamson, A Return to Love: Reflections on the Principles of a Course in Miracles. New York: HarperCollins, 1992, pp. 190–191.

^[9] For more information about the original studies, see B. Z. Posner and W. H. Schmidt, "Values and the American Manager: An Update," California Management Review, 26(3), 1984, pp. 202–216; and B. Z. Posner and W. H. Schmidt, "Values and Expectations of Federal Service Executives," Public Administration Review, 1986, 46(5), pp. 447–454.

^[10] The classic study on credibility goes back to C. I. Hovland, I. L. Janis, and H. H. Kelley, Communication and Persuasion (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1953); and early measurement studies including J. C. McCroskey, "Scales for the Measurement of Ethos," Speech Monographs 33 (1966), pp. 65–72, and D. K. Berlo, J. B. Lemert, and R. J. Mertz, "Dimensions for Evaluating the Acceptability of Message Sources," Public Opinion Quarterly, 3 (1969), pp. 563–576. However, even further back, Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), writing in Rhetoric, suggested that Ethos, the Trust of a speaker by the listener, or what some have referred to as "source credibility," was based on the listener's perception of three characteristics of the speaker: the intelligence of the speaker (correctness of opinions or competence), the character of the speaker (reliability—a competence factor—and honesty—a measure of intentions), and the good will of the speaker (positive energy and favorable intentions toward the listener). These three characteristics (competence, honesty, and inspiration) have consistently emerged in factor-analytic investigations of communicator credibility (D. J. O'Keefe, Persuasion: Theory and Research [Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002]). Another contemporary perspective is provided in R. Cialdini, Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion (New York: Collins, 2007).

^[11] James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, Credibility: How Leaders Gain and Lose It, Why People Demand It. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003.

^[12] B. Z. Posner and W. H. Schmidt, "Demographic Characteristics and Shared Values," International Journal of Value-Based Management, 1992, 5(1), pp. 77–87. See also B. Z. Posner, "Another Look at the Impact of Personal and Organizational Values Congruency," Journal of Business Ethics, in press.

^[13] Paul Polman interview with Adam Bird, McKinsey Quarterly, October 2009.

^[14] David Whyte, The Heart Aroused: Poetry and the Preservation of the Soul in Corporate America. New York: Doubleday Currency, 2002, p. 143.

^[15] James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, The Leadership Challenge Workshop Values Cards. San Francisco: Pfeiffer, 2010.

^[16] Elliot Jaques, who has written extensively about future orientation. See, for example, Elliott Jaques, Requisite Organization: The CEO's Guide to Creative Structure and Leadership. Arlington, VA: Cason Hall and Company, 1989, pp. 15–32.

^[17] Gary Hamel and C. K. Prahalad, Competing for the Future: Breakthrough Strategies for Seizing Control of Your Industry and Creating the Markets of Tomorrow. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1996, pp. 3–4.

^[18] Michael Hyatt, "Why Vision Matters." Posted December 16, 2009; retrieved January 20, 2010, from http://michaelhyatt.com/2009/12/why-vision-matters.html.

^[19] The Incrementalist (or What's the Small Idea?): An Interview with Joe Fox. MIT Sloan Management Review, 2008, 48(4), p. 15.

^[20] Ibid, p. 20.

^[21] This classification system, with the acronym DEGEST, was developed by Northwestern University marketing professor Philip Kotler, and you can read more about it: Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, 13th Edition. New York: Prentice Hall, 2008. See also Edward Cornish, Futuring: The Exploration of the Future. Bethesda, MD: The World Future Society, 2005.

^[22] Warren Bennis, "Only the Optimists Survive." BusinessWeek, posted May 18, 2009; retrieved January 20, 2010, from http://www.businessweek.com/managing/content/may2009/ca20090518_917239.htm.

^[23] Norman Cousins, Head First: The Biology of Hope and the Healing Power of the Human Spirit. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1989, p. 83.

^[24] Martin E. P. Seligman, Learned Optimism: How to Change Your Mind and Your Life. New York: The Free Press, 1998.

^[25] Telephone interview with Jodi Taylor, then at the Center for Creative Leadership, Colorado Springs, Colorado, April 1998. See also V. I. Sessa and J. J. Taylor, Executive Selection: Strategies for Success. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000.

^[26] Daniel Goleman, Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Be More Than IQ (10th Anniversary Edition). New York: Bantam Dell, 2006.

^[27] C. Fernández-Aráoz, "The Challenge of Hiring Senior Executives," in C. Cherniss and D. Goleman (eds.), The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace: How to Select for, Measure, and Improve Emotional Intelligence in Individuals, Groups, and Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2001, p. 189. Portions of the information were also gathered from personal correspondence and conversations (April 2010) with Claudio Fernández-Aráoz.

^[28] Morgan W. McCall and Michael M. Lombardo, Off the Track: Why and How Successful Executives Get Derailed. Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership, 1983.

^[29] Daniel Goleman, Richard E. Boyatzis, and Annie McKee, Primal Leadership: Realizing the Power of Emotional Intelligence. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2004, p. 5.

^[30] Ibid, pp. 19–31.

^[31] For more about meaning and other internal motivators, see Kenneth W. Thomas, Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employee Engagement, Second Edition. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2009.

^[32] James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, A Leader's Legacy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2006; in particular, see Chapter 13, "It's Not Just the Leader's Vision."

^[33] As Good as It Gets. Film directed by James L. Brooks, story and screenplay by Mark Andrus and James L. Brooks. Produced by James L. Brooks and Bridget Johnson. Production Companies, TriSTar Pictures and Gracie Films; distributed by Sony Pictures Entertainment, 1997.

^[34] John Hamm, "The Five Messages Leaders Must Manage." Harvard Business Review, May 2006, p. 7.

^[35] Michael Segalla, "How Europeans Do Layoffs." Posted on the Harvard Business Review website June 9, 2009, http://blogs.harvardbusiness.org/hbr/hbr-now/2009/06/how-europeans-do-layoffs.html. Accessed January 22, 2009. For access to the data on trust, see "Managing Talent in Troubled Times" at http://appli7.hec.fr/hrm/diversity/HBR_HEC_Executive_Survey1.htm. Retrieved January 22, 2010.

^[36] P. Shockley-Zalabak, S. Morreale, and M. Hackman, Building the High Trust Organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010.

^[37] D. Zand, "Trust and Managerial Problem Solving." Administrative Science Quarterly, 1972, 17, pp. 230–239.

^[38] P. J. Sweeney, V. Thompson, and H. Blanton, "Trust and Influence in Combat: An Interdependence Model." Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2009, 39(1), pp. 235–264.

^[39] J. J. Gabarro, "The Development of Trust, Influence, and Expectations." In A. Athos and J. Gabarro (eds.), Interpersonal Behavior: Communication and Understanding in Relationships (pp. 290–303). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1978.

^[40] As quoted in Shockley-Zalabak, et al., Building the High Trust Organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010, p. 145.

^[41] "Customer Service Champs." BusinessWeek, March 2, 2009, pp. 32–33.

^[42] Roger Fisher and Scott Brown, Getting Together. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1988; James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, Credibility. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003.

^[43] As quoted in P. Shockley-Zalabak, et al., Building the High Trust Organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010, p. 79.

^[44] "A Little More Conversation: Employee Communications Approaches and Their Impact." A CHA report, Autumn 2005, p. 2. Accessed January 22, 2010, http://zookri.com/Portals/6/reports/A%20little%20more.pdf.

^[45] John Gardner, speech, 1965. See http://www.pbs.org/johngardner/chapters/4.html.

^[46] You can listen to the entire "The Last Lecture" on YouTube. It's well worth the seventy-six minutes of your time. See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ji5_MqicxSo.

^[47] Randy Pausch, The Last Lecture: Achieving Your Childhood Dreams. Video accessible at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ji5_MqicxSo&feature=player_embedded. For more about Randy Pausch's story, see Randy Pausch with Jeffrey Zaslow, The Last Lecture. New York: Hyperion, 2008.

^[48] For more tips on how to be resilient in the face of stressful change, see Salvatore R. Maddi and Deborah M. Khoshaba, Resilience at Work: How to Succeed No Matter What Life Throws at You. New York: AMACOM, 2005.

^[49] B. Z. Posner, "Understanding the Learning Tactics of College Students and Their Relationship to Leadership," Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 2009, 30(4), pp. 386–395; B. Z. Posner and J. W. Harder, "The Proactive Personality, Leadership, Gender and National Culture," paper presented at the Academy of Management (Western: Santa Fe), March 2002; and B. Z. Posner and L. M. Brown, "Exploring the Relationship Between Learning and Leadership," Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 2001, 22(6), pp. 274–280.

^[50] Angela L. Duckworth, Christopher Peterson, Michael D. Matthews, and Dennis R. Kelly, "Personality Processes and Individual Differences." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2007, 92(6), pp. 1087–1088.

^[51] Jonah Lehrer, "The Truth About Grit: Modern Science Builds Case for an Old-Fashioned Virtue—and Uncovers New Secrets to Success." The Boston Globe. Accessed August 2, 2009, on Boston.com from http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2009/08/02/the_truth_about_grit?mode=PF.

^[52] Angela L. Duckworth, Christopher Peterson, Michael D. Matthews, and Dennis R. Kelly, "Personality Processes and Individual Differences." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2007, 92(6), p. 1096.

^[53] Ibid.

^[54] From an interview with David Amram in Alex Zuckerman, Wisdom. New York: Abrams, 2008, p. 26.

^[55] Alan Deutschman, Walk the Talk: The #1 Rule for Real Leaders. New York: Portfolio, 2009, p. xii.

^[56] Tony Simons, "The High Cost of Lost Trust." Harvard Business Review, 80(9), September 2002, p. 19. See also Tony Simons, The Integrity Dividend. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2008.

^[57] D. K. McNeese-Smith, "Increasing Employee Productivity, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment." Hospital & Health Services Administration, 1996, 41(2), pp. 160–175.

^[58] "Students Drive Principal to Roof." San Jose Mercury News, January 12, 2002, p. 3B.

^[59] Kirk Hanson, presentation for the Executive MBA Program, Leavey School of Business, Santa Clara University (Santa Clara, CA), 2008.

^[60] J. M. Kouzes and B. Z. Posner, The Leadership Practices Inventory. San Francisco: Pfeiffer, 2003. Available at http://as.leadershipchallenge.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-131060.html.

^[61] Speech at 2009 Women of Distinction ceremony, June 4, 2009. A video of her speech can be found on YouTube at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8QMyECutpQo.

^[62] Barry Z. Posner, "A Longitudinal Study Examining Changes in Students' Leadership Behavior." Journal of College Student Development, 2009, 50(5), pp. 551–563.

^[63] Barry Z. Posner and Lillas M. Brown, "Exploring the Relationship Between Learning and Leadership." Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 2001, 22(6), pp. 274–280; and Barry Z. Posner, "Understanding the Learning Tactics of College Students and Their Relationship to Leadership." Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 2009, 30(4), pp. 386–395.

^[64] To learn more about The Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership®, see James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner, The Leadership Challenge, 4th Edition. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2007.

^[65] Robert W. Eichinger, Michael M. Lombardo, and Dave Ulrich, 100 Things You Need to Know: Best Practices for Managers & HR. Minneapolis, MN: Lominger, Ltd., 2004, p. 492.

^[66] Ibid, p. 495.

^[67] Thomas Friedman, The World Is Flat. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2006, p. 309.

^[68] Carol S. Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. New York: Random House, 2006, p. 7.

^[69] Ibid, p. 6.

^[70] A. Bandura and R. E. Wood, "Effects of Perceived Controllability and Performance Standards on Self-Regulation of Complex Decision Making." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1989, 56, pp. 805–814.

^[71] See Dweck, Mindset (note #8), for a discussion of numerous research studies in all these and other domains.

^[72] Janet Rae-DuPree, "If You're Open to Growth, You Tend to Grow." New York Times, July 6, 2008. Accessed January 24, 2010, and retrievable from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/06/business/06unbox.html.

^[73] K. Anders Ericsson, "The Influence of Experience and Deliberate Practice on the Development of Superior Expert Performance." In K. Anders Ericsson, Neil Charness, Paul J. Feltovich, and Robert R. Hoffman (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 699.

^[74] See K. Anders Ericsson, 2006, p. 692. (See note #13.) Others have also written about this metric. See, for example, Geoff Colvin, Talent Is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else (New York: Portfolio, 2008); Daniel Coyle, The Talent Code: Greatness Isn't Born. It's Grown. Here's How (New York: Bantam Books, 2009); and Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (New York: Little Brown and Company, 2008).

^[75] K. Anders Ericsson, Michael J. Prietula, and Edward T. Cokely, "The Making of an Expert," Harvard Business Review, July–August 2007, reprint R0707J, p. 3.

^[76] Geoff Colvin, Talent Is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else. New York: Portfolio, 2008, pp. 67–72.

^[77] Abraham Carmeli, Daphna Brueller, and Jane E. Dutton. "Learning Behaviours in the Workplace: The Role of High-Quality Interpersonal Relationships and Psychological Safety." Systems Research and Behavioral Science Systems Research, 2009, 26, pp. 81–98.

^[78] Bonnie Hagemann and Judy Chartrand, "2009/2010 Trends in Executive Development: A Benchmark Report." Executive Development Associates, 2009, p. 15. Accessible at http://leadershipdevelopmenttrends.com.

^[79] K. Anders Ericsson, Michael J. Prietula, and Edward T. Cokely, "The Making of an Expert." Harvard Business Review, July–August 2007, reprint R0707J, p. 3.

^[80] Parker J. Palmer, Let Your Life Speak: Listening for the Voice of Vocation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000, p. 76.

^[81] J. M. Kouzes and B. Z. Posner, "Ethical Leaders: An Essay About Being in Love." Journal of Business Ethics, 1992, 11, pp. 479–484.

^[82] R. J. Ferris, "How Organizational Love Can Improve Leadership." Organizational Dynamics, 1988, 16(4), pp. 41–51.

^[83] R. K. Greenleaf, Servant Leadership. New York: Paulist Press, 2002.

^[84] "My Bad Boss." San Jose Mercury News, November 2, 2008, p. 3E, www.mercurynews.com.

^[85] W. A. Wines and J. B. Hamilton III, "On Changing Organizational Cultures by Injecting New Ideologies: The Power of Stories." Journal of Business Ethics, 2009, 89, pp. 433–447.

^[86] J. F. McCarthy, "Short Stories at Work." Group & Organization Management, 2008, 33(2), pp. 163–193.

^[87] Beth Kurylo, "Storytelling Boosts Child Confidence, Say Emory Researchers." Available at http://www.communitelligence.com/npps/story.cfm?nppage=95. Posted October 10, 2005; retrieved January 24, 2010.

^[88] BMO+Harris@Work (internal company publication), August/September 2006, p. 9.

^[89] Stephen J. Dubner and Steven D. Levitt, "A Star Is Made." New York Times, May 7, 2006. Available at http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/07/magazine/07wwln_freak.html?_r=1&ei=5070&en=c0acc9bb46cdeef4&ex=1162270800&pagewanted=print. Posted May 7, 2006; retrieved December 30, 2009.

^[90] Barbara L. Fredrickson, Positivity: Groundbreaking Research Reveals How to Embrace the Hidden Strengths of Positive Emotions, Overcome Negativity, and Thrive. New York: Crown Publishers, 2009, p. 21.

^[91] Ibid, pp. 60–65.

^[92] Marcial Losada and Emily Heaphy, "The Role of Positivity and Connectivity in the Performance of Business Teams: A Nonlinear Dynamics Model." American Behavioral Scientist, 2004, 47(6), pp. 740–765.

^[93] Ibid, p. 747.

^[94] Barbara L. Fredrickson and Marcial F. Losada, "Positive Affect and the Complex Dynamics of Human Flourishing." American Psychologist, 2005, 60(7), pp. 678–686.

^[95] For another important perspective on "saying yes," see Patricia Ryan Madson, Improv Wisdom: Don't Prepare, Just Show Up. New York: Bell Tower, 2005.

^[96] For a complete biography of Ivana Sendecka, see http://ivanasendecka.com.

^[97] Ron A. Carucci, Leadership Divided: What Emerging Leaders Need and What You Might Be Missing. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2006.

^[98] Ivana's initial team consisted of Ron Carucci and Josh Epperson from Passages Consulting in Seattle, Washington; Jon DeWaal of DeWaal Painting Company in Seattle, Washington; and Veronika Kopcik of Research Bridge in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

^[99] You can hear Ivana tell her story in her own words by viewing her video blogpost at http://ivanasendecka.com/2010/02/08/bodyguard-for-your-dreams. Accessed February 14, 2010.

^[100] President Michael Hogan, University of Connecticut, commencement address, May 10, 2009; available online at http://www.commencement.uconn.edu/history/audio/; accessed February 18, 2010.