Notes
Introduction: The Battle to Save Democracy
1. W.E.B. Du Bois’ Black Reconstruction in America 1860–1880 (1935; New York: Free Press, 1998) puts this in context brilliantly and includes long and detailed quotes from and commentary on Thaddeus Stevens’s floor speeches on this topic.
2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iivL4c_3pck&.
3. Alexander Hamilton, Federalist Papers (No. 84), http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed84.htm.
4. Ibid.
CHAPTER 1: The Deciding Moment?
1. Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co., 118 U.S. 394 (1886), http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=118&invol=394.
2. D. M. Delmas, Speeches and Addresses (San Francisco: A. M. Robinson, 1901). A first edition is in the library of the author. Delmas’s quotations in this section come from this volume.
3. Blackstone, Book I, 123 (reference from Delmas; see note 2 above). Blackstone’s Commentaries to the Constitution and Laws of the Federal Government of the United States (Philadelphia: Birch and Small, 1803).
4. Connecticut General Life Insurance Company v. Johnson, 303 U.S. 77 (1938).
5. Wheeling Steel Corp. v. Glander, 337 U.S. 562 (1949). Justice Douglas dissents. Regarding the ruling that corporations are given rights as persons under the Fourteenth Amendment, he said, “There was no history, logic or reason given to support that view nor was the result so obvious that exposition was unnecessary.”
6. Grover Cleveland, State of the Union address, December 3, 1888, http://stateoftheunionaddress.org/category/grover-cleveland.
7. First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 435 U.S. 765 (1978).
8. Associated Press, “Rehnquist Challenged Minority Voters, 3 Say,” Toledo Blade, July 26, 1986. The article asserts that Rehnquist “directed ballot security programs for Republicans in Phoenix from 1958 through 1964” and, according to three of his then-colleagues, was “a young eager beaver, a highly partisan Republican who was going to try and stop as many Democratic votes as he could.” The eyewitnesses testified that “Justice Rehnquist ‘approached a black gentleman and said: “Are you qualified to vote?” He (the black man) quietly left the line, and it happened again,’ Mr. Pine recounted.”
9. Richard L. Grossman and Frank T. Adams, Taking Care of Business: Citizenship and the Charter of Incorporation (S. Yarmouth, MA: Charter Ink, 1999), http://www.ratical.org/corporations/TCoB.txt.
10. Charles Beard and Mary Beard, The Rise of American Civilization (1927; Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2005).
11. Howard Jay Graham, Everyman’s Constitution: Historical Essays on the Fourteenth Amendment, the “Conspiracy Theory,” and American Constitutionalism (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1968).
CHAPTER 2: The Corporate Conquest of America
1. First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 435 U.S. 765 (1978).
2. Marshall v. Barlow’s, Inc., 436 U.S. 307 (1978).
3. Liggett v. Lee, 288 U.S. 517 (1933).
4. The correspondence between Abigail Adams and John Adams is available at http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/aea/letter.
5. For more on this subject see http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/awlaw3/property_law.html.
6. Quoted in Sharada Rath, Women in Public Administration of the American States: A Study of their Administrative Values (New Delhi: M.D. Publications, 1998), 41.
7. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
8. Connecticut General Co. v. Johnson, 303 U.S. 77 (1938).
CHAPTER 3: Banding Together for the Common Good
1. Bruce Bower, “‘Modern’ Humans Get an Ancient, Nonhuman Twist: Two New Reports Suggest That Hominids Other Than Homo Sapiens Made Complex Stone Tools and Fancy Necklaces,” Science News, January 16, 2010, http://www.sciencenews.org/index/generic/activity/view/id/54973/title/Modern_humans_get_an_ancient%2C_non human_twist.
2. For a full searchable text of the Kojiki, see http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/jhti/Kojiki.html; for more on the Nihon Shoki, see http://www.search.com/reference/Nihon_Shoki.
3. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachacuti and http://www.mythicjourneys.org/bigmyth/myths/english/eng_inca_culture.htm.
4. L. L. Blake, The Young People’s Book of the Constitution (London: Sherwood Press, 1987).
CHAPTER 4: The Boston Tea Party Revealed
1. Albert J. Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln: 1809–1858 (Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1928). From the introduction by his wife, quoting him at an earlier date.
2. R. Buckminster Fuller, Grunch of Giants (Summertown, TN: Book Publishing Company, 2004), http://www.bfi.org/?q=node/408.
3. Ibid.
4. The history of the East India Company is well documented in innumerable sources. Much of this information comes from the company’s own Web site at http://www.theeastindiacompany.com.
5. From http://www.theeastindiacompany.com. (This quote has since been taken off the company’s Web site, but it can likely be found in any of the six books the East India Company has written about itself, published by HarperCollins.)
6. From Encyclopedia Britannica Online at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/74947/Boston-Tea-Party.
7. From http://www.theeastindiacompany.com (circa 2002).
8. Ibid.
9. Unless otherwise noted, all quotations in this discussion of George R. T. Hewes are from Esther Forbes, Paul Revere and the World He Lived In (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1942).
10. A Retrospect of the Boston Tea-Party with a Memoir of George R. T. Hewes, a Survivor of the Little Band of Patriots Who Drowned the Tea in Boston Harbour in 1773 (New York: S. S. Bliss, 1834). All subsequent quotes from Hewes in this chapter are from this volume.
11. The Alarm pamphlet signed by Rusticus (May 27, 1773). Rusticus is slang term of the time for peasant, based on the 1577 Rusticus in Gallia drawing of a French peasant from Habitus, a book on the dress of the nations of Europe by Hans Weigel. There is an impressive online collection of The Alarm and other broadsides and pamphlets at http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/rbpehtml.
12. Ibid.
13. The Alarm pamphlet signed by Hampden (October 27, 1773). This one can be viewed at http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/rbpe.1050090d.
14. From Encyclopedia Britannica Online at http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/74947/Boston-Tea-Party.
CHAPTER 5: Jefferson versus the Corporate Aristocracy
1. James Madison, speech in the House of Representatives, April 9, 1789, in James Madison, The Writings of James Madison, vol. 5., ed. Gaillard Hunt (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1900): 342–45.
2. James Madison, “Republican Distribution of Citizens,” National Gazette, March 3, 1792, http://olldownload.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=875&chapter=63884&layout=html&Itemid=27.
3. Andrew Jackson, fifth annual message to Congress, December 3, 1833, http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3640.
4. James Madison to James K. Paulding, March 10, 1827, http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=1940&chapter=119324&layout= html&Itemid=27.
5. A statement by Albert Gallatin, who later became secretary of the Treasury after the Federalists lost power.
6. This early draft of the Declaration of Independence can be viewed at http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/document/rough.htm.
7. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, December 20, 1787, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=306.
8. Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Donald, February 7, 1788, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a7s12.html.
9. Thomas Jefferson to Mr. Dumas, February 12, 1788.
10. Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, July 31, 1788, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=998.
11. Thomas Jefferson to Francis Hopkinson, March 13, 1789, http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/P/tj3/writings/brf/jefl75.htm.
12. Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, October 28, 1813, http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/P/tj3/writings/brf/jefl223.htm.
CHAPTER 6: The Early Role of Corporations in America
1. Alfons J. Beitzinger and Edward G. Ryan, Lion of the Law (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1960), 115–16. From an 1873 address to the graduating class of the University of Wisconsin Law School.
2. Jane Anne Morris is a brilliant researcher, and I gratefully owe much of the Wisconsin-related content of this chapter to her work and thank her for her generous permission to share it with you. The examples in this list are from her “Fixing Corporations: The Legacy of the Founding Parents” at http://www.populist.com/6.96.Fixing.Corps.html.
3. Wis. G.L. 1864, Ch. 166, Sec. 7; Wis. R.S. 1878, Sec. 1767. See the “reserved power” clause.
4. Wis. AG. Op. (1913), Vol. 2, 169.
5. Act of August 21, 1848, Wis. Laws, p. 148 (Gen. Incorp. for Plank Roads).
6. State ex rel. Kropf v. Gilbert, 251 N. W. 478 (1934).
7. Dudley O. McGovney, “A Supreme Court Fiction: Corporations in the Diverse Citizenship Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts,” Harvard Law Review 16 (1943): 853–98, 1090–1124, 1225–60.
8. Wis. R.S. 1878, Sec. 1776; Wis. Stat. 1931, 180.13.
9. Wis. G.L. 1864, Ch. 166, Sec. 9.
10. Wis. G.L. 1864, Ch. 166, Secs. 4, 33.
11. Wis. R.S. 1878, Sec. 1775.
12. Wis. R.S. 1849, Ch. 54 Sec. 7; Wis. G.L. 1864, Ch. 166, Secs. 6, 15.
13. And it was a felony to do so. Wis. State 1953, Ch. 346.12–346.15.
14. For example, Wis. G.L. 1864, Ch. 166, Sec. 7.
15. Stone v. State of Wisconsin, 94 U.S. 181 (1876).
16. Wis. R.S. 1849, Ch. 54, Sec. 22.
17. Lyman J. Nash, ed. Wisconsin Statutes 1919, Volume II: Embracing All General Statutes in Force at the Close of the General and Special Sessions of 1919, Consolidated and in Part Revised Pursuant to Sections 43.07, 43.03, 35.18 and 35.19 of These Statutes (Madison: State of Wisconsin, 1919), sec. 4479a, 1771–1775, http://books.google.com/books?id=6ZCxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2299&lpg=PA2299&ots=WxkbUWGxMn&dq=wisconsin+1905+section+4479a&output=text.
18. Richard L. Grossman and Frank T. Adams, Taking Care of Business: Citizenship and the Charter of Incorporation (S. Yarmouth, MA: Charter Ink, 1999), http://www.ratical.org/corporations/TCoB.txt.
19. Charles Beard and Mary Beard, The Rise of American Civilization (1927; Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2005).
20. Thomas Jefferson to Judge Spencer Roane, September 6, 1819, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=2192.
21. Alexander Hamilton, Federalist Papers (No. 23), http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed23.htm.
22. James Madison, Federalist Papers (No. 39), http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed39.htm.
23. McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. 316 (1819).
24. Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 17 U.S. 518 (1819).
25. James Willard Hurst, The Legitimacy of the Business Corporation in the Law of the United States, 1780–1970 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1970).
26. Most of the information in this and the following two paragraphs is from Grossman and Adams, Taking Care of Business; see note 18 above.
27. James Madison to Edmund Randolph, September 30, 1783.
28. James Madison, speech in the House of Representatives, April 9, 1789, in James Madison, The Writings of James Madison, vol. 5., ed. Gaillard Hunt (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1900): 342–45.
29. From Elizabeth Fleet, “Madison’s ‘Detatched Memoranda,’” William and Mary Quarterly 3, no. 4 (1946), 551–62. See http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/globalrights/religion/madison-detachedmem.html.
30. James Madison to James K. Paulding, March 10, 1827, in James Madison’s “Advice to My Country,” ed. David B. Mattern (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1997).
31. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651; New York: Oxford University Press, 1996). Here’s the quote in context (chapter 29):
Another infirmity of a Commonwealth is the immoderate greatness of a town, when it is able to furnish out of its own circuit the number and expense of a great army; as also the great number of corporations, which are as it were many lesser Commonwealths in the bowels of a greater, like worms in the entrails of a natural man. To may be added, liberty of disputing against absolute power by pretenders to political prudence; which though bred for the most part in the lees of the people, yet animated by false doctrines are perpetually meddling with the fundamental laws, to the molestation of the Commonwealth, like the little worms which physicians call ascarides.
32. Thomas Jefferson to George Logan, November 12, 1816, http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=808&chapter=88352&layout =html&Itemid=27.
33. Martin Van Buren, first annual message to Congress, December 5, 1837, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29479.
34. Abraham Lincoln to Thompson R. Webber, September 12, 1853, in The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler (Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 2:202.
35. Ibid.
36. Abraham Lincoln to Mason Brayman, September 12, 1853, in Basler, Collected Works, 2:205.
37. Illinois Central Railroad v. County of McLean, 17 Ill. 291 (1856).
38. Charles L. Capen to John G. Drennan, April 6, 1906, MSS. Files Legal Dept. I.C.R.R.Co.
39. Adlai E. Stevenson’s statement, April 6, 1906, MSS. Files Legal Dept. I.C.R.R.Co.
40. I.C.R.R.Co. notice published in the New York papers and signed by the railroad’s treasurer, J. N. Perkins.
41. Central Illinois Gazette, April 14, 1858.
42. Henry Clay Whitney to William H. Herndon, August 27, 1887, in Albert J. Beveridge, Abraham Lincoln (Riverside Press, 1928).
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid.
45. John F. Stover, History of the Illinois Central Railroad (New York: Macmillan, 1976).
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1926).
49. Emanuel Hertz, Abraham Lincoln: A New Portrait (New York: Horace Liveright, 1931), 2:954. In my 1931 first-edition copy of this book, this note by Lincoln is not addressed and is unsigned. Dale Carnegie tells a famous story, in his book How to Win Friends and Influence People, about how Lincoln would often write letters to others or even to himself expressing his greatest concerns and then hide them away, often to be later destroyed. It’s my guess that this letter was one of those, later found by Hertz as he collected Lincoln’s personal effects in the early decades after Lincoln’s death. From its order in Hertz’s book, this letter sits between a signed and dated letter to Secretary of War Edward Stanton on November 10, 1864, and a signed note about Colonel Ward Hill Lamon dated November 29, 1854. Hertz certifies it is in Lincoln’s hand but gives us no clues as to whom he wrote the note to or how he planned to send or dispose of it before his death.
50. Abraham Lincoln, fourth annual message to Congress, December 6, 1864, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29505.
51. Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States: 1492–Present (New York: Harper-Perennial, 2001).
52. Chester Arthur, second annual message to Congress, December 4, 1882, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29523.
53. “Slaughterhouse Cases,” 83 U.S. 36, 81 (1873).
54. The cases, all in 1877, are: Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad Company v. Iowa, 94 U.S. 155; Peik v. Chicago and North-Western Railway Company, 94 U.S. 164; Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad Company v. Ackley, 94 U.S. 179; and Winona and St. Peter Railroad Company v. Blake, 94 U.S. 180.
55. San Mateo County v. Southern Pacific Railroad, 83 U.S. 36 (1873).
56. Connecticut General Life Insurance Company v. Johnson, 303 U.S. 77 (1938).
CHAPTER 7: The People’s Masters
1. http://www.monthlyreview.org/598einstein.php.
2. Peter Kellman, Building Unions: Past, Present, and Future (New York: Apex Press, 2001).
3. Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States: 1492–Present (New York: Harper-Perennial, 2001).
4. Ibid.
5. Grover Cleveland, fourth annual message to Congress, December 3, 1888, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29529&st=cleveland&st1=. All of Cleveland’s quotations in this section are from this speech.
6. Report of the Committee on General Laws on the Investigation Relative to Trusts, March 6, 1888.
7. House Trust Investigation, 1888, 316, 317.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Senator John Sherman quoted in Frederick M. Rowe, “The Decline of Antitrust and Delusions of Models: The Faustian Pact of Law and Economics,” Georgetown Law Journal 72 (June 1984): 1511.
11. Theodore Roosevelt, sixth annual message to Congress, December 3, 1906, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29547.
12. Theodore Roosevelt, seventh annual message to Congress, December 3, 1907, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29548.
13. Greg Coleridge, Citizens over Corporations: A Brief History of Democracy in Ohio and Challenges to Freedom in the Future (Ohio Committee on Corporations, Law, and Democracy: 1999).
14. Carl Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1926).
15. James Willard Hurst, The Legitimacy of the Business Corporation in the Law of the United States, 1780–1970 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1970).
16. State of Delaware Web site at http://corp.delaware.gov/default.shtml.
17. Ralph Nader, Mark Green, and Joel Seligman, Corporate Power in America (Norton, 1976).
CHAPTER 8: Corporations Go Global
1. Raymond F. Mikesell, The Bretton Woods Debates: A Memoir (Princeton: International Finance Section, Department of Economics, Princeton University, 1994).
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. John Foster Dulles, before a Louisville, Kentucky, American Bar Association meeting, April 11, 1952.
5. Charles Alexander, Evan Thomas, and Frederick Ungeheuer, “Big Doubts about Big Deals,” Time, August 3, 1981, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949280-3,00.html.
6. George Gilder, Wealth and Poverty (Richmond, CA: ICS Press, 1993).
7. Comments of Senator Hank Brown in response to his acceptance of Ralph Nader’s “$10,000 to Charity GATT Challenge” of November 28, 1994, in which he challenged any member of Congress to actually read the treaty. Brown was the only U.S. senator to accept Nader’s challenge, and this is part of his response to Nader, from a 1994 pamphlet from Nader in the author’s library.
8. See note 1 above.
9. Thanks to Mark J. Palmer of Earth Island Institute for this information. See http://www.earthisland.org/dolphinSafeTuna.
10. Noreena Hertz, PhD, The Silent Takeover: Global Capitalism and the Death of Democracy (London: Heinemann, 2001).
11. Bernie Sanders, “‘Fast Track’ Hurts Here and Abroad,” Burlington Free Press, December 14, 2001.
12. Ibid.
13. Paul Geitner, Associated Press, “WTO Rules Against U.S. Law on Tax Breaks,” Burlington Free Press, January 15, 2002.
16. Private correspondence with the author, January 2002.
17. Theodore Roosevelt, “A Charter for Democracy” speech at the Ohio State Constitutional Convention, February 21, 1912, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=1126.
18. http://www.un.org/millennium/sg/report/full.htm.
19. Simon Romero, “Union Killings Peril Trade Pact With Colombia,” New York Times, April 14, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/14/world/americas/14colombia.html.
20. Russ Baker, “Two Years Before 9/11, Candidate Bush was Already Talking Privately About Attacking Iraq, According to His Former Ghost Writer,” CommonDreams.org, October 28, 2004, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/1028-01.htm.
21. James Madison, from “Political Observations,” April 20, 1795, in Letters and Other Writings of James Madison, vol. 4 (1965).
22. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Farewell Address to the Nation, January 17, 1961, http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/ike.htm.
23. Dwight D. Eisenhower, “The Chance for Peace,” speech before the American Society of Newspaper Editors, April 16, 1953, http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article9743.htm.
CHAPTER 9: The Court Takes the Presidency
1. None dare call it stolen. See Mark Crispin Miller, “Ohio, the Election, and America’s Servile Press,” Harper’s, August 2005, http://www.harpers.org/archive/2005/08/0080696.
2. Evan Thomas and Michael Isikoff, “The Truth Behind the Pillars: The Final Act: They Cultivate an Olympian Air, but the Justices Are Quite Human—and Can Be Quite Political,” Newsweek, December 25, 2000, http://www.newsweek.com/id/104964.
3. Christopher Marquis, “Contesting the Vote: Challenging a Justice; Job of Thomas’s Wife Raises Conflict-of-interest Questions,” New York Times, December 12, 2000, http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/12/us/contesting-vote-challenging-justice-job-thomas-s-wife-raises-conflict-interest.html.
4. Patrick Martin, “Family Ties, Political Bias Linked U.S. Supreme Court Justices to Bush Camp,” WSWS.org, December 22, 2000, http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/dec2000/sup-d22.shtml.
5. Robert Parry, “Rehnquist—Political Puppeteer, Consortiumnews.com, January 29, 2001, quoting a U.S. Senate inquiry at the time of the Rehnquist nomination, http://www.consortiumnews.com/2001/012901a.html.
6. Ibid.
7. From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy.
8. Ford Fessenden and John M. Broder, “Study of Disputed Florida Ballots Finds Justices Did Not Cast the Deciding Vote,” New York Times, November 12, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/12/politics/12VOTE.html?pagewanted=all.
9. Ford Fessenden, “Ballots Cast by Blacks and Older Voters Were Tossed in Far Greater Numbers,” New York Times, November 12, 2001; http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/12/politics/recount/12NUMB.html.
10. See note 8 above.
11. Marc Caputo, “Roberts Had Larger 2000 Recount Role,” Miami Herald, July 28, 2005, http://bellaciao.org/en/article.php3?id_article=7228.
12. Bush v. Gore, 531 U.S. 98 (2000).
CHAPTER 10: Protecting Corporate Liars
1. http://www.reclaimdemocracy.org/nike/kucinich_nike_colleague_letters.pdf.
2. http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=3448.
3. Ibid.
4. Josh Richman, “Greenwashing on Trial,” Mother Jones, February 23, 2001, http://motherjones.com/politics/2001/02/greenwashing-trial.
5. http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/supreme_court/briefs/02-575/02-575.mer.ami.usa.rtf.
6. http://reclaimdemocracy.org/nike/nike_brief_us_supreme.pdf.
7. http://www.reclaimdemocracy.org/personhood/reclaim_kasky_brief.pdf.
CHAPTER 11: Corporate Control of Politics
1. Jeffrey Toobin, “No More Mr. Nice Guy,” New Yorker, May 25, 2009, http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2009/05/25/090525fa_fact_toobin.
2. Robert Barnes, “Justices to Review Campaign Finance Law Constraints,” Washington Post, June 30, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/29/AR2009062903997.html.
3. Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, 551 U.S. 449 (2007), http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/pdf/06-969P.ZC1.
4. http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/pdf/06-969P.ZO.
5. http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/pdf/06-969P.ZD.
6. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. __ (2010), http://www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/09pdf/08-205.pdf.
7. David D. Kirkpatrick, “In a Message to Democrats, Wall St. Sends Cash to G.O.P.,” New York Times, February 7, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/08/us/politics/08lobby.html.
8. Greg Palast, “Supreme Court to OK Al Qaeda Donation for Sarah Palin?” December 15, 2009, http://www.opednews.com/articles/Supreme-Court-to-OK-Al-Qae-by-Greg-Palast-091215-29.html.
9. Bill Moyers and Michael Winship, “What Are We Bid for American Justice?”Huffington Post, February 19, 2010, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/bill-moyers/what-are-webid-for-ameri_b_469335.html.
10. Ibid.
11. From Henry A. Wallace, Democracy Reborn, ed. Russell Lord (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1944), http://www.newdeal.feri.org/wallace/haw23.htm.
12. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “A Rendezvous with Destiny,” speech before the 1936 Democratic National Convention, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, June 27, 1936.
13. Ibid.
CHAPTER 12: Unequal Uses for the Bill of Rights
1. Jeffrey H. Birnbaum, “The Road to Riches Is Called K Street: Lobbying Firms Hire More, Pay More, Charge More to Influence Government,” Washington Post, June 22, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/21/AR2005062101632.html.
2. Ibid.
3. The foregoing examples cited are from Anne C. Mulkern, “When Advocates Become Regulators: President Bush Has Installed More Than 100 Top Officials Who Were Once Lobbyists, Attorneys, or Spokespeople for the Industries They Oversee,” Denver Post, May 23, 2004, http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0523-02.htm.
4. Committee on Communications, American Academy of Pediatrics, “Children, Adolescents, and Advertising,” Pediatrics 95, no. 5 (1995): 295–97.
5. Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utility Commission of California, 475 U.S. 1 (1986).
6. Ralph Nader and Carl J. Mayer, “Corporations Are Not Persons,” New York Times, April 9, 1988.
7. Marshall v. Barlow’s, Inc., 436 U.S. 307 (1978); and See v. City of Seattle, 387 U.S. 541 (1967).
8. Hale v. Henkel, 201 U.S. 43 (1906).
9. William Meyers, The Santa Clara Blues: Corporate Personhood versus Democracy (Gualala, CA: III Publishing, 2000), http://www.reclaimdemocracy.org/pdf/primers/santa_clara_blues.pdf.
10. Cited by Nader in the New York Times (see note 6 above).
11. Dow Chemical v. The United States, 476 U.S. 227 (1986).
12. See note 9 above.
CHAPTER 13: Unequal Regulation
1. Robert A. G. Monks and Nell Minow, Power and Accountability (New York: Harper-Collins, 1991), http://www.ragm.com/archives/books/poweracc/cover.html.
2. Kurt Eichenwald, “Redesigning Nature: Hard Lessons Learned; Biotechnology Food: From the Lab to a Debacle,” New York Times, January 25, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/25/business/redesigning-nature-hard-lessons-learned-biotechnology-food-lab-debacle.html?pagewanted=1.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Marian Burros, “Shoppers Unaware of Gene Changes,” New York Times, July 20, 1998, http://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/20/world/shoppers-unaware-of-gene-changes.html?scp=1&sq=Marian%20Burros,%20%E2%80%9CShoppers%20Unaware%20of%20Gene%20Changes,%E2%80%9D%20New%20York%20Times,%2020%20July%201998&st=cse.
7. http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0523-02.htm.
8. Paul Hawken, The Ecology of Commerce (New York: HarperCollins, 1994).
9. Anne Platt McGinn, “Detoxifying Terrorism,” Worldwatch.org, November 16, 2001, http://www.worldwatch.org/node/1711.
10. Ibid.
11. http://secret-of-life.org/too-big-to-fail.
12. Julie Brussell, “Our Family Farms: A Final Requiem or a Route to Recovery?” Conscious Choice, May 2001, http://www.lime.com/magazines?uri=consciouschoice.com/lime/2001/cc1405/ourfamilyfarms1405.html.
13. Interview with Thomas Linzey, Esq., and POCLAD published in Defying Corporations, Defining Democracy, ed. Dean Ritz (New York: Apex Press, 2001).
CHAPTER 14: Unequal Protection from Risk
1. Terry v. Little, 101 U.S. 216, 217, 25 L.Ed. 864 (1879).
2. Joel Seligman, “A Brief History of Delaware’s General Corporation Law of 1899,” 1 Del. J. Corp. L. 249, 255–56 (1976).
3. http://www.abanet.org/buslaw/library/onlinepublications/mbca2002.pdf.
4. Fields v. Synthetic Ropes, Inc., 215 A.2d 427, 433 (Del. 1965).
5. Dan Brannen Jr., personal correspondence with the author (ca. 2001).
6. United States v. Best Foods et al., 524 U.S. 51 (1998), http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/US/524/524.US.51.97-454.html.
7. Cape Cod Times, March 27, 1999.
8. http://www.environmentaldefense.org.
9. From a Bill Moyers documentary on the chemical industry titled Trade Secrets. A transcript is available at http://www.pbs.org/tradesecrets.
10. David Appell, “The New Uncertainly Principle: For Complex Environmental Issues, Science Learns to Take a Backseat to Political Precaution,” Scientific American, January 2001, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-new-uncertainty-princ.
11. Bryan A. Garner, ed., Black’s Law Dictionary, 7th ed. (St. Paul: West Group, 1999), 1393.
CHAPTER 15: Unequal Taxes
1. http://www.newportmansions.org.
2. http://www.nps.gov/archive/vama/house_of.html.
3. Annie S. Daniel, “The Wreck of the American Home: How Wearing Apparel Is Fashioned in Tenements” Charities 14, no. 1 (April 1905): 624–29.
4. http://www.aflcio.org (ca. 2001).
5. Ibid.
6. John Irons, “Corporate Tax Declines and U.S. Inequality” EPI.org, April 9, 2008, http://www.epi.org/economic_snapshots/entry/webfeatures_snapshots_20080409.
7. http://www.aflcio.org (ca. 2001).
8. David C. Korten, When Corporations Rule the World (West Harford, CT: Kumarian Press, 2001).
9. http://www.commoncause.org.
10. The Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy 2001 report at http://www.auschron.com.
11. Richard Cohen, “Enron: No Taxes,” Washington Post, January 22, 2002.
12. From a 2008 study by the GAO, “Comparison of the Reported Tax Liabilities of Foreign- and U.S.-controlled Corporations, 1998–2005,” http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08957.pdf.
13. Ibid.
14. http://www.aflcio.org (ca. 2001).
15. William Ahern, Tax Foundation, “Comparing the Kennedy, Reagan and Bush Tax Cuts,” http://www.taxfoundation.org/news/show/323.html.
16. Ibid.
17. All figures taken from Paul A. Gusmorino III, “Main Causes of the Great Depression,” Gusmorino World, May 13, 1996, http://www.gusmorino.com/pag3/greatdepression/index.html.
18. “Political Dynamite Fails to Explode: Extreme Proposals of Treasury’s O’Neill Mostly Unreported,” FAIR.org, June 13, 2001, http://www.fair.org/activism/o%27neill.html.
19. Paul Vitello, Newsday, May 24, 2001. See also note 18.
20. The phone number for the Public Liaison Office of the secretary of the Treasury is (202) 622-1680.
21. Hawken and I had this conversation when he was working on his article “Natural Capitalism” for Mother Jones magazine (published in the March/April 1997 issue). The article was later expanded to a book of the same name; see http://www.natcap.org.
22. David Barboza, “Chicago, Offering Big Incentives, Will Be Boeing’s New Home,” New York Times, May 11, 2001, http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/11/business/chicago-offering-big-incentives-will-be-boeing-s-new-home.html?pagewanted=1.
23. Stephen Moore and Dean Stansel, “How Corporate Welfare Won,” Cato Institute, 1996.
24. David C. Korten, The Post-corporate World (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 1999).
25. Borden Chemicals, noted by Noreena Hertz, PhD, in The Silent Takeover (London: Heinemann, 2001).
26. New York Times, September 21, 1995.
27. Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele, “Corporate Welfare,” Time, November 9, 1998, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,989508,00.html.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Charles V. Bagli, “Companies Get Second Helping of Tax Breaks,” New York Times, October 17, 1997, http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/17/nyregion/companies-get-second-helping-of-tax-breaks.html?pagewanted=1.
32. Greg LeRoy, “No More Candy Store: States and Cities Making Job Subsidies Accountable” (Washington, DC: Good Jobs First, 1994), http://www.goodjobsfirst.org/pdf/nmcs.pdf.
33. Ibid.
34. Joseph G. Lehman, “MEGA Program Shifts Jobs to Where They Are Needed Least,” Mackinac.org, April 7, 1999, http://www.mackinac.org/1669.
35. See note 31 above.
36. Micah L. Sifry, “At a Time of Sacrifice, Corporations Are Picking Our Pockets,” Knight Ridder News Service, November 5, 2001, http://www.progressive.org/media_1731.
37. “Political Donors Profiteering in the Name of Economic Stimulus: Stimulus Legislation Is Lobbying Opportunity of a Lifetime, Says Common Cause,” news release, October 25, 2001.
38. http://www.commoncause.org.
39. Sarah Anderson and John Cavanagh, “Top 200: The Rise of Corporate Global Power,” The Institute for Policy Studies, December 4, 2000, http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=377; http://s3.amazonaws.com/corpwatch.org/downloads/top200.pdf.
40. Editorial, “Another Casualty of the Left,” Washington Post, March 15, 1999.
41. Julian Borger, “For Sale: The Race for the White House,” Guardian, January 7, 2000.
42. Charles Lewis, The Buying of the President (New York: Avon Books, 2000).
CHAPTER 16: Unequal Responsibility for Crime
1. Peter Montague, “New Strategy Focuses on Corporations,” Rachel’s Hazardous Waste News #309, October 28, 1992, http://www.ratical.com/corporations/RHWN309.html.
2. Corporate Crime Reporter, 1998, published by Russell B. Mokhiber, http://corporatecrimereporter.com/top100.html.
3. Ibid.
4. Russell Mokhiber and Robert Weissman, “Ball Park Franks Fiasco: 21 Dead, $200,000 Fine,” July 26, 2001, for Common Dreams News Center at http://www.commondreams.org.
5. Ibid.
CHAPTER 17: Unequal Privacy
1. Elinor Mills, “Privacy Advocate Seeks FTC Probe of Microsoft: Federal Trade Commission Will Pay ‘Serious Attention’ to Data-gathering Practices,” IDG News Service, March 24, 1999, http://www.pcworld.com/article/10262/privacy_advocate_seeks_ftc_probe_of_microsoft.html.
2. Sarah Anderson and John Cavanagh, “Top 200: The Rise of Corporate Global Power,” The Institute for Policy Studies, December 4, 2000, http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=377; http://s3.amazonaws.com/corpwatch.org/downloads/top200.pdf.
CHAPTER 18: Unequal Citizenship and Access to the Commons
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) (2002). National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (producer), March 27, 2003, http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars.
2. J. S. Hacker, The Great Risk Shift: The New Insecurity and the Decline of the American Dream (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006).
4. http://www.who.org (June 2001).
5. Elizabeth Warren, “America without a Middle Class, HuffingtonPost.com, December 3, 2009, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/elizabeth-warren/america-without-a-middle_b_377829.html.
6. Lauren E. Glaze and Thomas F. Bonczar, Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006” (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, December 2000), http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/ascii/ppus06.txt.
7. Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Prisoners in 1996” (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1997).
8. Bureau of Justice Statistics, “Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1996” (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1997), 20; Executive Office of the President, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2002 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001), 134.
9. Stephen Nathan, “The Prison Industry Goes Global,” Yes!, Fall 2000, http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/is-it-time-to-close-the-prisons/the-prison-industry-goes-global.
10. http://www.doc.state.or.us and http://www.cdc.gov.
11. Wackenhut Corporation, news release, February 8, 2002.
12. Michael Grunwald, “How Enron Sought to Tap the Everglades,” Washington Post, February 8, 2002.
13. James Flanigan, “Enron Is Blazing New Business Trail,” Houston Chronicle, January 26, 2001.
14. See http://www.ratical.com/ratville/CAH/BechtelBlood.pdf and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Cochabamba_protests.
15. David C. Korten, “Money versus Wealth,” Yes!, Spring 1997.
16. Ibid.
17. Maggie McDonald, “International Piracy Rights,” review of Protect or Plunder? Understanding Intellectual Property Rights by Vandana Shiva, New Scientist, January 12, 2002, 23, http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17323254.500-out-in-paperback.html.
18. Ibid.
19. “Patently Rewarding Work,” New Scientist, January 12, 2002, 50.
20. Ibid, 51.
21. Karen Hoggan, “Neem Tree Patent Revoked,” BBC News, May 11, 2000, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/745028.stm.
22. Anup Shah, “Food Patents—Stealing Indigenous Knowledge?” (September 26, 2002), http://www.globalissues.org/article/191/food-patents-stealing-indigenous-knowledge.
23. David Cay Johnston, “U.S. Companies File in Bermuda to Slash Tax Bills,” New York Times, February 18, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/18/business/18TAX.html ?pagewanted=all.
24. David Cay Johnston, “Enron’s Collapse: The Havens; Enron Avoided Income Taxes in 4 of 5 Years,” New York Times, January 17, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/17/business/enron-s-collapse-the-havens-enron-avoided-income-taxes-in-4-of-5-years.html?pagewanted=1.
25. See note 23.
26. Gar Alperovitz, “Tax the Plutocrats!” The Nation 276, no. 3 (January 27, 2003), http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/alperovitz/taxplutocrats.html.
27. Lawrence Mitchell, in a discussion with the author, February 2002.
CHAPTER 19: Unequal Wealth
1. Harold James, The End of Globalization: Lessons from the Great Depression (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001).
2. Robert A. G. Monks and Nell Minow, Corporate Governance (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1999), 267.
3. From the map titled “Big Loop” at http://www.theyrule.net (circa 2002).
4. Sarah Anderson and John Cavanagh, “Top 200: The Rise of Corporate Global Power,” The Institute for Policy Studies, December 4, 2000, http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=377; http://s3.amazonaws.com/corpwatch.org/downloads/top200.pdf.
5. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development report, “Foreign Direct Investment Soars,” September 18, 2001.
6. Ibid.
7. See note 4 above.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. “Working America: The Current Economic Situation,” http://www.aflcio.org.
12. Ibid.
13. Jeff Gates, Democracy at Risk: Rescuing Main Street from Wall Street (Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2000).
14. Ibid.
15. Morris Berman, The Twilight of American Culture (New York: W. W. Norton, 2001), http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/berman-culture.html.
16. “Human Development Report 2000,” United Nations Development Program, http://www.undp.org.
17. Oswald Spengler, The Decline of the West (New York: Oxford University Press, 1918, 1991).
18. George Soros, The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered (New York:
PublicAffairs, 1998).
19. Noreena Hertz, PhD, The Silent Takeover: Global Capitalism and the Death of Democracy (London: Heinemann, 2001).
20. Sir James Goldsmith, The Trap (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1994).
21. Marc Bloch, Feudal Society, trans. L. A. Manyon (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961). All subsequent quotes from Bloch in this chapter are from this book.
22. Statistics from http://www.aflcio.org.
23. Alexander Hamilton, Federalist Papers (No. 51), http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/fed51.htm.
24. See note 22 above.
25. “Estimates of Federal Tax Liabilities for Individuals and Families,” Congressional Budget Office Memorandum, May 1998, cited by Gates, Democracy at Risk.
26. See note 22 above.
27. All statistics for the 1998 survey of American teens are from the National Constitution Center, http://www.constitutioncenter.org.
CHAPTER 20: Unequal Trade
1. Sir James Goldsmith in an interview with Yves Messarovitch, published as The Trap (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1994).
2. Theodore Roosevelt, “A Charter for Democracy” speech at the Ohio State Constitutional Convention, February 21, 1912, http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=1126.
3. A more detailed explanation of the concepts in these points is found in Goldsmith’s The Trap (see note 1 above).
4. Herman Daly and Robert Goodland, “An Ecological-economic Assessment of Deregulation of International Commerce under GATT” (Washington, DC: World Bank, 1992), quoted in The Trap (see note 1 above).
5. Example from http://www.aflcio.org.
CHAPTER 21: Unequal Media
1. Alexis de Tocqueville, The Republic of the United States of America, and Its Political Institutions, Reviewed and Examined (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1862).
2. Ibid.
3. Maureen Dowd, “The Axis of No Access,” New York Times, February 13, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/13/opinion/13DOWD.html.
4. Ben H. Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000).
5. Ibid.
6. Brendan I. Koerner, “Losing Signal,” Mother Jones, September/October 2001, http://motherjones.com/politics/2001/09/losing-signal.
7. Ibid.
8. The 2007 ad is archived at http://www.politicsandtechnology.com/2007/07/make-no-mistake.html. The company’s Web site is http://www.advantageconsultants.org.
9. From an e-mail received by the author.
10. Ben H. Bagdikian, The New Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press, 2005).
12. Pew Research Center for People & the Press, “Self Censorship: How Often and Why—Journalists Avoiding the News,” April 30, 2000, a survey in association with the Columbia Journalism Review, http://people-press.org/report/39/.
14. Michael Moore, “A Letter from Michael Moore to the Non-voters of America,” July 19, 2000, http://www.michaelmoore.com/words/mikes-letter/bush-and-gore-make-me-wanna-ralph.
15. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8GBAsFwPglw.
16. See note 14 above.
17. http://movingimages.wordpress.com/2009/07/18/walter-cronkite-1916-2009-and-thats-the-way-it-is.
18. Martha Groves, “Push Grows for Law on ‘Veggie Libel,’” Los Angeles Times, August 20, 1997, http://articles.latimes.com/1997/aug/20/news/mn-24164.
19. The history of the event is on the Web at http://www.foxBGHsuit.com.
20. Adbusters, November 14, 1996. You can listen to various network rejections of the ads at https://www.adbusters.org/campaigns/bnd.
22. Eric Alterman, “Radio squelch (radio talk show host Jim Hightower),” The Nation, October 16, 1995.
23. Russell Mokhiber, Corporate Crime and Violence: Big Business and the Abuse of the Public Trust (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988), 18, 19; cited in Robert A. G. Monks and Nell Minow, Power and Accountability (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), http://www.ragm.com/archives/books/poweracc/cover.html.
24. Neil Hickey, “Unshackling Big Media,” Columbia Journalism Review, May/June 2001.
25. Kathleen Abernathy, “a longtime Telco lobbyist” according to Broadcast and Cable magazine, May 21, 2001; and Michael Copps, a former lobbyist for a trade group and a Fortune 500 plastics company.
26. Marsha Macbride is a former Disney lobbyist, and Susan Eid is a former lobbyist for MediaOne Group.
27. Tom Wolzien of Sanford C. Bernstein and Co., quoted in Tim Jones, “More Media Freedoms Seen Under New FCC Chairman,” Chicago Tribune, January 24, 2001.
28. Janine Jackson, “Their Man in Washington,” FAIR Extra!, September/October 2001, http://www.fair.org/extra/0109/powell.html.
29. Ibid.
30. David Wessel, “U.S. Stock Holdings Rose 20 Percent in 1998,” Wall Street Journal, March 15, 1999.
31. Ben H. Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly (Boston: Beacon Press, 2000).
32. See note 28 above.
33. Anne E. Becker, MD, PhD; Rebecca A. Burwell, MPhil; Stephen Gilman, BA; David B. Herzog, MD; and Paul Hamburg, MD, “The Impact of Television on Disordered Eating in Fiji,” a paper presented at the 2000 meeting of the International Conference on Eating Disorders, New York.
CHAPTER 22: Unequal Influence
1. Federal Election Commission v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life, Inc., 479 U.S. 238 (1986).
2. Michael T. McMenamin and Walter McNamara, Milking the Public (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1980).
3. Thom Hartmann, Thom Hartmann’s Complete Guide to ADHD (Nevada City, CA: Underwood Books, 2001).
4. Wayne Clifton Riddle, Specialist in Education Finance, Domestic Social Policy Division, “CRS Report for Congress,” Order Code RL30942.
5. From an interview with the author, February 18, 2002.
6. Ibid.
7. See Christopher Bedford, “Dirty Secrets: The Corporations’ Campaign for an Environmental Audit Privilege,” Environmental Action Foundation, the Good Neighbor Project for Sustainable Industries and Communities Concerned about Corporations, February 1996, http://www.mapcruzin.com/scruztri/docs/r2.htm.
CHAPTER 23: Capitalists and Americans Speak Out for Community
1. George Soros, “The Capitalist Threat,” Atlantic Monthly, February 1997, http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97feb/capital/capital.htm.
2. George Soros, “The Free Market for Hope,” Newsweek, October 2001.
3. Joseph Stiglitz, “Thanks For Nothing,” Atlantic Monthly, October 2001, http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200110/stiglitz.
4. “Business Week/Harris Poll: How Business Rates: By the Numbers,” Business Week, September 11, 2000, http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_37/b3698004.htm.
CHAPTER 24: End Corporate Personhood
1. Arizona Statute, I-29 (definitions).
2. Frontier Pacific Insurance Co. v. Federal Trade Commission, 98-713 (1998).
3. Comments by Thomas Linzey, published as “Turning the Tables on Pennsylvania Agri-corporations” in Defying Corporations, Defining Democracy, ed. Dean Ritz (South Yarmouth, MA: POCLAD/Apex Press: 2001).
4. Gene Mellott, from an interview with the author, December 2001.
5. Thomas Linzey, personal communication with the author.
6. See note 4 above.
7. See note 3 above.
CHAPTER 25: A New Entrepreneurial Boom
1. Lane Drug Stores v. Lee, 11 F. Supp. 672 (N. D. Fla. 1935).
2. Statistics for 1998, the most recent year available in early 2002. From “The State of Small Business: A Report by the President,” U.S. Government Printing Office, 1999.
3. http://www.grameen-info.org.
4. Jeff Gates, “Globalization’s Challenge: Attuning the Global to the Local,” Reflections/ The SoL [Society for Organizational Learning] Journal 3, no. 4 (2002): 35–37.
5. E. N. Wolff, “Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership,” a paper for the conference Benefits and Mechanisms for Spreading Asset Ownership in the United States, December 10–12, 1998, New York.
6. “Estimates of Federal Tax Liabilities for Individuals and Families by Income Category and Family Type for 1995 and 1999” (Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Office Memorandum, May 1998).
7. http://www.census.gov (“income” at Table H-2).
8. Reported in the Economist, June 16–22, 2001.
9. “Executive Pay Special Report,” Business Week, April 9, 2001, cited by Jeff Gates in the January 2002 issue of Tikkun magazine.
10. S. Claessens, S. Djankov, and L. H. P. Lang, “Who Controls East Asian Corporations?” (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 1999).
11. United Nations Human Development Report 1998, 2.
12. L. Brown et al., “State of the World 2001” (Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 2001).
13. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, http://www.oecd.org.
14. W. Bello, “The WTO: Serving the Wealthy, Not the Poor,” in Does Globalization Help the Poor? (Washington, DC: International Forum on Globalization, 2001), 27.
15. The IMF estimates that the amount in offshore tax havens grew from $3.5 trillion in 1992 to $4.8 trillion in 1997. Other estimates, also badly dated, put the amount as high as $13.7 trillion. See D. Farah, “A New Wave of Island Investing,” Washington Post National Weekly Review, October 18, 1999; and A. Cowell and E. L. Andrews, “Under-currents at a Safe Harbor,” New York Times, September 24, 1999.
16. “Small Business and the Corporation,” U.S. Department of State, International Information Programs.
17. See note 2 above.
18. From the U.S. Small Business Administration’s Web site, http://www.sba.gov.
20. “Annual Report on Small Business and Competition,” U.S. Small Business Administration, most current document in 2002 written in 1998, Government Printing Office.
CHAPTER 26: A Democratic Marketplace
1. U.S. Supreme Court Justice Brandeis in his dissenting opinion on the 1933 Liggett v. Lee case that—based on the Santa Clara headnote—gave chain stores equal tax rights under the Fourteenth Amendment to “compete” against small, locally owned retailers, and led in part to the loss by local communities of their abilities and rights to regulate chain stores and to have a say in the size of businesses operating in their communities.
2. The information in this section comes from Paul Hawken, The Ecology of Commerce (New York: HarperCollins, 1994).
3. Wisconsin law, Section 4489a (Sec. 1, ch. 492, 1905).
4. Jerry Brown, Dialogues (Albany, CA: Berkeley Hills Books, 1998).
5. Thomas Jefferson to Dr. Walter Jones, January 2, 1814, http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/P/tj3/writings/brf/jefl226.htm.
6. Harry S. Truman, inaugural address, January 20, 1949, http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres53.html.
CHAPTER 27: Restoring Government of, by, and for the People
1. http://www.iiipublishing.com/afd/pa-resol.htm.
2. Al Gore, The Assault on Reason (New York: Penguin Books, 2008).
3. Richard Cohen, “Enron: No Taxes...” Washington Post, January 21, 2002.
4. Quoting a national radio talk-show host I heard in autumn 2001.
5. John C. Stauber and Sheldon Rampton, Toxic Sludge Is Good for You (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1995). This is an excellent book about the chemical industry’s PR machine.
6. Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man (1791), http://www.ushistory.org/PAINE/rights/index.htm.
7. Margaret Mead, as quoted in And I Quote: The Definitive Collection of Quotes, Sayings, and Jokes for the Contemporary Speechmaker, eds. Ashton Applewhite, Tripp Evans, and Andrew Frothingham (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 1992).
8. Thomas Jefferson to Nathanial Macon, November 23, 1821, in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson: Containing His Autobiography, Notes on Virginia, Parliamentary Manual, Official Papers, Messages and Addresses, and Other Writings, Official and Private, eds. Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh (Washington, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1903–4): 15:341.
9. All information about the South Sea bubble is from John Carswell, The South Sea Bubble (London: Cresset Press, 1960).
10. Fortune, July 1934, archived at http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/USPics27/75233.jpg.
11. Journalist Paul Comly French’s testimony, quoted in Joel Bakan, The Corporation (New York: Free Press Books, 2004).
12. Ibid.
13. Jules Archer, The Plot to Seize the White House (New York: Hawthorn Books, 1973), quoted in Bakan, The Corporation (see note 11 above).
14. David D. Kirkpatrick, “Health Care Industry Takes Fight to the States,” New York Times, December 29, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/29/health/policy/29lobby.html.
15. Ibid.
16. Alastair McIntosh, “Defying the Corporate Golem: Lafarge Redland, Corporate ‘Human’ Rights and the British Constitution,” Foundations 3:4, Autumn/Winter 2000, 27, http://www.alastairmcintosh.com/articles/2000_golem.htm.
17. Ralph Waldo Emerson, from a lecture at the Masonic Temple, Boston, January 1842.
18. Ibid.
19. John F. Kennedy, inaugural address, January 20, 1961, http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/JFK/003POF03Inaugural 01201961.htm.