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36. Annalee Newitz, “James Watson Says Antioxidants May Actually Be Causing Cancer,” Gizmodo, January 10, 2013, https://io9.gizmodo.com/james-watson-says-antioxidants-may-actually-be-causing-5975002.

37. Caitlin White, “That Kale Sweatshirt from Beyonce’s ‘7/11’ Video Is Cropping up Everywhere,” MTV News, January 10, 2015, http://www.mtv.com/news/2043813/beyonce-kale-sweatshirt-celebs/.

38. Ross Bridgeford, “The Truth about Oxalate (Is Kale Bad after All?),” LiveEnergized, accessed January 27, 2020, http://liveenergized.com/live-energized-tv/truth-about-oxalate/.

39. Anna Hodgekiss, “Why So-Called ‘Superfoods’ Could Be Bad for You,” Daily Mail, April 7, 2014, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2598694/Why-called-superfoods-BAD-Nutritionist-says-kale-send-thyroid-haywire-quinoa-irritates-gut.html.

40. Hodgekiss, “Why So-Called ‘Superfoods’ Could Be Bad for You.”

41. Petronella Ravenshear, “Lifting the Lid on Superfoods,” Vogue, April 8, 2014, https://www.vogue.co.uk/gallery/foods-of-the-gods.

42. Michael Specter, “Against the Grain: Should You Go Gluten Free?” New Yorker, October 27, 2014, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/11/03/grain.

43. David Perlmutter, Grain Brain (New York: Hachette, 2013); and William David, Wheat Belly (New York: Rodale, 2011).

44. Rita Rubin, “The Gluten Debate Continues,” WebMD, December 12, 2013, https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/news/20131212/celiac-disease-gluten-sensitive#1; and Elaine Watson, “30% of Americans Trying to Cut down on Gluten, NPD Group Claims,” FoodNavigator (website), March 8, 2013, https://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/Article/2013/03/08/30-of-US-adults-trying-to-cut-down-on-gluten-claims-NPD-Group.

45. Vikram Mansharamani, “We’re in a Gluten-Free Bubble That’s about to Burst,” Fortune, May 5, 2015, https://fortune.com/2015/05/05/gluten-free-foods/.

46. “Arsenic in Your Food,” Consumer Reports, November 2012, https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2012/11/arsenic-in-your-food/index.htm.

47. Donna Berry, “Special Report: Glute-Free Enters the Mainstream,” Food Business News, July 13, 2017, https://www.foodbusinessnews.net/articles/9612-special-report-gluten-free-enters-the-mainstream.

48. Louise Foxcroft, Calories and Corsets: A History of Dieting over 2000 Years (London: Profile Books, 2011), 15.

49. Dan Buettner, “The Island Where People Forget to Die,” New York Times Magazine, October 24, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/magazine/the-island-where-people-forget-to-die.html.

50. Jason Fung, The Complete Guide to Fasting (Las Vegas: Victory Belt Publishing, 2016), 8, 9.

1. Philip Zimbardo, “When Good People Do Evil,” Yale Alumni Magazine, January/February 2007, http://archives.yalealumnimagazine.com/issues/2007_01/milgram.html.

2. Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority (New York: Harper, 2009); see also Mitri Shanab and Khawla Yahya, “A Cross Cultural Study of Obedience,” Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 11, no. 4 (1978): 267–269, https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758%2FBF03336827.pdf.

3. Zimbardo, “When Good People Do Evil.”

4. Atul Gawande, The Checklist Manifesto (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2009).

5. Brian Gage et al., “Selecting Patients with Atrial Fibrillation for Anticoagulation,” Circulation 110, no. 16 (October 19, 2004), https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.CIR.0000145172.55640.93.

6. Anupam Jena, Vinay Prasad, Dana P. Goldman, and John Romley, “Mortality and Treatment Patterns among Patients Hospitalized with Acute Cardiovascular Conditions during Dates of National Cardiology Meetings,” JAMA Internal Medicine 175, no. 2 (February 2015): 237–244, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2038979.

7. National Academy of Sciences, Lessons Learned from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident for Improving Safety of U.S. Nuclear Plants (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2014), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK253939/.

8. Frontline, season 30, episode 7, “Inside Japan’s Nuclear Meltdown,” written, produced, and directed by Dan Edge, aired February 28, 2012, on PBS, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/japans-nuclear-meltdown/.

9. Frontline, season 30, episode 7, “Inside Japan’s Nuclear Meltdown.”

10. Carl Pillitteri, “None of You Are Getting out of Here,” Salon, March 9, 2012, https://www.salon.com/2012/03/09/none_of_you_are_getting_out_of_here/.

11. Pillitteri, “None of You.”

12. Frontline, season 30, episode 7, “Inside Japan’s Nuclear Meltdown.”

13. Frontline, season 30, episode 7, “Inside Japan’s Nuclear Meltdown.”

14. Frontline, season 30, episode 7, “Inside Japan’s Nuclear Meltdown.”

15. Frontline, season 30, episode 7, “Inside Japan’s Nuclear Meltdown.”

16. Frontline, season 30, episode 7, “Inside Japan’s Nuclear Meltdown.”

17. Frontline, season 30, episode 7, “Inside Japan’s Nuclear Meltdown.”

18. Justin McCurry, “Fukushima Boss Hailed as Hero Dies,” Guardian, July 10, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/10/fukushima-plant-boss-hero-dies.

19. Norimitsu Onishi and Martin Fackler, “In Nuclear Crisis, Crippling Mistrust,” New York Times, June 12, 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/13/world/asia/13japan.html.

20. Onishi and Fackler, “In Nuclear Crisis, Crippling Mistrust.”

21. Onishi and Fackler, “In Nuclear Crisis, Crippling Mistrust.”

22. Onishi and Fackler, “In Nuclear Crisis, Crippling Mistrust.”

23. McCurry, “Fukushima Boss Hailed as Hero Dies.”

24. “Fukushima Nuclear Accident ‘Man-Made,’ Not Natural Disaster,” Sydney Morning Herald, July 5, 2012, https://www.smh.com.au/world/fukushima-nuclear-accident--manmade-not-natural--disaster-20120705-21jrl.html.

25. Official Report of The Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission, July 2012 (Tokyo: National Diet of Japan, 2012), http://japan311disaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Kurokawa-Commission-Report-7-5-12-English.pdf.

26. Kiyoshi Kurokawa, “Message from the Chairman,” in Official Report of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission, July 2012 (Tokyo: National Diet of Japan, 2012), 9, http://japan311disaster.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Kurokawa-Commission-Report-7-5-12-English.pdf.

27. Kiyoshi Kurokawa, “Message from the Chairman,” 9.

28. Ranjay Gulati, Charles Casto, and Charlotte Krontiris, “How the Other Fukushima Plant Survived,” Harvard Business Review, July–August 2014, https://hbr.org/2014/07/how-the-other-fukushima-plant-survived.

29. Mami Onoda, “Fukushima No. 2 Scrambled to Avoid Same Fate as Sister Site Fukushima No. 1,” Japan Times, September 10, 2014, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/09/10/national/fukushima-2-scrambled-avoid-fate-sister-site-fukushima-1/#.XiM5jy2ZPfY.

30. Onoda, “Fukushima No. 2 Scrambled.”

31. Chuck Casto, “Interview with Chuck Casto,” Quality World (website), August 9, 2016, https://www.quality.org/knowledge/%E2%80%8Bfukushima-daiichi-and-daini---tale-two-leadership-styles.

1. Adam Green, “A Pickpocket’s Tale,” New Yorker, December 30, 2012, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/01/07/a-pickpockets-tale.

2. Apollo Robbins, phone interview with the author, November 30, 2015.

3. National Geographic, “Apollo Robbins on Focus: Brain Games,” YouTube, April 15, 2013, 1:51, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d54ydsKUNGw.

4. National Geographic, “Apollo Robbins.”

5. Caroline Williams, “How Pickpockets Trick Your Mind,” BBC Future, November 18, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140629-how-pickpockets-trick-your-mind.

6. George Johnson, “Sleights of Mind,” New York Times, August 21, 2007, https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/21/science/21magic.html.

7. Focus, directed and written by Glenn Ficarra and John Requa, starring Will Smith, Margot Robbie, and Rodrigo Santoro (Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2015), DVD. Focus film script can be found on Scripts (website), https://www.scripts.com/script-pdf/8369. All film quotes in this section are from this source.

8. Gregory Miller, “How Will Smith Learned to Pickpocket for His New Role,” New York Post, February 21, 2015, https://nypost.com/2015/02/21/will-smith-learns-how-to-pickpocket-for-focus-role/.

9. Arthur Conan Doyle, “Silver Blaze,” The Complete Sherlock Holmes Canon (website), accessed January 27, 2020, https://sherlock-holm.es/stories/pdf/a4/1-sided/silv.pdf.

10. Doyle, “Silver Blaze,” 9.

11. Gary Noesner, Stalling for Time: My Life as an FBI Hostage Negotiator (New York: Random House, 2010), 74–75.

12. Noesner, Stalling for Time, 74–77.

13. Noesner, Stalling for Time. 97.

14. Noesner, Stalling for Time, 104–105.

15. Noesner, Stalling for Time, 110.

16. Kevin Drum, “Lead: America’s Real Criminal Element,” Mother Jones, January–February 2013, https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2016/02/lead-exposure-gasoline-crime-increase-children-health/.

17. George Kelling and James Wilson, “Broken Windows,” Atlantic, March 1982, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1982/03/broken-windows/304465/.

18. Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point (New York: Little Brown, 2002).

19. Clifford Krauss, “New York Crime Rate Plummet to Levels Not Seen in 30 Years,” New York Times, December 20, 1996, https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/20/nyregion/new-york-crime-rate-plummets-to-levels-not-seen-in-30-years.html.

20. Drum, “Lead.”

21. Drum, “Lead.”

22. Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner, Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything (New York: Harper Perennial, 2005), introduction.

23. Drum, “Lead.”

24. Drum, “Lead.”

25. Phil Jackson, Eleven Rings: The Soul of Success (New York: Penguin, 2013).

26. Jackson, Eleven Rings, 10.

27. Jackson, Eleven Rings, 99.

28. Jackson, Eleven Rings, 101.

29. Jackson, Eleven Rings, 126.

30. Jackson, Eleven Rings, 126.

31. Jackson, Eleven Rings, 126.

32. Jackson, Eleven Rings, 127.

33. Jackson, Eleven Rings, 127

1. David Barno and Nora Bensahel, “Three Things the Army Chief of Staff Wants You to Know,” War on the Rocks, May 23, 2017, https://warontherocks.com/2017/05/three-things-the-army-chief-of-staff-wants-you-to-know/.

2. Barno and Bensahel, “Three Things the Army Chief of Staff Wants You to Know.”

3. Joyce Wadler, “With Promise of Happiness, She Became a Bomber’s Pawn,” People Magazine, October 27, 1986, https://people.com/archive/with-the-promise-of-happiness-she-became-a-bombers-pawn-vol-26-no-17/.

4. “Ann-Marie Murphy and the Hindawi Affair: A 30th Anniversary Review,” Aviation Security International, April 13, 2016, https://www.asi-mag.com/ann-marie-murphy-hindawi-affair-30th-anniversary-review/.

5. Nelson Schwartz, “Learning from Israel,” Fortune, January 21, 2002, https://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2002/01/21/316588/index.htm.

6. Schwartz, “Learning from Israel.”

7. Schwartz, “Learning from Israel.”

8. Schwartz, “Learning from Israel.”

9. Schwartz, “Learning from Israel.”

10. “El Al Deploying Anti-Missile Defense on Civilian Planes,” Defense Industry Daily, December 16, 2004, https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/el-al-deploying-antimissile-defense-on-civilian-plane-027/.

11. John Vause, “Missile Defense for El Al Fleet,” CNN, May 24, 2004, https://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/05/24/air.defense/.

12. Nassim Nicholas Taleb, Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder (New York: Random House, 2012).

13. Dan Buettner, Blue Zones: Lessons for Living Longer from the People Who’ve Lived the Longest (Washington, DC: National Geographic, 2008).

14. Simon Worall, “Here Are the Secrets to a Long and Healthy Life,” National Geographic, April 12 2015, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/04/150412-longevity-health-blue-zones-obesity-diet-ngbooktalk/#close.

15. Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler, “The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years,” New England Journal of Medicine, July 26, 2007, https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa066082.

16. Nicholas Christakis, “The Hidden Influence of Social Networks,” TEDGlobal, February 2010, 17:59, https://www.ted.com/talks/nicholas_christakis_the_hidden_influence_of_social_networks/transcript.

17. Christakis and Fowler, Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives (New York: Little Brown Spark, 2009).

18. Dan Buettner, “The Island Where People Forget to Die,” New York Times Magazine, October 24, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/magazine/the-island-where-people-forget-to-die.html.

19. Buettner, “The Island Where People Forget to Die.”

20. David Swensen, “The Mutual Fund Merry-Go-Round,” New York Times, August 13, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/14/opinion/sunday/the-mutual-fund-merry-go-round.html.

21. Charles D. Ellis, “Murder on the Orient Express: The Mystery of Underperformance,” Financial Analysts Journal 68, no. 4 (July/August 2012): 13–19.

22. Ellis, “Murder on the Orient Express,” 19.

23. Robert Merton (comments at the Boston Finance Forum hosted by the MIT Sloan Alumni Association, Boston, MA, May 16, 2014).

24. Emeley Rodriguez et al., “iGo Green: A Life Cycle Assessment of Apple’s iPhone” (working paper presented at iConference 2015, University of Pittsburgh, 2015), https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/73760/462_ready.pdf.

25. Kevin Czinger, phone interview with the author, February 10, 2016.

26. Kevin Czinger, “The Future of Car Making: Small Teams and Fewer Materials,” O’Reilly Radar, June 24, 2015, http://radar.oreilly.com/2015/06/the-future-of-car-making-small-teams-using-fewer-materials.html.

27. Czinger, interview.

28. O’Reilly, “Kevin Czinger: Dematerializing Auto Manufacturing,” YouTube, June 25, 2015, 14:19, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKXpFmbEzs4&feature=youtube.

1. Kenneth Arrow, “Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care,” American Economic Review 53, no. 5 (December 1963): 951.

2. Arrow, “Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics,” 965.

3. Jim Cramer, interview by Jon Stewart, Daily Show with John Stewart, Comedy Central, March 12, 2009, http://www.cc.com/video-clips/fttmoj/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-exclusive---jim-cramer-extended-interview-pt--1; http://www.cc.com/video-clips/rfag2r/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-exclusive---jim-cramer-extended-interview-pt--2; http://www.cc.com/video-clips/qtzxvl/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-exclusive---jim-cramer-extended-interview-pt--3. All Cramer/Stewart quotes in this section are from this interview.

4. Ranjit Dighe, The Historian’s Wizard of Oz: Reading L. Frank Baum’s Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002).

5. L. Frank Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (Chicago: George M. Hill, 1899), 184.

6. Baum, Wonderful Wizard of Oz, 199.

7. Veronika Kero, “Investor Jack Bogle Founded His Legendary Company Based on His Princeton Senior Thesis,” CNBC, January 18, 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/17/investor-jack-bogle-founded-company-based-on-princeton-senior-thesis.html.

8. Justin Fox, “Saint Jack on the Attack,” Fortune, January 20, 2003, https://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/01/20/335617/index.htm.

9. John Bogle, “How the Index Fund Was Born,” Wall Street Journal, September 3, 2011, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111904583204576544681577401622.

10. Charles D. Ellis, Winning the Loser’s Game (New York: McGraw Hill, 1998).

11. Jane Wollman Rusoff, “How John Bogle Really Sees ETFs,” ThinkAdvisor, September 25, 2012, https://www.thinkadvisor.com/2012/09/25/how-john-bogle-really-sees-etfs/.

12. Grant Williams, “Passive Regression,” Things That Make You Go Hmmm, July 2, 2017, 1.

13. Williams, “Passive Regression.”

14. David McLoughlin and Annie Massa, “The Hidden Dangers of the Great Index Fund Takeover,” Bloomberg Businessweek, January 9, 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-01-09/the-hidden-dangers-of-the-great-index-fund-takeover?sref=1kJVNqnU.

15. Spymasters: CIA in the Crosshairs, directed by Gédéon Naudet, written by Chris Whipple, starring John O. Brennan, Robert Gates, and Michael Morell (New York: Showtime Networks, aired November 28, 2015); script available at https://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/movie_script.php?movie=spymasters-cia-in-the-crosshairs. All quotations in this section are from the documentary.

16. Duncan Gardham, “Airline Bomb Plot: Investigation ‘One of Biggest since WW2,’ ” Telegraph, September 8, 2009, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/6152185/Airline-bomb-plot-investigation-one-of-biggest-since-WW2.html; see also Don van Nata, Elain Sciolino, and Stephen Gray, “Details Emerge in British Terror Case,” New York Times, August 28, 2006, https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/28/world/europe/28plot.html.

17. van Nata, Sciolino, and Gray, “Details Emerge in British Terror Case.”

18. “Montreal, Toronto Flights Targeted in Alleged British Bomb Plot,” Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, April 3, 2008, https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/montreal-toronto-flights-targeted-in-alleged-british-bomb-plot-1.747225.

19. David Swensen, ECON 252: Lecture 9: “Financial Markets” (lecture, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 2008), https://oyc.yale.edu/economics/econ-252-08/lecture-9.

20. David Swensen, Unconventional Success: A Fundamental Approach to Personal Investment (New York: Free Press, 2005), 12.

21. Mark Graber, “The Incidence of Diagnostic Error in Medicine,” BMJ Quality and Safety, 2013, ii21-ii27, https://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/qhc/22/Suppl_2/ii21.full.pdf.

1. Vantage Point, directed by Pete Travis, written by Barry L. Levy, starring Dennis Quaid, Forest Whitaker, and Matthew Fox (Culver City, CA: Columbia Pictures, 2008). Movie script available at https://www.scripts.com/script-pdf/22743.

2. James Glanz, Sebastian Rotella, and David Sanger, “In 2008 Mumbai Attacks, Piles of Spy Data, but an Uncompleted Puzzle,” New York Times, December 21, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/22/world/asia/in-2008-mumbai-attacks-piles-of-spy-data-but-an-uncompleted-puzzle.html.

3. Glanz, Rotella, and Sanger, “In 2008 Mumbai Attacks.”

4. Glanz, Rotella, and Sanger, “In 2008 Mumbai Attacks.”

5. Glanz, Rotella, and Sanger, “In 2008 Mumbai Attacks.”

6. Bob Woodward, “Interview: Bob Woodward Reveals His Doubts about Barack Obama’s White House,” interview by Alex Spillus, Telegraph, October 2, 2010, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/8037923/Interview-Bob-Woodward-reveals-his-doubts-about-Barack-Obamas-White-House.html.

7. Bob Woodward, “Bob Woodward,” in What Made Me Who I Am, ed. Bernie Swain (New York: Post Hill Press, 2016), 193.

8. Woodward, “Interview: Bob Woodward Reveals His Doubts.”

9. Personal conversation with Bob Woodward, Washington, DC, December 13, 2016.

10. “Alfred Sloan,” Economist, June 30, 2009, http://www.economist.com/node/13047099.

11. Peter Drucker, The Effective Executive (New York: HarperCollins, 2017), 150.

12. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006).

13. Doris Kearns Goodwin, “An Extraordinary President and His Remarkable Cabinet: An Interview with Doris Kearns Goodwin about Lincoln’s Team of Rivals,” interview by Ellen Fried, Prologue Magazine (National Archives) 38, no. 1 (Spring 2006), https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2006/spring/interview.html; emphasis added.

14. Deborah Mitchell, Jay Russo, and Nancy Pennington, “Back to the Future: Temporal Perspective in the Explanation of Events,” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 2, no. 1 (January/March 1989): 25–38.

15. Gary Klein, “Performing a Project Premortem,” Harvard Business Review, September 2007, 2.

1. Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “Judgement under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases,” Science 185, no. 4157 (September 27, 1974): 1124–1131.

2. David Snowden and Mary Boone, “A Leader’s Framework for Decision Making,” Harvard Business Review, November 2007, https://hbr.org/2007/11/a-leaders-framework-for-decision-making.

3. Cynefin (pronounced ku-nev-in) is a Welsh word for habitat, one that Snowden and Boone suggest captures the multiple factors in our environment and our experiences that influence us in complex and interconnected ways.

4. Snowden and Boone, “A Leader’s Framework.”

5. Joseph Nye, The Powers To Lead (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 87–96.

6. Moment by Moment: Averting Disaster on the Hudson, directed and written by Gary Leva, starring Patrick Harten, Jeffrey Skiles, Chesley Sullenberger (Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2016), DVD.

7. Chesley “Sully” Sullenberger, Highest Duty (New York: William Morrow, 2010); Sully, directed by Clint Eastwood, written by Todd Komarnicki and Chesley Sullenberger, starring Tom Hanks, Aaron Eckhart, and Laura Linney (Burbank, CA: Warner Brothers, 2016), DVD. Sully screenplay available at https://www.scripts.com/script-pdf/19081.

8. Alex Altman, “Chesley B. Sullenberger III,” Time, January 16, 2009, http://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1872247,00.html.

9. “Wife: Sully is a ‘Pilot’s Pilot,’ ” CBS News, January 16, 2009, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wife-sully-is-a-pilots-pilot/.

10. Sully Sullenberger: The Man behind the Miracle, directed and written by Gary Leva, starring Tom Hanks, Patrick Harten, and Jeffrey Skiles (Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2016), DVD.

11. Sully Sullenberger, directed and written by Gary Leva.

12. Sully Sullenberger, directed and written by Gary Leva.

13. Moment by Moment, directed and written by Gary Leva.

14. Moment by Moment, directed and written by Gary Leva.

15. Sullenberger, Highest Duty, 374–375.

16. Moment by Moment, directed and written by Gary Leva.

17. Sully, directed by Clint Eastwood.

18. William Langewiesche, “The Human Factor,” Vanity Fair, September 17, 2014, https://www.vanityfair.com/news/business/2014/10/air-france-flight-447-crash.

19. Moment by Moment, directed and written by Gary Leva.

20. Sullenberger, Highest Duty, 308.

21. Sullenberger, Highest Duty, 314–315. See also Vikram Mansharamani, “What Sully Can Teach You about Leadership,” Worth, September 14, 2016, https://www.worth.com/contributor/what-sully-can-teach-you-about-leadership/.

22. Frank Sesno, Ask More: The Power of Questions to Open Doors, Uncover Solutions, and Spark Change (New York: American Management Association, 2017), 21.

23. Noreena Hertz, “How to Use Experts—and When Not To,” TEDSalon London, November 2010, 18:03, https://www.ted.com/talks/noreena_hertz_how_to_use_experts_and_when_not_to.

24. Hertz, “How to Use Experts.”

25. Peter Drucker, The Practice of Management (London: William Heinemann, 1955), 353.

26. Jenn Abelson, Jonathan Saltzman, and Liz Kowalczyk, “Clash in the Name of Care,” Boston Globe Spotlight Team report, accessed January 28, 2020, https://apps.bostonglobe.com/spotlight/clash-in-the-name-of-care/story/.

27. Tony Robbins, Unshakeable: Your Financial Freedom Playbook (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), 74.

28. Robbins, Unshakeable, 75.

29. Robbins, Unshakeable, 90.

30. Joseph Nye, “Peering into the Future,” Foreign Affairs, July/August 1994, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/1994-07-01/peering-future.

31. Nye, “Peering into the Future.”

32. Berkshire Hathaway, Annual Letter to Shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway, 2014, http://www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/2014ltr.pdf.

1. Noreena Hertz, “How to Use Experts—and When Not To,” TEDSalon London, November 2010, 18:03, https://www.ted.com/talks/noreena_hertz_how_to_use_experts_and_when_not_to.

2. Walter Lord, A Night to Remember: The Classic Account of the Final Hours of the Titanic, (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1955), xix–xx.

3. Morgen Robertson, The Wreck of the Titan or, Futility (Rahway, NJ: Rahway, Quinn & Boden Press, 1898), 1–2.

4. Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction? season 2, episode 5, “The Land/Titan/The Diary/Town of Remembrance/The House on Barry Avenue,” aired February 27, 1998, on Fox, https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x5vhrlr.

5. Ravi Batra, The Great Depression of 1990 (New York: Venus, 1985).

6. Kenneth Arrow, “I Know a Hawk from a Handsaw,” in Eminent Economists: Their Life Philosophies, ed. Michael Szenberg (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 47.

7. Peter Schwartz, The Art of the Long View (New York: Currency, 1991), 9.

8. Sir Ken Robinson, “Do Schools Kill Creativity?” TED2006, February 2006, 19:13, https://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_do_schools_kill_creativity.

9. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), 339.

10. Vikram Mansharamani, “How Avocado Mania Drives Climate Change and Crime,” PBS Newshour, December 21, 2016, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/column-avocado-boom.

11. Vikram Mansharamani, “Could Hurricane Matthew Turn the Tide in Florida’s Voting?” PBS Newshour, October 11, 2016, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/economy/column-hurricane-matthew-turn-tide-floridas-voting.

12. Jessamyn West, To See the Dream (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1957), 39.

13. Newt Gingrich, foreword to One Second After by William Forstchen (New York: Tom Doherty & Associates, 2009), xi.

14. Margaret Atwood, “The Handmaid’s Tale and Oryx and Crake ‘in Context,’ ” Proceedings of the Modern Language Association 119, no. 3 (May 2004): 513, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25486066.

15. Armageddon, directed by Michael Bay, written by Jonathan Hensleigh and J. J. Abrams, starring Bruce Willis, Billy Bob Thornton, and Ben Affleck (Burbank, CA: Touchstone Pictures, 1998), DVD. Script available at https://www.scripts.com/script-pdf/3094.

16. Armageddon, directed by Michael Bay.

17. “If an Asteroid Heads for Earth … Taking the Hit,” Economist, special issue, The World If, August 1, 2015, 13–14.

18. “If Donald Trump Was President … the World v the Donald,” Economist, special issue, The World If, July 16, 2016, 1–2.

19. “If an Electromagnetic Pulse Took down America’s Electricity Grid … a Flash in the Sky,” Economist, special issue, The World If, July 15, 2017, 12–13; and “If Donald Trump Won a Second Term … Augmented Reality Show,” Economist, special issue, The World If, July 15, 2017, 2–4.

20. Kathryn Schulz, “The Really Big One,” New Yorker, July 13, 2015, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/07/20/the-really-big-one.

21. Mike Berardino, “Mike Tyson Explains One of His Most Famous Quotes,” South Florida Sun-Sentinel, November 9, 2012, https://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/fl-xpm-2012-11-09-sfl-mike-tyson-explains-one-of-his-most-famous-quotes-20121109-story.html.

22. Herman B. Leonard et al., “Why Was Boston Strong? Lessons from the Boston Marathon Bombing,” Program on Crisis Leadership and Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, Harvard Kennedy School, April 3, 2014, https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/why-was-boston-strong-lessons-boston-marathon-bombing.

23. Leonard et al., “Why Was Boston Strong?”

24. Daniel W. Drezner, “The Challenging Future of Strategic Planning in Foreign Policy,” Avoiding Trivia: The Role of Strategic Planning in American Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: Brookings, 2009), 4.

25. Dean Acheson, “The Challenging Future of Strategic Planning,” in Avoiding Trivia: The Role of Strategic Planning in American Foreign Policy, ed. Daniel W. Drezner (Washington, DC: Brookings, 2009), 4.

26. Daniel W. Drezner, ed., Avoiding Trivia: The Role of Strategic Planning in American Foreign Policy (Washington, DC: Brookings, 2009), 23.

27. Robert Root-Bernstein et al., “Arts Foster Scientific Success: Avocations of Nobel, National Academy, Royal Society, and Sigma Xi Members,” Journal of Psychology of Science and Technology 1, no. 2 (October 2008): 51–63.

28. Laura Niemi, “The Arts and Economic Vitality: Relationships between the Arts, Entrepreneurship and Innovation in the Workplace” (Research Report 13-3800-7003), retrieved from https://lauraniemidotcom.files.wordpress.com/2016/07/niemi-research-report-nea-13-3800-7003.pdf.

1. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Self-Reliance (Seattle: The Domino Project, 2011), 1.

2. Stanford, “Steve Jobs’ 2005 Stanford Commencement Address,” YouTube, June 14, 2005, 15:04, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UF8uR6Z6KLc.

3. Isaac Asimov, “Profession,” Astounding Science Fiction, July 1957, http://employees.oneonta.edu/blechmjb/JBpages/m360/Profession%20I%20Asimov.pdf. All quotes in this section, unless otherwise noted, are taken from this short story.

4. “The One Shot Society,” Economist, December 17, 2011, https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2011/12/17/the-one-shot-society.

5. Barack Obama, “Remarks by the President on Opportunity for All and Skills for America’s Workers,” The White House, President Barack Obama (website), January 30, 2014, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/01/30/remarks-president-opportunity-all-and-skills-americas-workers.

6. Zac Anderson, “Rick Scott Wants to Shift University Funding Away from Some Degrees,” Herald-Tribune, October 10, 2011, http://politics.heraldtribune.com/2011/10/10/rick-scott-wants-to-shift-university-funding-away-from-some-majors/.

7. Kelly Holland, “The Case for a Liberal Arts Education,” CNBC, November 10, 2014, https://www.cnbc.com/2014/11/07/the-case-for-a-liberal-arts-education.html.

8. Charles Eliot, “The New Education,” Atlantic, February 1869, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1869/02/the-new-education/309049/.

9. Committee of the Corporation and the Academical Faculty, “Reports on the Course of Instruction in Yale College,” Higher Education Resource Hub, accessed January 31, 2020, http://www.higher-ed.org/resources/Yale/1828_curriculum.pdf, 7, 14.

10. Eliot, “The New Education.”

11. Fareed Zakaria, In Defense of Liberal Education (New York: W. W. Norton, 2015), 67.

12. Zakaria, In Defense of Liberal Education, 70.

13. Yale NUS College: A New Community of Learning, report of the Inaugural Curriculum Committee of Yale NUS College, April 2013, https://www.yale-nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Yale-NUS-College-Curriculum-Report.pdf; emphasis added.

14. Scott Carlson, “A New Liberal Art,” Chronicle of Higher Education, September 24, 2017, https://www.chronicle.com/article/A-New-Liberal-Art/241269.

15. Graeme Wood, “The Future of College?” Atlantic, September 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/09/the-future-of-college/375071/.

16. “Minerva Schools at KGI,” accessed January 31, 2020, https://www.minerva.kgi.edu.

17. Jamie Sullivan, “This Is Water—Full Version—David Foster Wallace Commencement Speech,” YouTube, accessed January 31, 2020, 22:43, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8CrOL-ydFMI. Later published as a book: David Foster Wallace, This Is Water: Some Thoughts, Delivered on a Significant Occasion, about Living a Compassionate Life (New York: Little Brown, 2009). All quotes in this section are from this speech.

18. Wellesley Public Media, “You Are Not Special Commencement Speech from Wellesley High School” (David McCullough Jr.), YouTube, accessed January 31, 2020, 12:45, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lfxYhtf8o4. All quotes in this section are from this source.

19. Mark Twain, as quoted in the Janesville Daily Gazette, editorial panorama, May 21, 1947, 6, column 2.

20. Shunryu Suzuki, Zen Mind, Beginner’s Mind: Informal Talks on Zen Meditation and Practice (Boston: Shambhala, 1987), xiv.

21. Sullivan, “This Is Water—Full Version—David Foster Wallace Commencement Speech.”

22. Dalya Alberge, “Nile Shipwreck Discovery Proves Herodotus Right—after 2,469 Years,” Guardian, March 17, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/mar/17/nile-shipwreck-herodotus-archaeologists-thonis-heraclion.

23. “Frank Goddio Underwater Archaeologist,” accessed January 30, 2020, http://www.franckgoddio.org.

24. Bill Weir and Drew Kann, “Egypt: Sunken City of Pharaohs,” The Wonder List with Bill Weir, October 21, 2017, as aired on CNN.

25. Weir and Kann, “Egypt: Sunken City of Pharaohs.”

26. Suzuki, Zen Mind, Beginner’s Mind, 2.

27. Stanford, “Steve Jobs’ 2005 Stanford Commencement Address.”

28. Stanford, “Steve Jobs’ 2005 Stanford Commencement Address.”

29. Nikki R. Haley, prologue to With All Due Respect: Defending America with Grit and Grace (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2019), 8.

30. W. F. Strong, “The Airline That Started with a Cocktail Napkin,” Texas Standard, April 20, 2016, https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/the-airline-that-started-with-a-cocktail-napkin/.

31. James Hagerty, “Southwest Air’s Kelleher Created Quirky Style That Produced Reliable Profits,” Wall Street Journal, January 4, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/southwest-air-co-founder-kelleher-created-quirky-style-that-produced-reliable-profits-11546634503.

32. Jad Mouawad, “Pushing 40, Southwest Is Still Playing the Rebel,” New York Times, November 20, 2010, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/21/business/21south.html.

33. Hector Tobar, Deep Dark Down: The Untold Stories of the 33 Men Buried in a Chilean Mine and the Miracle That Set Them Free (New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, 2014).

34. Michael Useem, Rodrigo Jordán, and Matko Koljatic, “How to Lead during a Crisis: Lessons from the Rescue of the Chilean Miners,” MIT Sloan Management Review, August 18, 2011, https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/how-to-lead-during-a-crisis-lessons-from-the-rescue-of-the-chilean-miners/.

35. Useem, Jordán, and Koljatic, “How to Lead during a Crisis.”

36. Useem, Jordán, and Koljatic, “How to Lead during a Crisis.”

37. Tobar, Deep Dark Down, 43–55.

38. Hector Tobar, “Sixty Nine Days: The Ordeal of the Chilean Miners,” New Yorker, June 30, 2014, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/07/07/sixty-nine-days.

39. Tobar, “Sixty Nine Days.”

40. Tobar, “Sixty Nine Days.”

41. Laurence Golborne, phone interview with the author, September 28, 2017.

42. Useem, Jordán, and Koljatic, “How to Lead during a Crisis.”

43. Laurence Golborne, interview.

44. Gideon Long, “BRAVO: Innovative Leader of the Year—Laurence Golborne, Minister of Public Works, Chile,” October 18, 2011, http://latintrade.com/bravo-innovative-leader-of-the-year-laurence-golborne-minister-of-public-works-chile/.

45. Jonathan Franklin, 33 Men: Inside the Miraculous Survival and Dramatic Rescue of the Chilean Miners (New York: Penguin, 2011), 84.

46. Jack Schwager, The New Market Wizards: Conversations with America’s Top Traders (New York: HarperBusiness, 1992), 188.

47. Schwager, New Market Wizards, 189.

48. Schwager, New Market Wizards, 189–190.

49. Schwager, New Market Wizards, 190.

50. Schwager, New Market Wizards, 193.

51. Stanley Druckenmiller, Comments made to the Lost Tree Club in Palm Beach Florida on January 18, 2015, page 23 of transcript.

52. Sebastian Mallaby, More Money Than God: Hedge Funds and the Making of a New Elite (New York: Penguin, 2010), 161.

53. Tess Townsend, “Peter Thiel Tells Graduates ‘Don’t Squander Your Ignorance,’ ” Inc., May 23, 2016, https://www.inc.com/tess-townsend/thiel-commencement-address-hamilton-college-dont-squander-ignorance.html.

54. Matthew Winkler, The Bloomberg Way: A Guide for Reporters and Editors (New York: Bloomberg Press, 2014).

55. “Elliott V. Bell Award Winners,” New York Financial Writer’s Association (website), accessed January 31, 2020, https://web.archive.org/web/20111009140024/http://www.nyfwa.org/bellwinners.htm.

56. Chris Roush, “Economist Editor Mickelthwait replaces Winkler as Bloomberg News Editor in Chief,” Talking Biz News, December 9, 2014, https://talkingbiznews.com/they-talk-biz-news/economist-editor-mickelthwait-replaces-winkler-as-bloomberg-news-editor-in-chief/.

57. Matthew Winkler, personal communication with the author, December 13, 2019.

1. Stephan Paternot, A Very Public Offering: The Story of theGlobe.com and the First Internet Revolution (New York: Actarus Press, 2018), 223.

2. Brian Barth, “The Defector,” New Yorker, December 2, 2019.

3. Joanna Kavenna, “Shoshana Zuboff: Surveillance Capitalism Is an Assault on Human Autonomy,” Guardian, October 4, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/oct/04/shoshana-zuboff-surveillance-capitalism-assault-human-automomy-digital-privacy.

4. John Laidler, “High Tech Is Watching You,” Harvard Gazette, March 4, 2019, https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/03/harvard-professor-says-surveillance-capitalism-is-undermining-democracy/.

5. The Iron Lady, directed by Phyllida Lloyd, written by Abi Morgan, starring Meryl Streep, Jim Broadbent, and Richard E. Grant (New York: The Weinstein Company, 2011), DVD. Movie script available at https://www.scripts.com/script-pdf/597. Emphasis added.

6. Shellie Karabell, “Leadership and the Art of Orchestra Conducting,” Forbes, January 10, 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/shelliekarabell/2015/01/10/leadership-and-the-art-of-orchestra-conducting/#6063df1371f5.

7. Edward Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (New York: Vintage, 1999), 294.