Part I
CHAPTER 1
1. Nanci Hellmich, “U.S. Obesity Rate Leveling Off, at about One-Third of Adults,” USA Today, January 13, 2010, http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/weightloss/2010-01-13-obesity-rates_N.htm.
2. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Crude and Age-Adjusted Percentage of Civilian, Noninstitutionalized Population with Diagnosed Diabetes, United States, 1980–2010,” last modified April 26, 2012, http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/prev/national/figage.htm.
3. United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Cardiovascular Disease Prevalence and Mortality,” last modified June 2011, http://cfpub.epa.gov/eroe/index.cfm?fuseaction=detail.viewPDF&ch=49&lShowInd=0&subtop=381&lv=list.listByChapter&r=235292.
4. International Diabetes Federation, “Morbidity and Mortality,” August 3, 2009, http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/diabetes-mortality.
5. B. Starfield, “Is US Health Really the Best in the World?,” Journal of the American Medical Association 284, no. 4 (2000): 483–85.
6. Ibid.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “10 Leading Causes of Death by Age Group, United States—2010,” accessed December 2, 2012, http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/pdf/10LCID_All_Deaths_By_Age_Group_2010-a.pdf.
CHAPTER 2
1. R. A. Vogel, M. C. Corretti, and G. D. Plotnick, “Effect of a Single High-Fat Meal on Endothelial Function in Healthy Subjects,” American Journal of Cardiology 79, no. 3 (February 1, 1997): 350–54.
2. Miranda Hitti, “FDA Approves New Angina Drug: Ranexa Is for Patients Who Haven’t Responded to Other Chest Pain Drugs,” WebMD, February 7, 2006, http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/news/20060207/fda-approves-new-angina-drug.
3. Kristin Johannsen, Ginseng Dreams: The Secret World of America’s Most Valuable Plant (Lexington, KY: The University Press of Kentucky, 2006); Kim Young-Sik, “The Ginseng ‘Trade War,”’ accessed February 12, 2013, http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/1438.html.
4. L. M. Morrison, “Arteriosclerosis: Recent Advances in the Dietary and Medicinal Treatment,” Journal of the American Medical Association 145, no. 16 (1951): 1232–1236; L. M. Morrison, “Diet in Coronary Atherosclerosis,” Journal of the American Medical Association 173, no. 8 (1960): 884–888.
5. N. Pritikin and P. M. McGrady, The Pritikin Program for Diet and Exercise (New York: Bantam Books, 1984): 438.
6. Caldwell B. Esselstyn Jr., Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease: The Revolutionary, Scientifically Proven, Nutrition-Based Cure (New York: Avery Trade, 2008); C. B. Esselstyn Jr., S. G. Ellis, S. V. Medendorp, and T. D. Crowe, “A Strategy to Arrest and Reverse Coronary Artery Disease: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study of a Single Physician’s Practice,” Journal of Family Practice 41, no. 6 (1995): 560–68.
7. Dean Ornish, Eat More, Weigh Less (New York: HarperCollins, 1993); D. Ornish, S. E. Brown, L. W. Scherwitz, J. H. Billings, W. T. Armstrong, T. A. Ports, S. M. McLanahan, R. L. Kirkeeide, R. J. Brand, and K. L. Gould, “Can Lifestyle Changes Reverse Coronary Heart Disease?”, Lancet 336, no. 8708 (1990): 129–33.
8. Esselstyn et al., “A Strategy to Arrest and Reverse.”
9. C. B. Esselstyn, Jr., “Updating a 12-year Experience with Arrest and Reversal Therapy for Coronary Heart Disease (An Overdue Requiem for Palliative Cardiology),” American Journal of Cardiology 84 (August 1, 1999): 339–341.
10. Miranda Hitti, “FDA Approves New Angina Drug: Ranexa Is for Patients Who Haven’t Responded to Other Chest Pain Drugs,” WebMD, February 7, 2006, http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/news/20060207/fda-approves-new-angina-drug.
11. You can find the exact number of data points that are required in the appendix of any sufficiently sophisticated statistics textbook. The main point here is that Essel styn’s study, with its remarkably profound results, could be accomplished with small numbers, while most drug trials cannot.
CHAPTER 3
1. T. V. Madhavan and C. Gopalan, “The Effect of Dietary Protein on Carcinogenesis of Aflatoxin,” Archives of Pathology 85, no. 2 (February 1968): 133–37.
2. Gerardus Johannes Mulder, “On the Composition of Some Animal Substances,” Journal für praktische Chemie 16 (1839): 129–52 (the paper where he named protein, according to H. N. Munro in Mammalian protein metabolism, Vol. I. eds. H. N. Munro and J. B. Allison, Academic Press (1964): 1–29); Gerardus Johannes Mulder, The Chemistry of Vegetable & Animal Physiology, trans. P.F.G. Fromberg (Edinburgh, Scotland: W. Blackwood & Sons, 1849).
3. D. A. Schulsinger, M. M. Root, and T. C. Campbell, “Effect of Dietary Protein Quality on Development of Aflatoxin B1-Induced Hepatic Preneoplastic Lesions,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 81 (1989): 1241–1245.
4. L. D. Youngman, “Recall, Memory, Persistence, and the Sequential Modulation of Preneoplastic Lesion Development by Dietary Protein,” Cornell University: Masters Thesis (1987 , T. C. Campbell, mentor).
5. G. E. Dunaif and T. C. Campbell, “Relative Contribution of Dietary Protein Level and Aflatoxin B1 Dose in Generation of Presumptive Preneoplastic Foci in Rat Liver,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 78 (1987): 365–69; L. D. Youngman and T. C. Campbell, “Inhibition of Aflatoxin B1-Induced Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Positive (GGT+) Hepatic Preneoplastic Foci and Tumors by Low Protein Diets: Evidence That Altered GGT+ Foci Indicate Neoplastic Potential,” Carcinogenesis 13, no. 9 (1992): 1607–13.
6. J. Chen, T. C. Campbell, J. Li, and R. Peto, Diet, Life-Style and Mortality in China. A study of the characteristics of 65 Chinese counties (Oxford, United Kingdom; Ithaca, NY; and Beijing, People’s Republic of China: Oxford University Press, Cornell University Press, and People’s Medical Publishing House, 1990).
7. M. F. Muldoon, S. B. Manuck, and K. A. Matthews, “Lowering Cholesterol Concentrations and Mortality: A Quantitative Review of Primary Prevention Trials,” BMJ 301, no. 6747 (1990): 309–14.
8. G. N. Stemmermann, A. M. Nomura, L. K. Heilbrun, E. S. Pollack, and A. Kagan, “Serum Cholesterol and Colon Cancer Incidence in Hawaiian Japanese Men,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 67, no. 6 (1981): 1179–82.
9. Madhavan and Gopalan, “The Effect of Dietary Protein on Carcinogenesis.”
10. T. V. Madhavan and C. Gopalan, “Effect of Dietary Protein on Aflatoxin Liver Injury in Weanling Rats,” Archives of Pathology 80 (August 1965): 123–26.
Part II
CHAPTER 4
1. David Foster Wallace, “David Foster Wallace, In His Own Words,” More Intelligent Life, September 19, 2008. http://moreintelligentlife.com/story/david-foster-wallace-in-his-own-words.
CHAPTER 5
1. I still remember my final oral examination for my master’s degree at Cornell in 1956, in which I was supposed to name each of the then-known amino acids and their chemical structures. I wasn’t able to, and they nearly failed me. I still don’t know them all by heart, even though I taught this stuff for years!
2. R. S. Preston, J. R. Hayes, and T. C. Campbell, “The Effect of Protein Deficiency on the In Vivo Binding of Aflatoxin B1 to Rat Liver Macromolecules,” Life Sciences 19, no. 8 (October 15, 1976): 1191–98.
3. K. D. Mainigi and T. C. Campbell, “Subcellular Distribution and Covalent Binding of Aflatoxins as Functions of Dietary Manipulation,” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 6 (1980): 659–671.
4. “MonaVie: Discover the Beat of a Healthy Heart,” Monavie.com, accessed December 2, 2012. http://www.monavie.com/products/health-juices/monavie-pulse.
5. Office of Dietary Supplements, “Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Multivitamin/mineral Supplements,” accessed December 2, 2012. http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/MVMS-HealthProfessional.
6. K. S. Kubena and D. N. McMurray, “Nutrition and the Immune System: A Review of Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 96 (1996): 1156–1164.
7. T. C. Campbell and J. R. Hayes, “Role of Nutrition in the Drug Metabolizing System,” Pharmacological Reviews 26 (1974): 171–197.
8. N. W. Tietz, Textbook of Clinical Chemistry (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co, 1986).
CHAPTER 6
1. The placebo effect, whereby patients get better because they believe they will, is one of most powerful documented interventions ever studied. Some researchers believe that fully 30 percent of the effect of any intervention is attributable to the self-fulfilling prophecy of patients improving because they think they’ve taken a powerful drug.
CHAPTER 7
1. T. C. Campbell and J. R. Hayes, “Role of Nutrition in the Drug Metabolizing Enzyme System,” Pharmacological Reviews 26, no. 3 (September 1974): 171–97; T. C. Campbell and J. R. Hayes, “The Role of Aflatoxin in Its Toxic Lesion,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 35, no. 2 (February 1976): 199–222.
2. In this chapter, I’ve used AF as a generic description for all of the aflatoxin group, but my work largely dealt with AFB1, the most common and the most carcinogenic of the group.
3. K. Sargeant, A. Sheridan, J. O’Kelly, and R. B. A. Carnaghan, “Toxicity Associated with Certain Samples of Groundnuts,” Nature 192 (1961): 1096–97.
4. M. C. Lancaster, F. P. Jenkins, and J. M. Philp, “Toxicity Associated with Certain Samples Of Groundnuts,” Nature 192 (1961): 1095–96; W. H. Butler and J. M. Barnes, “Toxic Effects of Groundnut Meal Containing Aflatoxin to Rats and Guinea Pigs,” British Journal of Cancer 17, no. 4 (1964): 699–710; G. N. Wogan and P. M. Newberne, “Dose-Response Characteristics of Aflatoxin B1 Carcinogenesis in the Rat,” Cancer Research 27, no. 12 (December 1967): 2370–76.
5. Lancaster et al., “Toxicity”; Butler and Barnes, “Toxic Effects.”
6. T. C. Campbell, J. P. Caedo Jr., J. Bulatao-Jayme, L. Salamat, and R. W. Engel, “Aflatoxin M1 in Human Urine,” Nature 227 (1970): 403–4.
7. T. C. Campbell and L. A. Salamat, “Aflatoxin Ingestion and Excretion by Humans,” in Mycotoxins in Human Health, ed. I. F. Purchase (London: Macmillan, 1971): 263–69.
8. T. C. Campbell, “Present Day Knowledge on Aflatoxin,” Philippine Journal of Nutrition 20 (1967): 193–201.
9. Ibid. The practical message if you’re looking to avoid AF, by the way, is that when you’re shelling peanuts for your own consumption, you should throw away the shriveled, discolored kernels.
10. Urine samples are generally a more reliable estimate of AF consumption than asking people what they’ve eaten. People forget, under- and overestimate quantities, and sometimes “improve” their families’ diets to impress the questioner, a problem all too common in many dietary surveys.
11. Campbell et al., “Aflatoxin M1 in Human Urine”; T. C. Campbell, R. O. Sinnhuber, D. J. Lee, J. H. Wales, and L. A. Salamat, “Brief Communication: Hepatocarcinogenic Material in Urine Specimens from Humans Consuming Aflatoxin,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 52 (1974): 1647–49.
12. Campbell et al., “Brief Communication.”
13. Ibid. This test system was run by Dr. Russell Sinnhuber at Oregon State University.
14. Wogan and Newberne, “Dose-Response Characteristics”; R. S. Portman, K. M. Plowman, and T. C. Campbell, “On Mechanisms Affecting Species Susceptibility to Aflatoxin,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 208, no. 3 (June 1970): 487–95.
15. Portman et al., “On Mechanisms Affecting Species.”
16. R. Allcroft and R. B. A. Carnaghan, “Groundnut Toxicity: And Examination for Toxin in Human Food Products from Animals Fed Toxic Groundnut Meal,” Veterinary Record 75 (1963): 259–63.
17. A. H. Conney, “Pharmacological Implications of Microsomal Enzyme Induction,” Pharmacological Reviews 19 (1967): 317–66.
18. M. Maso, “Decrease in Mixed Function Oxidase Activity in Rat Liver Over Time,” Cornell University: Undergraduate Honors Thesis (1979, T. C. Campbell, mentor).
19. Madhavan and Gopalan, “Effect of Dietary Protein on Carcinogenesis.”
20. W. L. Elliot, “Bioenergetics: Pathways of Human Energy Metabolism,” HealthBuilding.com, http://www.healthbuilding.com/metabolism.htm. A full color version of this image is available for purchase in poster size at HealthBuilding.com.
21. R. L. Lewis, The Unity of the Sciences Volume One: Do Proteins Teleport in an RNA World? (New York: International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences, 2005).
22. Madhavan and Gopalan, “The Effect of Dietary Protein on Carcinogenesis.”
23. Madhavan and Gopalan, “Effect of Dietary Protein on Aflatoxin”; Madhavan and Gopalan, “Effect of Dietary Protein on Carcinogenesis.”
24. J. R. Hayes, M. U. K. Mgbodile, and T. C. Campbell, “Effect of Protein Deficiency on the Inducibility of the Hepatic Microsomal Drug-metabolizing Enzyme System. I. Effect on Substrate Interaction with Cytochrome P-450,” Biochemical Pharmacology 22 (1973): 1005–14; M. U. K. Mgbodile, J. R. Hayes, and T. C. Campbell, “Effect of Protein Deficiency on the Inducibility of the Hepatic Microsomal Drug-metabolizing Enzyme System. II. Effect on Enzyme Kinetics and Electron Transport System,” Biochemical Pharmacology 22 (1973): 1125–32; J. R. Hayes and T.C. Campbell, “Effect of Protein Deficiency on the Inducibility of the Hepatic Microsomal Drug-metabolizing Enzyme System, III. Effect of 3-Methylcholanthrene Induction on Activity and Binding Kinetics,” Biochemical Pharmacology 23 (1974): 1721–32.
25. Madhavan and Gopalan, “The Effect of Dietary Protein on Carcinogenesis.”
26. R. C. Garner, E. C. Miller, J. A. Miller, J. V. Garner, and R. S. Hanson, “Formation of a Factor Lethal for S. Typhimurium TA1530 and TA1531 on Incubation of Aflatoxin B1 with Rat Liver Microsomes,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 45 (1971): 774–80.
27. W. P. Doherty and T. C. Campbell, “Aflatoxin Inhibition of Rat Liver Mitochondria,” Chemical and Biological Interactions 7 (1973): 63–77.
28. J. R. Hayes, M. U. K. Mgbodile, A. H. Merrill Jr., L. S. Nerurkar, and T. C. Campbell, “The Effect of Dietary Protein Depletion and Repletion on Rat Hepatic Mixed Function Oxidase Activities,” Journal of Nutrition 108 (1978): 1788–97; L. S. Nerurkar, J. R. Hayes, and T. C. Campbell, “The Reconstitution of Hepatic Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase Activity with Fractions Derived from Weanling Rats Fed Different Levels of Protein,” Journal of Nutrition 108 (1978): 678–86.
29. J. R. Hayes et al., “Effect of Dietary Protein”; L. S. Nerurkar et al., “Mixed Function Oxidase Activity”; Preston et al., “Effect of Protein Deficiency I.”
30. A. A. Adekunle, J. R. Hayes, and T. C. Campbell, “Interrelationships of Dietary Protein Level, Aflatoxin B1 Metabolism, and Hepatic Microsomal Epoxide Hydrase Activity,” Life Sciences 21 (1977): 1785–92.
31. K. D. Mainigi and T. C. Campbell, “Effects of Low Dietary Protein and Dietary Aflatoxin on Hepatic Glutathione Levels in F-344 Rats,” Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 59 (1981): 196–203.
CHAPTER 8
1. The importance of medical hygiene was known to midwives for centuries, but only made its way into the medical establishment after Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Edward Jenner, and others demonstrated the existence of microbes and the mechanisms of contagion. That’s another pitfall of reductionism: Until scientists have the means to isolate and measure things, they insist those things don’t and can’t exist, and anyone who says otherwise is ignorant and superstitious.
2. John Markoff, “Cost of Gene Sequencing Falls, Raising Hopes for Medical Advances,” New York Times, March 7, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/08/technology/cost-of-gene-sequencing-falls-raising-hopes-for-medical-advances.html.
3. Ibid.
4. Having four letters that can form only two base pair types (A-T or G-C) may not sound like it can generate very many word possibilities, but a string just two base pairs long can be arranged in sixteen different sequences, while a string comprising four base pairs can be arranged in sixty-four such sequences. In addition, each base pair can theoretically be used in sequence an unlimited number of times. Imagine, for example, eight to ten successive units of one letter, say, followed by one or a few units of a second, maybe a couple more of the first, one of a third, and several units of a fourth. The possible combinations are close to infinite.
If you are not yet sufficiently awed, then consider this: There are about three billion total bases—that’s billion, not million—strung along the length of a single molecule of DNA. If those bases were placed only one millimeter apart along this chain, its total length would stretch 1,824 miles—more than 6,600 times the height of the Empire State Building! Their order may look random, but it is not. Imagine just a few dozen of those three billion bases as pearls strung along a normal length of necklace. Now, imagine picking up the necklace and letting the pearls fall off the end of the strand into a pile, mixing them up, then trying to put them back exactly in the same order. If it seems impossible at a few dozen, imagine doing so for three billion.
5. We cheated a bit, actually; 95 percent of our genetic material, which scientists don’t yet understand, has been labeled “junk DNA” and swept under the carpet. Only very recently have geneticists begun to take seriously the possibility that this junk DNA is actually important information that humans just haven’t been able to decode.
6. U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, “Gene Therapy,” Human Genome Project Information, last modified August 24, 2011. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genetherapy.shtml.
7. Ibid.; J. Lazarou, B. H. Pomeranz, and P. N. Corey, “Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies,” Journal of the American Medical Association 279, no. 15 (1998): 1200–5, cited on U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, “Pharmacogenomics,” Human Genome Project Information, last modified September 19, 2011. http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/pharma.shtml.
8. Lazarou, Pomeranz, and Corey, “Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions.”
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.; U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, “Pharmacogenomics,” Human Genome Project Information, last modified September 19, 2011, http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/pharma.shtml.
12. Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer, Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1982).
13. R. Doll and R. Peto, “The Causes of Cancer: Quantitative Estimates of Avoidable Risks of Cancer in the United States Today,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 66, no. 6 (1981): 1192–1265.
14. Ibid.
CHAPTER 9
1. K. K. Carroll, L. M. Braden, J. A. Bell, and R. Kalamegham, “Fat and Cancer,” supplement, Cancer 58, no. 8 (1986): 1818–25; B. S. Drasar and D. Irving, “Environmental Factors and Cancer of the Colon and Breast,” British Journal of Cancer 27, no. 2 (1973): 167–72; J. Higginson, “Etiological Factors in Gastrointestinal Cancer in Man,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 37, no. 4 (October 1966): 527–45; J. Higginson, “Present Trends in Cancer Epidemiology,” Canadian Cancer Conference (Honey Harbour, Ontario: Proceedings of the Eighth Canadian Cancer Conference, 1969): 40–75; J. Higginson and C. S. Muir, “Epidemiology in Cancer,” Cancer Medicine, edited by J. F. Holland and E. Frei (Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1973): 241–306; J. Higginson and C. S. Muir, “Environmental Carcinogenesis: Misconceptions and Limitations to Cancer Control,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 63, no. 6 (December 1979): 1291–98; E. L. Wynder and T. Shigematsu, “Environmental Factors of Cancer of the Colon and Rectum,” Cancer 20, no. 9 (September 1967): 1520–61.
2. Michael Tortorello, “Is It Safe to Play Yet?” New York Times, March 14, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/15/garden/going-to-extreme-lengths-to-purge-household-toxins.html.
3. C. Campbell and L. Friedman, “Chemical Assay and Isolation of Chick Edema Factor in Biological Materials,” Journal of the American Association for Agricultural Chemistry 49 (1966): 824–28. My exposure occurred long before I adopted a WFPB diet in the 1980s.
4. J. Huff, M. F. Jacobson, and D. L. Davis, “The Limits of Two-Year Bioassay Exposure Regimens for Identifying Chemical Carcinogens,” Environmental Health Perspectives 116 (2008): 1439–1442.
5. S. M. Cohen, “Risk Assessment in the Genomic Era,” Toxicologic Pathology 32 (2004): 3–8.
CHAPTER 10
1. Y. Singh, M. Palombo, and P. J Sinko, “Recent Trends in Targeted Anticancer Prodrug and Conjugate Design,” Current Medicinal Chemistry 15, no. 18 (2008): 1802–26; Y. H. Lu, X. Q. Gao, M. Wu, D. Zhang-Negrerie, and Q. Gao, “Strategies on the Development of Small Molecule Anticancer Drugs for Targeted Therapy,” Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 11 (2011): 611–24; R. Munagala, F. Aqil, and R. C. Gupta, “Promising Molecular Targeted Therapies in Breast Cancer,” Indian Journal of Pharmacology 43, no. 3 (2011): 236–45; H. Panitch and A. Applebee, “Treatment of Walking Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis: An Unmet Need for a Disease-Specific Disability,” Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 12, no. 10 (March 2011): 1511–21; J. Rautio, H. Kumpulainen, T. Heimbach, R. Oliyai, D. Oh, T. Järvinen, and J. Savolainen, “Prodrugs: Design and Clinical Applications,” Nature Reviews: Drug Discovery 7, no. 3 (2008): 255–70; P. Ettmayer, G. L. Amidon, B. Clement, and B. Testa, “Lessons Learned from Marketed and Investigational Prodrugs,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 47 no. 10 (May 2004): 2393–2404.
2. This does give drug companies an interest in preserving tropical rain forests as a resource for potentially useful drug candidates, but this may be the only positive side effect.
3. Singh et al., “Recent Trends.”
4. Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health, “International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems,” Answers.com, accessed November 11, 2012. http://www.answers.com/topic/icd.
CHAPTER 11
1. C. Thurston, “Dietary Supplements: The Latest Trends & Issues,” Nutraceuticals World, April 1, 2008. http://www.nutraceuticalsworld.com/issues/2008–04/view_features/dietary-supplements-the-latest-trends-amp-issues/.
2. Ibid.
3. “Apples, Raw, with Skin,” SelfNutritionData, accessed November 11. 2012. http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1809/2.
4. M. V. Eberhardt, C. Y. Lee, and R. H. Liu, “Antioxidant Activity of Fresh Apples,” Nature 405, no. 6789 (June 22, 2000): 903–4.
5. J. Boyer and R. H. Liu, “Review: Apple Phytochemicals and Their Health Effects,” Nutrition Journal 3, no. 5 (2004), http://www.nutritionj.com/content/3/l/5.
6. Ibid.; K. Wolfe, X. Z. Wu, and R. H. Liu, “Antioxidant Activity of Apple Peels,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51, no. 3 (January 29. 2003): 609–14.
7. C. D. Morris and S. Carson, “Routine Vitamin Supplementation to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease: A Summary of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force,” Annals of Internal Medicine 139, no. 1 (2003): 56–70.
8. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. “Routine Vitamin Supplementation to Prevent Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: Recommendations and Rationale,” Annals of Internal Medicine 139, no. 1 (2003): 51–55.
9. Ibid.
10. H. M. Evans and K. S. Bishop, “On the Existence of a Hitherto Unrecognized Dietary Factor Essential for Reproduction,” Science 56, no. 1458 (1922): 650–51.
11. D. Farbstein, A. Kozak-Blickstein, and A. P. Levy, “Antioxidant Vitamins and Their Use in Preventing Cardiovascular Disease,” Molecules 15, no. 11 (2010): 8098–8110; B. B. Aggarwal, C. Sundarum, S. Prasad, and R. Kannappan, “Tocotrienols, the Vitamin E of the 21st Century: Its Potential against Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases,” Biochemical Pharmacology 80, no. 11 (2010): 1613–31.
12. C. H. Hennekens, J. M. Gaziano, J. E. Manson, and J. E. Buring, “Antioxidant Vitamin-Cardiovascular Disease Hypothesis Is Still Promising, But Still Unproven: The Need for Randomized Trials,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62 (1995): 1377S-1380S.
13. B. C. Pearce, R. A. Parker, M. E. Deason, A. A. Qureshi, and J. J. Wright, “Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Synthetic and Natural Tocotrienols,” Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 35, no. 20 (1992): 3595–3606.
14. Ibid.
15. A. Augustyniak et al., “Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants: An Updated Overview,” Free Radical Research 44, no. 10 (2010): 1216–62.
16. E. B. Rimm, M. J. Stampfer, A. Ascherio, E. Giovannucci, G. A. Colditz, and W. C. Willett, “Vitamin E Consumption and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men,” New England Journal of Medicine 328, no. 20 (May 20, 1993): 1450–56; M. J. Stampfer, C. H. Hennekens, J. E. Manson, G. A. Colditz, B. Rosner, and W. C. Willett, “Vitamin E Consumption and the Risk of Coronary Disease in Women,” New England Journal of Medicine 328, no. 20 (May 20. 1993): 1444–49.
17. H. D. Sesso, J. E. Buring, W. G. Christen, T. Kurth, C. Belanger, J. MacFadyen, V. Bubes, J. E. Manson, R. J. Glynn, and J. M. Gaziano, “Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men,” Journal of the American Medical Association 300, no. 18 (2008): 2123–2133; “Vitamins E and C”; I. M. Lee, N. R. Cook, J. M. Gaziano, D. Gordon, P. M. Ridker, J. E. Manson, C. H. Hennekens, and J. E. Buring, “Vitamin E in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: The Women’s Health Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 294, no. 1 (2005): 56–65; E. Lonn et al., “Effects of Long-Term Vitamin E Supplementation on Cardiovascular Events and Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 293, no. 11 (2005): 1338–47; D. P. Vivekananthan, M. S. Penn, S. K. Sapp, A. Hsu, and E. J. Topol, “Use of Antioxidant Vitamins for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Meta-analysis of Randomised Trials,” Lancet 361, no. 9374 (June 14, 2003): 2017–23.
18. I. M. Lee et al., “Vitamin E in the Primary Prevention”; E. Lonn et al., “Effects of Long-Term Vitamin E”; V. A. Kirsh et al., “Supplemental and Dietary Vitamin E, Beta-Carotene, and Vitamin C Intakes and Prostate Cancer Risk,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 98, no. 4 (February 15, 2006): 245–54; S. M. Lippman et al., “Effect of Selenium and Vitamin E on Risk of Prostate Cancer and Other Cancers: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT),” Journal of the American Medical Association 301, no. 1 (January 7, 2009): 39–51.
19. S. M. Lippman et al., “Effect of Selenium”; S. Liu, I. M. Lee, Y. Song, M. Van Denburgh, N. R. Cook, J. E. Manson, and J. E. Buring, “Vitamin E and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Women’s Health Study Randomized Controlled Trial,” Diabetes 55, no. 10 (October 2006): 2856–62.
20. W. G. Christen, R. J. Glynn, H. D. Sesso, T. Kurth, J. MacFayden, V. Bubes, J. E. Buring, J. E. Manson, and J. M. Gaziano, “Age-Related Cataract in a Randomized Trial of Vitamins E and C in Men,” Archives of Ophthalmology 128, no. 11 (November 2010): 1397–1405.
21. I. G. Tsiligianni and T. van der Molen, “A Systematic Review of the Role of Vitamin Insufficiencies and Supplementation in COPD,” Respiratory Research 11 (December 6, 2010): 171.
22. G. Bjelakovic, D. Nikolova, L. L. Gluud, R. G. Simonetti, and C. Gluud, “Antioxidant Supplements for Prevention of Mortality in Healthy Participants and Patients with Various Diseases,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3 (March 14, 2012): CD007176. DOI: 10.
23. Y. Dotan, D. Lichtenberg, and I. Pinchuk, “No Evidence Supports Vitamin E Indiscriminate Supplementation,” Biofactors 35, no. 6 (2009): 469–73; J. Blumberg and B. Frei, “Why Clinical Trials of Vitamin E and Cardiovascular Diseases May Be Fatally Flawed,” Free Radical Biology & Medicine 43, no. 10 (2007): 1374–76.
24. Aggarwal et al., “Tocotrienols.”
25. Farbstein et al., “Antioxidant Vitamins.”
26. Lonn et al., “Effects of Long-Term Vitamin E.”
27. Goran Bjelakovic, Dimitrinka Nikolova, Lise Lotte Gluud, Rosa G. Simonetti, and Christian Gluud. “Mortality in Randomized Trials,” Journal of the American Medical Association 297, no. 8 (2007): 842–857; E.R. Miller, R. Pastor-Barriuso, D. Dalal, R. A. Riemersma, L. J. Appel, and E. Guallar, “Meta-analysis: High-dose Vitamin E Supplementation May Increase All-cause Mortality,” Annals of Internal Medicine 142 (2005): 37–46.
28. S. O. Ebbesson et al., “Fatty Acid Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome Components: The GOCADAN Study,” Journal of the Cardiometabolic Syndrome 2, no. 4 (2007): 244–49.
29. E. Lopez-Garcia, M. B. Schulze, J. E. Manson, J. B. Meigs, C. M. Albert, N. Rifai, W. C. Willett, F. B. Hu, “Consumption of (n-3) Fatty Acids Is Related to Plasma Biomarkers of Inflammation and Endothelial Activation in Women,” Journal of Nutrition 134, no. 7 (2004): 1806–11; R. J. Deckelbaum, T. S. Worgall, and T. Seo, “n-3 Fatty Acids and Gene Expression,” supplement, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83, no. 6 (2006): 1520S–25S.
30. S. V. Kaushik, D. Mozaffarian, D. Spiegelman, J. E. Manson, and W. Willett, “Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Fish Intake, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 90, no. 3 (2009): 613–20.
31. L. Hooper et al., “Risks and Benefits of Omega 3 Fats for Mortality, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: Systematic Review,” BMJ 332, no. 7544 (2006): 752–60.
32. Kaushik et al., “Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids.”
33. C. S. Foote, Y. C. Chang, and R. W. Denny, “Chemistry of Singlet Oxygen. X. Carotenoid Quenching Parallels Biological Protection,” Journal of the American Chemical Society 92, no. 17 (1970): 5216–18; J. E. Packer, J. S. Mahood, V. O. Mora-Arellano, T. F. Slater, R. L. Willson, and B. S. Wolfenden, “Free Radicals and Singlet Oxygen Scavengers: Reaction of a Peroxy-radical with β-carotene, Diphenyl Furan and l,4-diazobicyclo(2,2,2)-octane,” Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 98, no. 4 (1981): 901–6.
34. R. Peto, R. Doll, and J. D. Buckley, “Can Dietary Beta-Carotene Materially Reduce Human Cancer Rates?” Nature 290, no. 5803 (1981): 201–8.
35. G. S. Omenn, “Chemoprevention of Lung Cancers: Lessons from CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial, and Prospects for the Future,” European Journal of Cancer Prevention 16, no. 3 (2007): 184–91.
36. G. S. Omenn et al, “Effects of a Combination of Beta Carotene and Vitamin A on Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease,” New England Journal of Medicine 334, no. 18 (1996): 1150–55.
37. Omenn, “Chemoprevention of Lung Cancers.”
38. A. Saremi and R. Arora, “Vitamin E and Cardiovascular Disease,” American Journal of Therapeutics 17, no. 3 (2010): e56–e65; Farbstein et al., “Antioxidant Vitamins.”
39. Augustyniak et al., “Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants.”
40. Ibid.; Farbstein et al., “Antioxidant Vitamins”; Aggarwal et al., “Tocotrienols”; Dotan et al., “No Evidence Supports Vitamin E”; A. R. Ndhlala, M. Moyo, and J. Van Staden, “Natural Antioxidants: Fascinating or Mythical Biomolecules?” Molecules 15, no. 10 (2010): 6905–30; E. M. Becker, L. R. Nissen, and L. H. Skibsted, “Antioxidant Evaluation Protocols: Food Quality or Health Effects,” European Food Research and Technology 219, no. 6 (2004): 561–71.
CHAPTER 12
1. D. Pimentel et al., “Environmental and Economic Costs of Soil Erosion and Conservation Benefits,” Science 267, no. 5201 (1995): 1117–23; R. Segelken, in Cornell University news release (Ithaca, NY: 1997); D. Pimentel in Canadian Society of Animal Science Meetings (Montreal, Canada: 1997).
2. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “Deforestation Causes Global Warming,” news release, September 4, 2006, http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2006/1000385/index.html.
3. H. Steinfeld, P. Gerber, T. Wassenaar, V. Castel, M. Rosales, and C. de Haan, Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome (2006), ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0701e/a0701e00.pdf.
4. Ibid.
5. R. Goodland, “Our choices to overcome the climate crisis,” NGO Global Forum 14 (Gwangju, Korea, 2011).
6. I should point out that not all methods of cattle raising appear to contribute to global warming. There’s evidence that well-managed pastured cows actually decrease carbon emissions by helping to build soil and improve grassland fertility. (“What’s Your Beef?” National Trust, http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/servlet/file/store5/item842742/versionl/What’s%20your%20beef.pdf, 2012. While this paper’s conclusions about the health effects of meat are uninformed, the carbon sequestration research it describes appears to be evidence-based.
7. David E. Kromm, “Ogallala Aquifer,” Water Encyclopedia, accessed November 11, 2012, http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Ogallala-Aquifer.html; Manjula V. Guru and James E. Horne, The Ogallala Aquifer (Poteau, Oklahoma: The Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture, 2000), http://www.kerrcenter.com/publications/ogallala_aquifer.pdf.
8. Manjula V. Guru and James E. Horne, The Ogallala Aquifer.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Neal D. Barnard, Foods That Fight Pain: Revolutionary New Strategies for Maximum Pain Relief (New York: Three Rivers Press, 1999): 368.
Part III
CHAPTER 14
1. G. L. Hildenbrand, L. C. Hildenbrand, K. Bradford, and S. W. Cavin, “Five-Year Survival Rates of Melanoma Patients Treated by Diet Therapy after the Manner of Gerson: A Retrospective Review,” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 1, no. 4 (1995): 29–37.
2. Dr. Max Gerson advocated a largely plant-based diet as a possible cancer cure beginning back in 1936, and was roundly condemned at a U.S. Senate hearing in the 1940s.
3. D. Kavanagh, A. D. Hill, B. Djikstra, R. Kennelly, E. M. McDermott, and N. J. O’Higgins, “Adjuvant Therapies in the Treatment of Stage II and III Malignant Melanoma,” Surgeon 3, no. 4 (2005): 245–56.
4. D. J. Dewar, B. Newell, M. A. Green, A. P. Topping, B. W. Powell, and M. G. Cook, “The Microanatomic Location of Metastatic Melanoma in Sentinel Lymph Nodes Predicts Nonsentinel Lymph Node Involvement,” Journal of Clinical Oncology 22, no. 16 (2004): 3345–49.
5. Ibid.
6. This rather crude estimate is based on one million total cancer diagnoses per year, a number derived from the approximately 500,000 cancer-related deaths per year and the estimated 50 percent mortality rate among all cancer patients.
7. D. W. Light and R. N. Warburton, “Extraordinary Claims Require Extraordinary Evidence,” Journal of Health Economics 24 (2005): 1030–33.
8. D. W. Light and R. N. Warburton, “Drug R&D Costs Questioned: Widely Quoted Average Cost to Bring Drugs to Market Doesn’t Appear to Hold Up to Scrutiny,” Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News 31, no. 13 (July 1, 2011), http://www.genengnews.com/gen-articles/drug-r-d-costs-questioned/3707/.
9. “Direct-to-Consumer Advertising,” Wikipedia, last modified April 16, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-consumer_advertising.
10. “Big Pharma Spends More on Advertising Than Research and Development, Study Finds,” ScienceDaily (blog), January 7, 2008, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080105140107.htm.
11. “Majority of Pharmaceutical Ads Do Not Adhere to FDA Guidelines, New Study Finds,” ScienceDaily, August 18, 2011, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110818093052.htm.
12. “Big Pharma Spends More on Advertising than Research and Development, Study Finds,” ScienceDaily, January 7, 2008, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080105140107.htm.
13. “Pharmaceutical Industry,” Wikipedia, last modified October 30, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Industry.
14. “List of countries by GDP (nominal),” Wikipedia, accessed December 2, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal).
15. S. Yusuf, “Two Decades of Progress in Preventing Vascular Disease,” Lancet 360, no. 9326 (2002): 2–3; N. J. Wald and M. R. Law, “A Strategy to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease by More Than 80%,” BMJ 326, no. 7404 (2003): 1419–24; E. Lonn, J. Bosch, K. K. Teo, D. Xavier, and S. Yusuf, “The Polypill in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases: Key Concepts, Current Status, Challenges, and Future Directions,” Circulation 122, no. 20 (2010): 2078–88.
16. Wald and Law, “A Strategy to Reduce.”
17. Lonn et al., “The Polypill.”
18. Wald and Law, “A Strategy to Reduce.”
19. Combination Pharmacology and Public Health Research Working Group, “Combination Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disease,” Annals of Internal Medicine 143, no. 8 (2005): 593–99; J. Wise, “Polypill Holds Promise for People with Chronic Disease,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 83, no. 12 (2005): 885–87.
20. Lonn et al., “The Polypill.”
21. S. Ebrahim, A. Beswick, M. Burke, and S. G. Davey, “Multiple Risk Factor Interventions for Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease,” Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews (October 18, 2006): CD001561.
22. Ebrahim et al., “Multiple risk factor interventions.”
23. “Frequently Asked Questions August 2010: CODEX and Dietary Supplements,” CodexFund.com, accessed November 11, 2012, http://www.codexfund.com/faq.htm.
24. Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer, Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer (Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 1982).
25. Thurston, “Dietary Supplements.”
26. Ibid. Estimates of the size of the dietary supplement industry vary, depending on what types of products are considered. Nutrient supplements are only one part of this market.
CHAPTER 15
1. However, there has been increasing pressure in recent years for professors who wish to do research to also obtain enough funding to cover their salaries.
2. B. C. Martinson, M. S. Anderson, and R. de Vries, “Scientists Behaving Badly,” Nature 435 (June 9, 2005): 737–38.
3. Almost all of the research funding for our laboratory research was provided by the U.S. National Cancer Institute of the NIH, with smaller amounts by the American Institute for Cancer Research, the American Cancer Society, and other public agencies.
4. Farbstein et al., “Antioxidant Vitamins.”
5. Bjelakovic et al., “Mortality in Randomized Trials”; Miller et al., “Meta-analysis”; Lonn et al., “Effects of Long-Term Vitamin E.”
6. Augustyniak et al., “Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants”; Farbstein et al., “Antioxidant Vitamins”; Aggarwal et al., “Tocotrienols.”
CHAPTER 16
1. Richard Smith, “Medical Journals: A Gaggle of Golden Geese,” BMJ Group (blog), July 3, 2012, http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2012/07/03/richard-smith-medical-journals-a-gaggle-of-golden-geese/.
2. A. Lundh, M. Barbateskovic, A. Hrobjartsson, and P. C. Gotzsche, “Conflicts of Interest at Medical Journals: The Influence of Industry-Supported Randomised Trials on Journal Impact Factors and Revenue—Cohort Study,” PLoS Medicine 7 (2010): 1–7.
3. A. E. Handel, S. V. Patel, J. Pakpoor, G. G. Ebers, B. Goldacre, and S. V. Ramagopalan, “High Reprint Orders in Medical Journals and Pharmaceutical Industry Funding: Case-control Study,” British Medical Journal 344 (June 28, 2012): e4214, doi:10.1136/bmj.e4212.
4. Jacob Goldstein, “Whole Foods CEO: ‘We sell a bunch of junk,’” Wall Street Journal Health Blog, August 6, 2009, http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2009/08/05/whole-foods-ceo-we-sell-a-bunch-of-junk/.
5. A. Goldhamer, D. L. Lisle, B. Parpia, S. V. Anderson, and T. C. Campbell, “Medically Supervised Water-Only Fasting in the Treatment of Hypertension,” Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics 24, no. 5 (2001): 335–39; A. Goldhamer, D. L. Lisle, B. Parpia, S. V. Anderson, and T. C. Campbell, “Medically Supervised Water-Only Fasting in the Treatment of Borderline Hypertension,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 8, no. 5, (October 2002): 643–50.
6. C. D. Gardner, A. Kiazand, S. Alhassan, S. Kim, R. S. Stafford, R. R. Balise, H. C. Kraemer, and A. C. King, “Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for Change in Weight and Related Risk Factors among Overweight Premenopausal Women. The A to Z Weight Loss Study: A Randomized Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 297, no. 9 (2007): 969–77.
7. “Grants,” The Dr. Robert C. and Veronica Atkins Foundation, accessed November 1, 2012, http://www.atkinsfoundation.org/grants.asp.
8. J. Lehrer. The News Hour with Jim Lehrer, January 20, 2007.
9. C. Emery and J. Rockoff, “Cancer Death Rate Falls,” News & Observer (Raleigh, NC), January 18, 2007: 1A, 14A.
10. Associated Press, “Cancer Deaths Drop for 2nd Straight Year,” MSNBC.com, January 17, 2007, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16668688/ns/health-cancer/t/cancer-deaths-decline-nd-straight-year/.
11. Ibid.
12. National Cancer Institute, “NCI Budget Requests,” last modified November 1, 2011, http://www.cancer.gov/aboutnci/servingpeople/nci-budget-information/requests.
13. “Obituary: Sidney Harman, 1918–2011,” BloombergBusinessweek, April 14, 2011, http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/11xs_17/b4225024048922.htm.
14. “Alberto Ibargüen, President and CEO,” John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, 2012, http://www.knightfoundation.org/staff/alberto-ibarguen/.
15. “Anna Spangler Nelson, Trustee,” John S. and James L. Knight Foundation, 2012, http://www.knightfoundation.org/staff/anna-spangler-nelson/.
16. Lee Weisbecker, “Wakefield Group Joins VCs Going Invisible,” Triangle Business Journal, July 6, 2009, http://www.bizjournals.com/triangle/stories/2009/07/06/story6.html
17. “Services,” Aurora Diagnostics, 2011, http://www.auroradx.com/services/.
18. “Management,” Powell Investment Advisors, 2011, http://www.powellinvestmentadvisors.com/index.php/management/.
19. ADM may be better known for its production of high fructose corn syrup, which some now blamed for rising obesity rates and for its protracted legal battles and fines, some of which were dramatized in the Matt Damon movie The Informant.
CHAPTER 17
1. “Top Interest Groups Giving to Members of Congress, 2012 Cycle,” OpenSecrets.org, accessed November 9, 2012, http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/mems.php.
2. “Influence & Lobbying: Health Professionals,” OpenSecrets.org, accessed November 1, 2012, http://www.opensecrets.org/industries/indus.php?Ind=H01.
3. “Elias Zerhouni,” Wikipedia, last modified November 19, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Zerhouni.
4. “Former NIH Director Elias Zerhouni Rejoins Johns Hopkins Medicine as Senior Advisor,” Johns Hopkins Medicine, accessed December 2, 2012, http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/media/releases/Former_Nih_Director_Elias_Zerhouni_Rejoins_Johns_Hopkins_Medicine_as_Senior_Advisor.
5. “Dr. Julie Gerberding Named President of Merck Vaccines,” BusinessWire, December 21, 2009, http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20091221005649/en/Dr.-Julie-Gerberding-Named-President-Merck-Vaccines.
6. John Stone, “Mr. Gates, Dr. Julie Gerberding Told Dr. Sanjay Gupta Vaccines Cause Autism, Did You Forget?” Age of Autism, February 7, 2011, http://www.ageofautism.com/2011/02/mr-gates-dr-julie-gerberding-told-dr-gupta-vaccines-cause-autism-did-you-forget.html.
7. U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, “Table 134. National Health Expenditures—Summary: 1960 to 2009,” accessed November 1, 2009, http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0134.pdf.
8. Ali Frick, “GM CEO: Serious Health Care Reform ‘Undoubtedly Would Help Level the Playing Field,’” Think Progress, December 5, 2008, http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2008/12/05/33286/gm-health-care-reform/?mobile=nc.
9. As discussed previously, RDI is a newer term for the older recommended dietary allowance, or RDA. For the purposes of this discussion, the two are interchangeable.
10. D. M. Hegsted, “Calcium and Osteoporosis,” Journal of Nutrition 116 (1986): 2316–2319.
11. See The China Study, pp. 311–314.
12. T. C. Campell, T. Brun, J. Chen, Z. Feng & B. Parpia, “Questioning Riboflavin Recommendations on the Basis of a Survey in China,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51 (1990): 436-445.
13. The National Academies, “Report Offers New Eating and Physical Activity Targets to Reduce Chronic Disease Risk,” September 5, 2002, http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10490.
14. For more information, watch the brilliant series of lectures by Jeff Novick at http://www.jeffnovick.com/RD/Should_I_Eat_That.html.
15. B. Starfield, “Is US Health Really the Best in the World?”
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. This attitude definitely got Broder somewhere, though. After he left the NCI in 1989, he took up a research position at generic drug maker IVAX until he moved to his current post as chief medical officer at biotechnology giant Celera Corporation. “Ivax and Teva on the Heels of Taxol and Zovirax,” The Pharma Letter, April 7, 1997, http://www.thepharmaletter.com/file/41937/ivax-and-teva-on-the-heels-of-taxol-and-Zovirax.html; “Samuel Broder,” LinkedIn, accessed November 1, 2012, http://www.linkedin.com/pub/samuel-broder/25/649/b31.
19. “Aflatoxin & Liver Cancer,” The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, last modified November 9, 2007, http://www.niehs.nih.gov/about/congress/impacts/aflatoxin/index.cfm.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. T. C. Campbell, J. Chen, C. Liu, J. Li, and B. Parpia, “Nonassociation of Aflatoxin with Primary Liver Cancer in a Cross-Sectional Ecological Survey in the People’s Republic of China,” Cancer Research 50 (1990): 6882–93.
CHAPTER 18
1. “About the Society,” National Multiple Sclerosis Society, accessed November 1, 2012, http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-the-society/index.aspx.
2. “About the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,” Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2012, http://www.eatright.org/Media/content.aspx?id=6442467510.
3. Samuel S. Epstein, National Cancer Institute and American Cancer Society: Criminal Indifference to Cancer Prevention and Conflicts of Interest (Bloomington, NY: Xlibris, 2011).
4. Cancer Prevention Coalition, “The American Cancer Society (ACS) ‘More Interested in Accumulating Wealth Than Saving Lives,’ Warns Samuel S. Epstein, M.D.,” PR Newswire, accessed December 3, 2012, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-american-cancer-society-acs-more-interested-in-accumulating-wealth-than-saving-lives-warns-samuel-s-epstein-md-117942029.html.
5. “Screening for Breast Cancer,” U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, July 2010, http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/uspsbrca.htm.
6. “Diet and Physical Activity: What’s the Cancer Connection?” American Cancer Society, last modified January 13, 2012, http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/dietandphysicalactivity/diet-and-physical-activity.
7. “Dairy Foods & Cancer Prevention,” Dairy Council Digest 79, no. 1 (January/February 2008): 6, http://www.nationaldairycouncil.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/health_wellness/dairy_nutrients/dcd791.pdf.
8. William T. Jarvis, “Cancer Quackery,” National Council Against Health Fraud, December 17, 2000, http://www.ncahf.org/articles/c-d/caquackery.html.
9. “Sources of Support,” National Multiple Sclerosis Society, accessed December 2, 2012, http://www.nationalmssociety.org/about-the-society/sources-of-support/index.aspx.
10. “Women against MS Luncheon: Sponsorship Opportunities,” Triangle WAMS Luncheon website, accessed November 1, 2012, http://www.trianglewams.org/event-details/sponsorship-opportunities.
11. See The China Study, pp. 194–98 for a review of the remarkable research of Dr. Roy Swank and his 34-year study of MS patients. See also R. L. Swank and B. B. Dugan, “Effect of Low Saturated Fat Diet in Early and Late Cases of Multiple Sclerosis,” Lancet 336, no. 8706 (1990): 37–39.
12. “Nutrition and Diet,” National Multiple Sclerosis Society, accessed November 1, 2012, http://www.nationalmssociety.org/living-with-multiple-sclerosis/healthy-living/nutrition-and-diet/index.aspx.
13. “The Academy’s Annual Reports,” Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2012, http://www.eatright.org/annualreport/.
14. Pamela Popper, Solving America’s Healthcare Crisis (Worthington, OH: Bristol Woods Publishing, 2011), Kindle edition, Kindle location 4932.
15. Pamela Popper, email communication to author, October 15, 2012.
16. You can see the entire slide show at http://thechinastudy.com/and-slides.pdf. For more background and some smoking gun emails and internal AND documents, see Michael Ellberg’s hard-hitting expose on Forbes.com, “Is the ADA Intentionally Using State Legislatures to Block Alternative Nutrition Providers?” http://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelellsberg/2012/07/10/american_dietetic_association_2/.
17. Pamela Popper, email communication to author, October 16, 2012.
18. “Commission on Dietetic Registration Continuing Professional Education Accredited Providers,” Commission on Dietetic Registration, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, accessed November 1, 2012, http://www.cdrnet.org/whatsnew/accredited_providers.cfm.
19. “Benefits of Becoming a CPE Accredited Provider,” Commission on Dietetic Registration, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, accessed November 1, 2012, http://www.cdrnet.org/pdrcenter/pabenefits.cfm.
20. J. Leonard Lichtenfeld, “During Breast Cancer Awareness Month We Must Not Only Celebrate Our Success But Also Understand Our Limitations,” Dr. Len’s Blog, American Cancer Society, October 3, 2012, http://www.cancer.org/aboutus/drlensblog/post/2012/10/03/during-breast-cancer-awarenes-month-we-must-not-only-celebrate.aspx.