NOTES

PREFACE

1. J. Helliwell, R. Layard, and J. Sachs, World Happiness Report 2017, New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2017, http://worldhappiness.report/ed/2017 (accessed 2 February 2018). David G. Blanchflower and Andrew Oswald, Unhappiness and Pain in Modern America: A Review Essay, and Further Evidence, on Carol Graham’s Happiness for All? NBER Working Paper No. 24087, Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017, http://papers.nber.org/tmp/43780-w24087.pdf (accessed 2 February 2018).

2. Jacqueline Olds and Richard S. Schwartz, The Lonely American: Drifting Apart in the Twenty-first Century, Boston: Beacon Press, 2009. American Psychological Association, “So lonely I could die,” American Psychological Association news release 5 August 2017, http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2017/08/lonely-die.aspx (accessed 2 February 2018).

3. Jean M. Twenge, Thomas E. Joiner, Megan L. Rogers, et al., “Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among U.S. adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time,” Clinical Psychological Science 2018;6(1):3–17, https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617723376 (accessed 2 February 2018). Graeme Paton, “Overexposure to technology ‘makes children miserable,’” The Telegraph 26 October 2012, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/9636862/Overexposure-to-technology-makes-children-miserable.html (accessed 2 February 2018). Jean M. Twenge, Gabrielle N. Martin, and W. Keith Campbell, “Decreases in psychological well-being among American adolescents after 2012 and links to screen time during the rise of smartphone technology,” Emotion 2018;18(1), http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000403 (accessed 2 February 2018).

4. Jean M. Twenge and Heejung Park, “The decline in adult activities among U.S. adolescents, 1976–2016,” Child Development 2017;00(0):1–17, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdev.12930/ abstract, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12930 (accessed 2 February 2018).

5. “Distracted driving,” U.S. Department of Transportation (n.d.), https://www.nhtsa.gov/risky-driving/distracted-driving (accessed 2 February 2018).

6. P. Matthijs Bal and Martijn Veltkamp, “How does fiction reading influence empathy? An experimental investigation on the role of emotional transportation,” PLoS ONE 2013;8(1):e55341, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055341 (accessed 2 February 2018).

7. Jean M. Twenge, Sara Konrath, Joshua D. Foster, et al., “Egos inflating over time: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory,” Journal of Personality 2008;76(4):875–901, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00507.x (accessed 2 February 2018). Frederick S. Stinson, Deborah A. Dawson, Risë B. Goldstein, et al., “Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions,” Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2008;69(7):1033–1045, https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/article/Pages/2008/v69n07/v69n0701.aspx (accessed 2 February 2018). Jean M. Twenge and Joshua D. Foster, “Mapping the scale of the narcissism epidemic: Increases in narcissism 2002–2007 within ethnic groups,” Journal of Research in Personality 2008;42(6):1619–1622, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.06.014 (accessed 2 February 2018). Jean M. Twenge and Josha D. Foster, “Birth cohort increases in narcissistic personality traits among American college students, 1982–2009,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 2010;1(1):99–106, https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550609355719 (accessed 2 February 2018). Sara H. Konrath, Edward H. O’Brien, and Courtney Hsing, “Changes in dispositional empathy in American college students over time: A meta-analysis,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 2010;15(2):180–198. Jean M. Twenge, “The evidence for Generation Me and against Generation We,” Emerging Adulthood 2013;1(1):11–16, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2167696812466548 (accessed 2 February 2018). Jean M. Twenge, “Overwhelming evidence for Generation Me: A reply to Arnett,” Emerging Adulthood 2013;1(1):21–26, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2167696812468112 (accessed 2 February 2018). Keith Oatley, “Fiction: Stimulation of social worlds,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2016;20(8):618–628, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.06.002 (accessed 2 February 2018). Joe Pierre, “The narcissism epidemic and what we can do about it: Looking in the mirror at our love of narcissists, part 3,” Psychology Today 8 July 2016, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/psych-unseen/201607/the-narcissism-epidemic-and-what-we-can-do-about-it (accessed 2 February 2018).

8. Trends in Consumer Mobility Report 2015, Bank of America 2015, http://newsroom.bankofamerica.com/files/doc_library/additional/2015_BAC_Trends_in_Consumer_Mobility_Report.pdf (accessed 2 February 2018).

9. Timothy D. Wilson, David A. Reinhard, Erin C. Westgate, et al., “Just think: The challenges of the disengaged mind,” Science 2014;345(6192):75–77, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1250830 (accessed 2 February 2018).

10. Paul Lewis, “‘Our minds can be hijacked’: The tech insiders who fear a smartphone dystopia,” The Guardian 6 October 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/05/smartphone-addiction-silicon-valley-dystopia (accessed 2 February 2018).

11. Scott Berinato, “Inside Facebook’s A.I. workshop,” Harvard Business Review 19 July 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/07/inside-facebooks-ai-workshop (accessed 2 February 2018).

12. Jacqueline Howard, “Americans devote more than 10 hours a day to screen time, and growing,” CNN 29 July 2016, https://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/30/health/americans-screen-time-nielsen/index.html (accessed 2 February 2018). Sarah Perez, “U.S. consumers now spend 5 hours per day on mobile devices,” TechCrunch 3 March 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/03/03/u-s-consumers-now-spend-5-hours-per-day-on-mobile-devices (accessed 2 February 2018).

INTRODUCTION

1. Noah Budnick, “Largest distracted driving behavior study,” Zendrive 17 April, http://blog.zendrive.com/distracted-driving (accessed 2 February 2018).

2. David Comer Kidd and Emanuele Castano, “Reading literary fiction improves theory of mind,” Science 2013;342(6156):377–380, https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1239918 (accessed 2 February 2018).

3. Victoria Rideout, Children, Teens, and Reading: A Common Sense Media Research Brief, San Francisco: Common Sense Media, 2014, https://www.commonsensemedia.org/file/csm-children teensand reading-2014pdf/download (accessed 2 February 2018). American Academy of Arts and Sciences, “Youth reading for fun,” Humanities Indicators January 2016 (accessed 2 February 2018), https://humanitiesindicators.org/content/indicatordoc.aspx?i=10975 (accessed 2 February 2018). “Results from the Annual Arts Basic Survey (2013–2015),” National Endowment for the Arts August 2016, https://www.arts.gov/artistic-fields/research-analysis/arts-data-profiles/arts-data-profile-10 (accessed 2 February 2018). Margaret K. Merga and Saiyidi Mat Roni, “The influence of access to eReaders, computers and mobile phones on children’s book reading frequency,” Computers & Education 2017;109:187–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2017.02.016 (accessed 2 February 2018).

4. Naomi S. Baron, Words Onscreen: The Fate of Reading in a Digital World, Oxford: OUP, 2015, https://global.oup.com/academic/product/words-onscreen-9780199315765 (accessed 2 February 2018). Anne Mangen, Bente R. Walgermo, and Kolbjørn Brønnick, “Reading linear texts on paper versus computer screen: Effects on reading comprehension,” International Journal of Educational Research 2013;58:61– 68, https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2012.12.002 (accessed 2 February 2018).

5. Perry W. Thorndyke and Barbara Hayes-Roth, “Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation,” Cognitive Psychology 1982;14(4):560–589, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e847/34d4504d7b85db0500b8409c72ce26b29160.pdf (accessed 2 February 2018). Ginette Wessel, Caroline Ziemkiewicz, Remco Chang, et al., GPS and road map navigation: The case for a spatial framework for semantic information, Rome: Advanced Visual Interfaces ’10 conference presentation, 2010. Lin Edwards, “Study suggests reliance on GPS may reduce hippocampus function as we age,” Medical Xpress 18 November 2010, https://medicalxpress.com/news/2010-11-reliance-gps-hippocampus-function-age.html (accessed 2 February 2018). Katherine Woollett and Eleanor A. Maguire, “Acquiring ‘the Knowledge’ of London’s layout drives structural brain changes,” Current Biology 2011;21(24):2109–2114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.018. Stefan Münzer, Hubert D. Zimmer, and Jörg Baus, “Navigation assistance: A trade-off between wayfinding support and configural learning support,” Journal of Experiential Psychology Applied 2012;18(1):18–37, https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026553 (accessed 2 February 2018). Toru Ishikawa and Kazunori Takahashi, “Relationships between methods for presenting information on navigation tools and users’ wayfinding behavior,” Cartographic Perspectives 2013;(75):17–28, https://dx.doi.org/10.14714/CP75.82 (accessed 2 February 2018). John Edward Huth, The Lost Art of Finding Our Way, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013. Amir-Homayoun Javadi, Beatrix Emo, Lorelei R. Howard, et al., “Hippocampal and prefrontal processing of network topology to simulate the future,” Nature Communications 2017;8:14652, https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14652 (accessed 2 February 2018). Leon Neyfakh, “Do our brains pay a price for GPS?” The Boston Globe 17 August 2013, https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2013/08/17/our-brains-pay-price-for-gps/d2Tnvo4hiWjuybid5UhQVO/story.html (accessed 2 February 2018).

6. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011.

7. John M. Jakicic, Kelliann K. Davis, Renee J. Rogers, et al., “Effect of wearable technology combined with a lifestyle intervention on long-term weight loss: The IDEA randomized clinical trial,” JAMA 2016;316(11):1161–1171, http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.12858 (accessed 2 February 2018).

8. Courtney C. Simpson and Suzanne E. Mazzeo, “Calorie counting and fitness tracking technology: Associations with eating disorder symptomatology,” Eating Behaviours 2017;26:89–92, doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2017.02.002 (accessed 2 February 2018).

9. Thuy Ong, “39 million Americans reportedly own a voice-activated smart speaker,” The Verge 15 Jan 2018, https://www.theverge.com/2018/1/15/16892254/smart-speaker-ownership-google-amazon (accessed 2 February 2018).

10. Dana Hull, “Elon Musk’s Neuralink gets $27 million to build brain computers,” Bloomberg Technology 25 Aug 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-25/elon-musk-s-neuralink-gets-27-million-to-build-brain-computers (accessed 2 February 2018).

11. Vivek Wadhwa and Alex Salkever, The Driver in the Driverless Car: How Our Technology Choices Will Create the Future, Oakland, California: Berrett-Koehler, 2017.

CHAPTER 1

1. Jessica Lee, “No. 1 position in Google gets 33% of search traffic [study],” Search Engine Watch 11 February 2018, https://searchenginewatch.com/sew/study/2276184/no-1-position-in-google-gets-33-of-search-traffic-study (accessed 2 February 2018).

2. “The way the brain buys,” The Economist 18 December 2008, http://www.economist.com/node/12792420 (accessed 2 February 2018).

3. Tristan Harris, “How technology is hijacking your mind—from a magician and Google design ethicist,” Thrive Global 18 May 2016, journal.thriveglobal.com/how-technology-hijacks-peoples-minds-from-a-magician-and-google-s-design-ethicist-56d62ef5edf3 (accessed 2 February 2018).

4. Charles B. Ferster and B. F. Skinner, Schedules of Reinforcement, New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957.

5. Andrew Thompson, “Engineers of addiction,” The Verge 6 May 2015, https://www.theverge.com/2015/5/6/8544303/casino-slot-machine-gambling-addiction-psychology-mobile-games (accessed 2 February 2018).

6. Brad Plumer, “Slot-machine science: How casinos get you to spend more money,” Vox 1 Mar 2015, https://www.vox.com/2014/8/7/5976927/slot-machines-casinos-addiction-by-design (accessed 2 February 2018).

7. Candice Graydon, Mike J. Dixon, Kevin A. Harrigan, et al., “Losses disguised as wins in multiline slots: using an educational animation to reduce erroneous win overestimates,” International Gambling Studies 2017;17:442–458, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14459795.2017.1355404 (accessed 2 February 2018).

8. Luke Clark, Andrew J. Lawrence, Frances Astley-Jones, et al., “Gambling near-misses enhance motivation to gamble and recruit win-related brain circuitry,” Neuron 2009;61(3):481–490, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.031 (accessed 2 February 2018).

9. Mark R. Dixon and Jacob Daar, “Losses disguised as wins, the science behind casino profits,” The Conversation 3 November 2014, https://theconversation.com/losses-disguised-as-wins-the-science-behind-casino-profits-31939 (accessed 2 February 2018).

10. Robert B. Breen and Mark Zimmerman, “Rapid onset of pathological gambling in machine gamblers,” Journal of Gambling Studies 2002;18(1):31–43, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014580112648 (accessed 2 February 2018). Mike J. Dixon, Kevin A. Harrigan, Rajwant Sandhu, et al., “Losses disguised as wins in modern multiline video slot machines,” Addiction 2010;105(10):1819–1824, https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03050.x (accessed 2 February 2018). “Congratulations, you’ve lost! How slot machines disguise losses as wins,” Freakonomics 1 September 2011, http://freakonomics.com/2011/09/01/congratulations-youve-lost-how-slot-machines-disguise-loses-as-wins (accessed 2 February 2018). Alice Robb, “Why are slot machines so addictive?” New Republic 5 December 2013, https://newrepublic.com/article/115838/gambling-addiction-why-are-slot-machines-so-addictive (accessed 2 February 2018). Brad Plumer, “Slot-machine science: How casinos get you to spend more money,” Vox 1 Mar 2015, https://www.vox.com/2014/8/7/5976927/slot-machines-casinos-addiction-by-design (accessed 2 February 2018). Candice Graydon, Mike J. Dixon, Kevin A. Harrigan, et al., “Losses disguised as wins in multiline slots: Using an educational animation to reduce erroneous win overestimates.” K. R. Barton, Y. Yazdani, N. Ayer, et al., “The effect of losses disguised as wins and near misses in electronic gaming machines: A systematic review,” Journal of Gambling Studies 2017;33:1241–1260, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-017-9688-0 (accessed 2 February 2018).

11. Tristan Harris, “How technology is hijacking your mind—from a magician and Google design ethicist.”

12. Keith Hampton, Lauren Sessions Goulet, Eun Ja Her, et al., Social Isolation and New Technology: How the Internet and Mobile Phones Impact Americans’ Social Networks, Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2009, http://www.pewinternet.org/2009/11/04/social-isolation-and-new-technology (accessed 2 February 2018).

13. David Ginsbert and Moira Burke, “Hard questions: Is spending time on social media bad for us?” Facebook Newsroom 15 Dec 2017, https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2017/12/hard-questions-is-spending-time-on-social-media-bad-for-us (accessed 2 February 2018).

14. Eli J. Finkel, Paul W. Eastwick, Benjamin R. Karney, et al., “Online dating: A critical analysis from the perspective of psychological science,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 2012;13(1):3–66, http://www.psychologicalscience.org/publications/journals/pspi/online-dating.html (accessed 2 February 2018). Hui-Tzu Grace Chou and Nicholas Edge, “‘They are happier and having better lives than I am’: The impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others’ lives,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 2012;15(2):117–121, https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2011.0324 (accessed 2 February 2018). Sonja Lyubomirsky and Lee Ross, “Hedonic consequences of social comparison: A contrast of happy and unhappy people,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1997;73(6):1141–1157, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9418274 (accessed 2 February 2018).

15. Emily Hanna, L. Monique Ward, Rita C. Seabrook, et al., “Contributions of social comparison and self-objectification in mediating associations between Facebook use and emergent adults’ Psychological Well-Being,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 2017;20(3)172–179, https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0247 (accessed 2 February 2018). Helmut Appel, Alexander L. Gerlach, and Jan Crusius, “The interplay between Facebook use, social comparison, envy, and depression,” Current Opinion in Psychology 2016 June;9:44–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.006 (accessed 2 February 2018).

16. Allee Manning, “Teens are crippled by social media-fueled FOMO,” Vocativ 16 June 2016, http://www.vocativ.com/329926/teen-social-media-fomo/index.html (accessed 2 February 2018).

17. Sebastián Valenzuela, Daniel Halpern, and James E.Katz, “Social network sites, marriage well-being and divorce: Survey and state-level evidence from the United States,” Computers in Human Behavior 2014;36:94–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.034 (accessed 2 February 2018).

18. Emily Hanna, L. Monique Ward, Rita C. Seabrook, et al., “Contributions of social comparison and self-objectification in mediating associations between Facebook use and emergent adults’ psychological well-being,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 2017;20(3):172–179, https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0247 (accessed 2 February 2018).

19. Holly B. Shakya and Nicholas A. Christakis, “Association of Facebook use with compromised well-being: A longitudinal study,” American Journal of Epidemiology 2017;185(3):203–211, https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww189 (accessed 2 February 2018).

20. Proma Khosla, “Study reveals how often we laugh, cry, and get creeped on while watching Netflix in public,” Mashable Australia 14 November 2017, https://mashable.com/2017/11/14/netflix-public-bingeing (accessed 22 March 2018).

21. Virginia Lau, “The Michael J. Fox Foundation uses Facebook to recruit Ashkenazi Jews for Parkinson’s study,” MM&M 22 Sep 2016, http://www.mmm-online.com/campaigns/the-michael-j-fox-foundation-uses-facebook-to-recruit-ashkenazi-jews-for-parkinsons-study/article/524267 (accessed 2 February 2018).

22. Liese Exelmans and Jan Van den Buick, “Binge viewing, sleep, and the role of pre-sleep arousal,” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 2017;13(8):1001–1008, https://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6704 (accessed 2 February 2018).

23. Alex Hern, “Netflix’s biggest competitor? Sleep,” The Guardian 18 April 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/apr/18/netflix-competitor-sleep-uber-facebook (accessed 2 February 2018).

24. Gloria Mark, Shamsi T. Iqbal, Mary Czerwinski, et al., “Email duration, batching and self-interruption: Patterns of email use on productivity and stress,” in Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York: ACM, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858262 (accessed 2 February 2018).

25. Andrew Nusca, “Slack raises $250 million; tops $5 billion variation,” Fortune 18 September 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/09/17/slack-raise-valuation (accessed 2 February 2018).

26. Gloria Mark, Shamsi T. Iqbal, Mary Czerwinski, et al., “Email duration, batching and self-interruption: Patterns of email use on productivity and stress.”

27. Tristan Harris, “How technology is hijacking your mind—From a magician and Google design ethicist.”

28. Jenny Anderson, “A letter from two big Apple investors powerfully summarizes how smartphones mess with kids’ brains,” Quartz 8 Jan 2018, https://qz.com/1174317/a-letter-from-apple-aapl-investors-jana-partners-and-calstrs-powerfully-summarizes-how-smartphones-mess-with-kids-brains (accessed 2 February 2018).

29. “IAB ad blocking report: Who blocks ads, why, and how to win them back,” IAB 26 July 2016, https://www.iab.com/insights/ad-blocking-blocks-ads-win-back (accessed 2 February 2018).

30. Sally Andrews, David A. Ellis, Heather Shaw, et al., “Beyond self-report: Tools to compare estimated and real-world smartphone use,” PLoS ONE 2015;10(10):e0139004, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139004 (accessed 2 February 2018).

31. Glen Fleishman, “‘Stranger Danger’ to children vastly overstated,” BoingBoing 24 Feb 2015, https://boingboing.net/2015/02/24/our-children-are-safer-than-ou.html (accessed 2 February 2018).

32. Hanna Rosin, “The overprotected kid,” The Atlantic April 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/04/hey-parents-leave-those-kids-alone/358631 (accessed 2 February 2018). Victoria Rideout, Children, Teens, and Reading, San Francisco: Common Sense Media, 2014, https://www.commonsensemedia.org/file/csm-childrenteensandreading-2014pdf/download (accessed 2 February 2018). News and America’s Kids: How Young People Perceive and Are Impacted by the News, San Francisco: Common Sense Media, 2017, https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research/news-and-americas-kids (accessed 2 February 2018).

33. Ashley J. Thomas, P. Kyle Stanford, and Barbara W. Sarnecka, “No child left alone: Moral judgments about parents affect estimates of risk to children,” Collabra 2016;2(1):10, http://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.33 (accessed 2 February 2018). Ashley J. Thomas, P. Kyle Stanford, and Barbara W. Sarnecka, “Correction: No child left alone: Moral judgments about parents affect estimates of risk to children,” Collabra 2016;2(1):12, http://doi.org/10.1525/collabra.58 (accessed 2 February 2018).

34. Melissa L. Finucane, Ali Alhakami, Paul Slovic, et al., “The affect heuristic in judgements of risks and benefits,” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 2000;13:1–17, http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/keith.chen/negot.papers/FinAlhSlovicJohn_AffectHeur00.pdf (accessed 2 February 2018).

35. Carmen Keller, Michael Siegrist, and Heinz Gutscher, “The role of the affect and availability heuristics in risk communication,” Risk Analysis 2006;26(3):631–639, https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00773.x (accessed 2 February 2018).

36. Marc Andrews, Matthijs van Leeuwen, and Rick van Baaren, Hidden Persuasion: 33 Psychological Influence Techniques in Advertising, Amsterdam: BIS, 2013. Natasha Dow Schüll, Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014.

CHAPTER 2

1. Ian Leslie, “The scientists who make apps addictive,” 1843 October–November 2016, https://www.1843magazine.com/features/the-scientists-who-make-apps-addictive (accessed 2 February 2018).

2. Ibid.

3. Nir Eyal, Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products, New York: Penguin, 2014.

4. “Habit Summit,” Habit Summit (n.d.), https://habitsummit.com (accessed 2 February 2018).

5. B. J. Fogg and Clifford Nass, “How users reciprocate to computers: An experiment that demonstrates behavior change,” CHI 97 Electronic Publications: Late-Breaking/Short Talks, https://archive.is/uvuzh (accessed 2 February 2018).

6. “What is captology,” Stanford Persuasive Technology Lab (n.d.), http://captology.stanford.edu/about/what-is-captology.html (accessed 2 February 2018).

CHAPTER 3

1. Renee Stepler, “Led by baby boomers, divorce rates climb for America’s 50+ population,” Pew Research Center 9 March 2017, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/09/led-by-baby-boomers-divorce-rates-climb-for-americas-50-population (accessed 2 February 2018). “National marriage and divorce rate trends,” CDC National Center for Health Statistics, 23 November 2015, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/marriage_divorce_tables.htm (accessed 2 February 2018).

2. Richard Fry, “New census data show more Americans are tying the knot, but mostly it’s the college-educated,” Pew Research Center 6 February 2014, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/02/06/new-census-data-show-more-americans-are-tying-the-knot-but-mostly-its-the-college-educated (accessed 2 February 2018).

3. Jean M. Twenge, Ryne A. Sherman, and Brooke E. Wells, “Declines in sexual frequency among American adults, 1989–2014,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 2017;46(8):2389–2401, https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-0953-1 (accessed 2 February 2018).

4. John F. Helliwell and Shawn Grover, How’s Life at Home? New Evidence on Marriage and the Set Point for Happiness (NBER Working Paper 20794), Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2014, https://www.nber.org/papers/w20794, https://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20794 (accessed 2 February 2018).

5. Rebecca Rosen, “Marriage will not fix poverty,” The Atlantic 11 March 2016, http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/03/marriage-poverty/473019 (accessed 2 February 2018).

6. Jane Anderson, “The impact of family structure on the health of children: Effects of divorce,” The Linacre Quarterly 2014;81(4):378– 387, https://doi.org/10.1179/0024363914Z.00000000087 (accessed 2 February 2018).

7. Emerging Technology, “First evidence that online dating is changing the nature of society,” MIT Technology Review 10 October 2017, http://www.technologyreview.com/s/609091/first-evidence-that-online-dating-is-changing-the-nature-of-society (accessed 2 February 2018).

8. Aaron Smith, 15% of American Adults Have Used Online Dating Sites or Mobile Dating Apps, Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2016, http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/02/11/15-percent-of-american-adults-have-used-online-dating-sites-or-mobile-dating-apps (accessed 2 February 2018).

9. Catalina L. Toma, Jeffrey T. Hancock, and Nicole B. Ellison, “Separating fact from fiction: An examination of deceptive self-presentation in online dating profiles,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2008;34(8):1023–1036, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208318067 (accessed 2 February 2018).

10. Marisa Meltzer, “Online dating: Match me if you can,” Consumer Reports 29 December 2016, www.consumerreports.org/dating-relationships/online-dating-guide-match-me-if-you-can (accessed 2 February 2018).

11. John T. Cacioppo et al., “Marital satisfaction and break-ups differ across on-line and off-line meeting venues,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2013;110(25):10135–10140, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222447110 (accessed 2 February 2018).

12. Amy Webb, Data: A Love Story, New York: Penguin, 2013.

13. Jean M. Twenge, Ryne A. Sherman, and Brooke E. Wells, “Changes in American adults’ sexual behavior and attitudes, 1972– 2012,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 2015;44(8):2273–2285, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0540-2 (accessed 2 February 2018).

14. Eli J. Finkel, Paul W. Eastwick, Benjamin R. Karney, et al., “Online dating: A critical analysis from the perspective of psychological science,” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 2012;3(1):3–66, https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100612436522 (accessed 2 February 2018).

15. Eli J. Finkel, Paul W. Eastwick, Benjamin R. Karney, et al., “Dating in a digital world,” Scientific American Mind 2012;23:26–33, https://www.nature.com/scientificamericanmind/journal/v23/n4/full, https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind0912-26, http://www.quizner.co/OnlineDating.pdf (accessed 2 February 2018).

16. Maris Kreizmen, “An algorithm isn’t always the answer,” New York Times 24 November 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/opinion/sunday/holidays-gifts-algorithms-online-dating.html (accessed 2 February 2018).

17. Eli J. Finkel, Paul W. Eastwick, Benjamin R. Karney, et al., “Dating in a digital world.”

18. Eli J. Finkel, Paul W. Eastwick, Benjamin R. Karney, et al., “Online dating: A critical analysis from the perspective of psychological science.”

19. Jeffrey A. Hall and Benjamin L. Compton, “Pre-and post interaction physical attractiveness ratings and experience-based impressions,” J Communication Studies 2017;68(3):260–277, https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2017.1317281 (accessed 2 February 2018).

20. Ibid.

21. Eli J. Finkel, Paul W. Eastwick, Benjamin R. Karney, et al., “Dating in a digital world.”

22. Eli J. Finkel, Paul W. Eastwick, Benjamin R. Karney, et al., “Online dating: A critical analysis from the perspective of psychological science.”

23. “We Experiment on Human Beings!,” OkCupid 27 July 2014, theblog.okcupid.com/we-experiment-on-human-beings-5dd9fe280cd5.

24. Jonathan D. D’Angelo and Catalina L. Toma, “There are plenty of fish in the sea: The efects of choice overload and reversibility on online daters’ satisfaction with selected partners,” Media Psychology 2017;20(1):1–27, https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2015.1121827 (accessed 2 February 2018).

25. Jennie Zhang and Taha Yasseri, What Happens After You Both Swipe Right: A Statistical Description of Mobile Dating Communications, Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute, 2016, arxiv.org/pdf/1607.03320.pdf (accessed 2 February 2018).

26. Julie Beck, “The rise of dating-app fatigue,” The Atlantic 25 October 2016, http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/10/the-unbearable-exhaustion-of-dating-apps/505184 (accessed 2 February 2018).

27. Jessica Strubel and Trent A. Petrie, “Love me Tinder: Body image and psychosocial functioning among men and women,” Body Image 2017;21:34–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.02.006 (accessed 2 February 2018).

28. “2017 Year in Review,” Pornhub Insights 9 Jan 2018, https://www.pornhub.com/insights/2017-year-in-review (accessed 2 February 2018).

29. Kirsten Weir, “Is pornography addictive?” American Psychological Association 2014 April;45(4):46, https://www.apa.org/monitor/2014/04/pornography.aspx (accessed 2 February 2018).

30. Paul J. Wright, Ana Bridges, Chyng Sun, et al., “Personal pornography viewing and sexual satisfaction: A quadratic analysis,” Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 2017;8:1–8, https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2017.1377131.

31. Jenny Minarcik, “The effects of sexually explicit material use on romantic relationship dynamics,” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 2016;5(4):700–707, https://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.078 (accessed 2 February 2018).

32. Nathaniel M. Lambert, “A love that doesn’t last: Pornography consumption and weakened commitment to one’s romantic partner,” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2012;31(4):410–438.

33. Simone Kühn and Jürgen Gallinat, “Brain structure and functional connectivity associated with pornography consumption,” JAMA Psychiatry 2014;71(7):827–834, https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.93 (accessed 2 February 2018).

34. Jason S. Carroll and Brian J. Willoughby, “The porn gap: Differences in men’s and women’s pornography patterns in couple relationships,” Institute for Family Studies 4 October 2017, https://ifstudies.org/blog/the-porn-gap-gender-differences-in-pornography-use-in-couple-relationships (accessed 2 February 2018).

35. J. Michael Bostwick and Jeffrey A. Bucci, “Internet sex addiction treated with naltrexone,” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2008;83(2): 226–230, http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/83.2.226 (accessed 2 February 2018).

36. Frank O. Poulsen, Dean M. Busby, and Adam M. Galovan, “Pornography use: Who uses it and how it is associated with couple outcomes,” Journal of Sex Research 2013;50(1):72–83, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224499.2011.648027 (accessed 2 February 2018).

37. Jean M. Twenge, Ryne A. Sherman, and Brooke E. Wells, “Declines in sexual frequency among American adults, 1989–2014.”

38. Christopher Ryan, “The Future of Sex,” Psychology Today 5 May 2014, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/sex-dawn/201405/the-future-sex (accessed 2 February 2018).

39. Amy Mulse, Ulrich Schimmack, and Emily A. Impett, “Sexual frequency predicts greater well-being, but more is not always better,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 2016;7(4):295–302, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1948550615616462 (accessed 2 February 2018). Howard S. Friedman, “Orgasms, health and longevity: Does sex promote health?” Psychology Today 12 February 2011, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/secrets-longevity/201102/orgasms-health-and-longevity-does-sex-promote-health (accessed 2 February 2018).

40. Anik Debrot, Nathalie Meuwly, Amy Muise, et al., “More than just sex,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2017; 43(3):287–299, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216684124 (accessed 2 February 2018).

CHAPTER 4

1. Cal Newport, Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World, New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2016.

2. Nicholas Carr, The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains, New York: W. W. Norton, 2011.

3. Jeffrey Pfeffer, Dying for a Paycheck: How Modern Management Harms Employee Health and Company Performance—and What We Can Do About It, New York: HarperBusiness, 2018.

4. Megan Gibson, “Here’s a radical way to end vacation email overload,” Time 15 August 2014, http://time.com/3116424/daimler-vacation-email-out-of-office (accessed 2 February 2018).

5. Chris Weller, “10 companies that pay employees extra to take vacations,” Inc. 3 October 2017, http://www.inc.com/business-insider/10-companies-that-pay-employees-extra-for-vacations.html (accessed 2 February 2018).

6. Informate, “No time to talk: Americans sending/receiving five times as many texts compared to phone calls each day, according to new report,” PR Newswire news release 25 March 2015, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/no-time-to-talk-americans-sendingreceiving-five-times-as-many-texts-compared-to-phone-calls-each-day-according-to-new-report-300056023.html (accessed 2 February 2018).

7. Michael Malkins, “Is technology really helping us get more done?” Harvard Business Review 25 February 2016, hbr.org/2016/02/is-technology-really-helping-us-get-more-done (accessed 2 February 2018).

8. Email Statistics Report, 2017–2021, London: The Radicati Group, 2017, https://www.radicati.com/?p=14588 (accessed 2 February 2018).

9. “Connecting one billion users every day,” WhatsApp Blog 26 July 2017, blog.whatsapp.com/10000631/Connecting-One-Billion-Users-Every-Day (accessed 2 February 2018).

10. Instant Messaging Market, 2017–2021, London: The Radicati Group, 2017, https://www.radicati.com/?p=14611 (accessed 2 February 2018).

11. Gloria Mark, Daniela Gudith, and Ulrich Klocke, “The Cost of Interrupted Work: More Speed and Stress,” in Proceedings of the 2008 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2008, New York: ACM Press, 2008, https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1357054.1357072 (accessed 2 February 2018).

12. Gloria Mark, Shamsi T. Iqbal, Mary Czerwinski, et al., “Neurotics can’t focus: An in situ study of online multitasking in the workplace,” in Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York: ACM Press, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858202 (accessed 2 February 2018).

13. Kermit Pattison, “Worker, interrupted: The cost of task switching,” Fast Company 28 July 2008, https://www.fastcompany.com/944128/worker-interrupted-cost-task-switching (accessed 2 February 2018).

14. Mary Meeker and Liang Wu, “Internet trends report 2013,” Slideshare 29 May 2013, https://www.slideshare.net/kleinerperkins/kpcb-internet-trends-2013/52-Mobile_Users_Reach_to_Phone (accessed 2 February 2018).

15. Sophie Leroy, “Why is it so hard to do my work? The challenge of attention residue when switching between work tasks,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 2009;109(2)168–181, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.04.002 (accessed 2 February 2018).

16. Schumpeter, “The collaboration curse: The fashion for making employees collaborate has gone too far,” The Economist, 23 January 2016, http://www.economist.com/news/business/21688872-fashion-making-employees-collaborate-has-gone-too-far-collaboration-curse (accessed 2 February 2018).

17. Susan Payne Carter, Kyle Greenberg, and Michael S. Walker, “The impact of computer usage on academic performance: Evidence from a randomized trial at the United States Military Academy,” Economics of Education Review 2017;56:118–132, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.12.005 (accessed 2 February 2018).

18. Dan Nixon, “Is the economy suffering a crisis of attention?” Bank Underground 24 November 2017, https://bankunderground.co.uk/2017/11/24/is-the-economy-suffering-from-the-crisis-of-attention (accessed 2 February 2018).

19. Gloria Mark, Daniela Gudith, and Ulrich Klocke, “The cost of interrupted work: More speed and stress.”

20. “5 questions with Gloria Mark,” Aspen Ideas Festival 22 June 2016, http://www.aspenideas.org/blog/5-questions-gloria-mark (accessed 2 February 2018).

21. Tom Monahan, “The hard evidence: Business is slowing down,” Fortune 28 January 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/01/28/business-decision-making-project-management (accessed 2 February 2018).

22. Michael Mankins, “Is technology really helping us get more done?”

23. Ibid.

24. Michael Mankins, “This weekly meeting took up 300,000 hours a year,” Harvard Business Review 29 April 2014, https://hbr.org/2014/04/how-a-weekly-meeting-took-up-300000-hours-a-yearOther (accessed 2 February 2018).

25. Catherine Clifford, “How much time do your employees spend doing real work? The answer may surprise you,” Entrepreneur 23 November 2014, https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/240076 (accessed 2 February 2018).

26. “How technology impacts workplace productivity today (infographic),” Highfive 20 August 2015, highfive.com/blog/impact-of-technology-on-productivity (accessed 2 February 2018).

27. M. Mahdi Roghanizad and Vanessa K. Bohns, “Ask in person: You’re less persuasive than you think over email,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 2017;69:223–226, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.10.002 (accessed 2 February 2018).

28. Sarah Kessler, “IBM, remote-work pioneer, is calling thousands of employees back to the office,” Quartz 21 March 2017, qz.com/924167/ibm-remote-work-pioneer-is-calling-thousands-of-employees-back-to-the-office (accessed 2 February 2018).

29. Wayne F. Cascio and Ramiro Montealegre, “How technology is changing work and organizations,” Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior 3:349–375, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062352 (accessed 2 February 2018).

30. Sarah Kessler, “Researchers have settled the question of whether it’s better to work from home or the office,” Quartz 18 July 2017, https://qz.com/1032085/is-working-from-home-really-more-productive (accessed 2 February 2018).

31. Dan Sichel, “The productivity slowdown is even more puzzling than you think,” Econofact 17 May 2017, http://econofact.org/the-productivity-slowdown-is-even-more-puzzling-than-you-think (accessed 2 February 2018).

32. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Information Technology and the U.S. Workforce: Where Are We and Where Do We Go from Here? Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2017, https://www.nap.edu/catalog/24649/information-technology-and-the-us-workforce-where-are-we-and, https://dx.doi.org/10.17226/24649 (accessed 2 February 2018).

33. Monideepa Tarafdar, “The dark side of digital work: How technology is making us less productive,” New Statesman 3 February 2015, http://www.newstatesman.com/sci-tech/2015/02/dark-side-digital-work-how-technology-making-us-less-productive (accessed 2 February 2018).

34. Ibid.

35. C. Northcote Parkinson, “Parkinson’s Law,” The Economist 19 November 1955, http://www.economist.com/node/14116121 (accessed 2 February 2018).

36. Michael Chui, James Manyika, Jacques Bughin, et al., The Social Economy: Unlocking Value and Productivity Through Social Technologies, McKinsey Global Institute, 2012, https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/high-tech/our-insights/the-social-economy (accessed 2 February 2018).

CHAPTER 5

1. Press Association, “Children spend only half as much time playing outside as their parents did,” The Guardian 27 July 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jul/27/children-spend-only-half-the-time-playing-outside-as-their-parents-did (accessed 2 February 2018).

2. Jenny Anderson, “A study of kids’ screen time explains the vicious cycle that makes parents unable to say no,” Quartz 1 August 2017, qz.com/1042581/a-study-of-kids-screen-time-explains-the-vicious-cycle-that-makes-parents-unable-to-say-no (accessed 2 February 2018).

3. Amanda Lenhart, Teen, Social Media and Technology Overview 2015, Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2015. Laurel J. Felt and Michael B. Robb, Technology Addiction: Concern, Controversy, and Finding Balance, San Francisco: Common Sense Media, 2016.

4. Common Sense Media, “Landmark report: U.S. teens use an average of nine hours of media per day, tweens use six hours,” Common Sense Media news release 3 November 2015, http://www.commonsensemedia.org/about-us/news/press-releases/landmark-report-us-teens-use-an-average-of-nine-hours-of-media-per-day (accessed 2 February 2018). “The Common Sense Census,” Common Sense Media 3 November 2015, https://www.commonsensemedia.org/the-common-sense-census-media-use-by-tweens-and-teens-infographic (accessed 2 February 2018).

5. Douglas A. Gentile, Olivia N. Berch, Hyekyung Choo, et al., “Bedroom media: One Risk Factor for Development,” Developmental Psychology 2017;53(12):2340–2355, https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000399 (accessed 2 February 2018).

6. Benjamin Herold, “Can technology get kids to play outside?” Education Week 26 May 2015, http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/DigitalEducation/2015/05/technology_kids_play_outside.html (accessed 2 February 2018).

7. Colin A. Capaldi, Raelyne L. Dopko, and John M. Zelenski, “The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: A meta-analysis,” Frontiers in Psychology 2014;5:976, https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.00976 (accessed 2 February 2018). Casey Gray, Rebecca Gibbons, Richard Larouche, et al., “What is the relationship between outdoor time and physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and physical fitness in children? A systematic review,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2015;12(6):6455–6474, https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606455 (accessed 2 February 2018). Florence Williams, “This is your brain on nature,” National Geographic January 2016, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2016/01/call-to-wild (accessed 2 February 2018).

8. Deborah Franklin, “How hospital gardens help patients heal,” Scientific American 1 March 2012, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nature-that-nurtures (accessed 2 February 2018).

9. Bum Jin Park, Yuko Tsunetsugu, Tamami Kasetani, et al., “The physiological effects of Shinrin-yoku (Taking in the forest atmosphere or forest bathing): Evidence from field experiments in 24 forests across Japan,” Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 2010;15(1):18–26, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-009-0086-9 (accessed 2 February 2018).

10. Mariana G. Figueiro, Bryan Steverson, Judith Heerwagen, et al., “The impact of daytime light exposures on sleep and mood in office workers,” Sleep Health 2017;3(3):204–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.03.005 (accessed 2 February 2018).

11. Uri Ladabaum, Ajitha Mannalithara, Parvathi A. Myer, et al., “Obesity, abdominal obesity, physical activity, and caloric intake in U.S. adults: 1988 to 2010,” American Journal of Medicine 2014;127(8):717– 727.e12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.02.026 (accessed 2 February 2018).

12. Lisa Ellis, Jeffrey Saret, and Peter Weed, BYOD: From Company-Issued to Employee-Owned Devices: McKinsey & Co., 2012, https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/dotcom/client_service/HighTech/PDFs/BYOD_means_so_long_to_company-issued_devices_March_2012.ashx (accessed 2 February 2018).

13. Jane McConnell, “Tracking the trends in bringing our own devices to work,” Harvard Business Review 4 May 2016, hbr.org/2016/05/tracking-the-trends-in-bringing-our-own-devices-to-work (accessed 2 February 2018).

14. Intel, “Intel security study reveals millennials are more likely to unplug while on vacation than gen X,” Intel Newsroom news release 21 June 2016, newsroom.intel.com/news-releases/intel-security-study-reveals-millennials-are-more-likely-to-unplug-while-on-vacation-than-gen-x (accessed 2 February 2018).

15. HomeAway, “HomeAway science of memories study,” HomeAway news release 2016, http://www.homeaway.com/files/shared/MediaCenter/vacation-equation-whitepaper.pdf (accessed 2 February 2018).

16. Stephanie Vozza, “What happens to your brain when you work on vacation,” Fast Company 2 June 2017, http://www.fastcompany.com/40425251/what-happens-to-your-brain-when-you-work-on-vacation (accessed 2 February 2018).

17. Oliver Pergams and Patricia A. Zaradic, “Is love of nature in the U.S. becoming love of electronic media? 16-year downtrend in national park visits explained by watching movies, playing video games, internet use, and oil prices,” Journal of Environmental Management 2006;80(4):387–393, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.02.001 (accessed 2 February 2018).

18. Oliver R. W. Pergams and Patricia A. Zaradic, “Evidence for a fundamental and pervasive shift away from nature-based recreation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2008;105(7):2295– 2300, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0709893105 (accessed 2 February 2018).

19. Outdoor Participation Report 2017, Washington, DC: The Outdoor Foundation, 2017, outdoorindustry.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/2017-Outdoor-Recreation-Participation-Report_FINAL.pdf (accessed 2 February 2018).

20. Nancy Shute, “Kids are less fit today than you were back then,” Shots 20 November 2013, http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2013/11/20/246316731/kids-are-less-fit-today-than-you-were-back-then (accessed 2 February 2018).

21. Gavin Sandercock, “Poor fitness is a bigger threat to child health than obesity,” The Conversation 22 June 2015, theconversation.com/poor-fitness-is-a-bigger-threat-to-child-health-than-obesity-43653 (accessed 2 February 2018).

22. G. R. H. Sandercock, A. Ogunleye, and C. Voss, “Six-year changes in body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness of English schoolchildren from an affluent area,” International Journal of Obesity 2015;39(10):1504–1507, https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.105 (accessed 2 February 2018).

23. Denis Campbell, “Children growing weaker as computers replace outdoor activity,” The Guardian 21 May 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/society/2011/may/21/children-weaker-computers-replace-activity (accessed 2 February 2018).

24. Bernd Debusmann Jr., “Many U.S. children not getting enough exercise,” Reuters 13 April 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-children-exercise/many-u-s-children-not-getting-enough-exercise-idUSTRE73C7R920110413 (accessed 2 February 2018).

25. Tracy L. M. Kennedy, Aaron Smith, Amy Tracy Wells, et al., Networked Families, Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2008, http://www.pewinternet.org/2008/10/19/networked-families (accessed 2 February 2018).

CHAPTER 6

1. Paul Lewis, “‘Our minds can be hijacked’: The tech insiders who fear a smartphone dystopia,” The Guardian 6 October 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/05/smartphone-addiction-silicon-valley-dystopia (accessed 2 February 2018).

2. Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and Matthew E. Brashears, “Social isolation in America: Changes in core discussion networks over two decades,” American Sociological Review 2006;71(3):353–375, https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100301 (accessed 2 February 2018). Keith N. Hampton, Lauren F. Sessions Goulet, Eun Fa Her, et al., Social Isolation and New Technology, Washington, DC: Pew Research Centre, 2009, http://www.pewinternet.org/2009/11/04/social-isolation-and-new-technology (accessed 2 February 2018). Irena Stepanikova, Norman H. Nie, and Xiabin He, “Time on the Internet at home, loneliness, and life satisfaction: Evidence from panel time-diary data,” Computers in Human Behavior 2010;26(3):329–338, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.11.002 (accessed 2 February 2018). Matthew E. Brashears, “Small networks and high isolation? A reexamination of American discussion networks,” Social Networks 2011;33(4):331–341, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2011.10.003 (accessed 2 February 2018).

3. “Sleep and disease risk,” Healthy Sleep 18 December 2007, http://healthysleep.med.harvard.edu/healthy/matters/consequences/sleep-and-disease-risk (accessed 2 February 2018).

4. Paul Lewis, “‘Our minds can be hijacked’: The tech insiders who fear a smartphone dystopia.”

5. Matt Richtel, “A Silicon Valley school that doesn’t compute,” New York Times 22 October 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/23/technology/at-waldorf-school-in-silicon-valley-technology-can-wait.html (accessed 2 February 2018).

6. Nick Bilton, “Steve Jobs was a low-tech parent,” New York Times 10 September 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/11/fashion/steve-jobs-apple-was-a-low-tech-parent.html (accessed 2 February 2018).

7. Gregor Hasler, Daniel Buysse, Richard Klaghofer, et al., “The association between short sleep duration and obesity in young adults: A 13-year prospective study,” Sleep 2004;27(4):661–666, https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/27.4.661 (accessed 2 February 2018). Daniel J. Gottlieb, Naresh M. Punjabi, Ann B. Newman, et al., “Association of sleep time with diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance,” Archives of Internal Medicine 2005;165(8):863–867, https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.165.8.863 (accessed 2 February 2018).

8. Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Timothy B. Smith, and J. Bradley Layton, “Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review,” PLoS Medicine 2010;7(7):e1000316, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 (accessed 2 February 2018). Pamela Qualter, Janne Vanhalst, Rebecca Harris, et al., “Loneliness Across the Life Span,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 2015;10(2):250–264, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1745691615568999 (accessed 2 February 2018).

9. 2011 Sleep in America Poll, Washington, DC: National Sleep Foundation, 2011, sleepfoundation.org/sites/default/files/sleepinamericapoll/SIAP_2011_Summary_of_Findings.pdf (accessed 2 February 2018).

10. Katherine Sellgren, “Teenagers ‘checking mobile phones in night,’” BBC News 6 October 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/education-37562259 (accessed 2 February 2018).

11. Accel and Qualtrics, “The millennial study,” Qualtrics October 2016, http://www.qualtrics.com/millennials (accessed 2 February 2018).

12. Redhwan A. Al-Naggar and Shirin Anil, “Artificial light at night and cancer: Global study,” Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016;17(10): 4661–4664, https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/APJCP.2016.17.10.4661 (accessed 2 February 2018). N. A. Rybnikova, A. Haim, and B. A. Portnov, “Does artificial light-at-night exposure contribute to the worldwide obesity pandemic?” International Journal of Obesity (Lond) 2016;40(5):815–823, https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.255 (accessed 2 February 2018). Laura K. Fonken, Joanna L. Workman, James C. Walton, et al., “Light at night increases body mass by shifting the time of food intake,” Proceedings of the National Acacemy of Sciences USA 2010;107(43):18664–18669, https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1008734107 (accessed 2 February 2018). YongMin Cho, Seung-Hun Ryu, Byeo Ri Lee, et al., “Effects of artificial light at night on human health: A literature review of observational and experimental studies applied to exposure assessment,” Chronobiology International 2015;32(9):1294–1310, https://doi.org/10.3109/07420528.2015.1073158 (accessed 2 February 2018). Thabo Mosendane, Tshinakaho Mosendane, and Frederick J. Raal, “Shift work and its effects on the cardiovascular system,” Cardiovascular Journal of Africa 2008;19(4):210–215, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3971766 (accessed 2 February 2018). Céline Vetter, Elizabeth E. Devore, Lani R. Wegrzyn, et al., “Association between rotating night shift work and risk of coronary heart disease among women,” JAMA 2016;315(16):1726–1734, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.4454 (accessed 2 February 2018). Fangyi Gu, Jiali Han, Francine Laden, et al., “Total and cause-specific mortality of U.S. nurses working rotating night shifts,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2015;48(3):241– 252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.10.018 (accessed 2 February 2018).

13. Orfeu M. Buxton, Sean W. Cain, Shawn P. O’Connor, et al., “Adverse metabolic consequences in humans of prolonged sleep restriction combined with circadian disruption,” Science Translational Medicine 2012;4(129):129ra43, https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3003200 (accessed 2 February 2018).

14. Liese Exelmans and Jan Van den Buick, “Binge viewing, sleep, and the role of pre-sleep arousal,” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 13(8):1001–1008, https://dx.doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6704 (accessed 2 February 2018).

15. Anne-Marie Chang, Daniel Aesbach, Jeanne F. Duffy, et al., “Evening use of light-emitting ereaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness,” Proceedings of the National Acacemy of Sciences USA 2015;112(4):1232–1237, https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418490112 (accessed 2 February 2018).

16. Yong Liu, Anne G. Wheaton, Daniel P. Chapman, et al., “Prevalence of healthy sleep duration among adults—United States, 2014,” MMWR 2016;65(6):137–141, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6506a1.htm (accessed 2 February 2018).

17. Matthew A. Christensen, Laura Bettencourt, Leanne Kaye, et al., “Direct measurements of smartphone screen-time: Relationships with demographics and sleep,” PLoS ONE 2016;11(11):e0165331, https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165331 (accessed 2 February 2018).

18. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.

19. John Cacioppo and William Patrick, Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection, New York: W. W. Norton, 2008.

20. Laura Entis, “Chronic loneliness is a modern-day epidemic,” Fortune 22 June 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/06/22/loneliness-is-a-modern-day-epidemic (accessed 2 February 2018).

21. Nick Tarver, “‘Half of adults’ in England experience loneliness,” BBC News 18 October 2013, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-24522691 (accessed 2 February 2018).

22. C. Wilson and B. Moulton, Loneliness Among Older Adults: A National Survey of Adults 45+, Washington, DC: AARP, 2010, assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/general/loneliness_2010.pdf (accessed 2 February 2018).

23. Julianne Holt-Lunstad, Timothy B. Smith, Mark Baker, et al., “Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review,” Perspectives on Psychological Science 2015;10(2):227–237, https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691614568352 (accessed 2 February 2018).

24. “Former surgeon general sounds the alarm on the loneliness epidemic,” CBS News 19 October 2017, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/loneliness-epidemic-former-surgeon-general-dr-vivek-murthy (accessed 2 February 2018).

25. Sherry Turkle, Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age, New York: Penguin 2015. Sherry Turkle, Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other, New York: Basic Books, 2001.

26. David A. Baker and Guillermo Perez Algorta, “The relationship between online social networking and depression: A systematic review of quantitative studies,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 2016;19(11): 638–648, https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0206 (accessed 2 February 2018).

27. Sebastián Valenzuela, Namsu Park, and Kerk F. Kee, “Is there social capital in a social network site? Facebook use and college students’ life satisfaction, trust, and participation,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 2009;14(4): 875–901, doi/10.1111/j.1083–6101.2009.01474.x/full (accessed 2 February 2018).

28. Fenne Große Deters and Matthias R. Mehl, “Does posting Facebook status updates increase or decrease loneliness? An online social networking experiment,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 2013;4(5):579–586, https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550612469233 (accessed 2 February 2018).

29. Ethan Kross, Philippe Verduyn, Emre Demiralp, et al., “Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well-being in young adults,” PLoS ONE 2013 Aug 14;8(8):e69841, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069841 (accessed 2 February 2018).

30. Brian A. Primack, Ariel Shensa, Jaime E. Sidani, et al., “Social media use and perceived social isolation among young adults in the U.S.,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2017;53(1):1–8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.010 (accessed 2 February 2018).

31. Liu yi Lin et al., “Association between social media use and depression among U.S. young adults,” Depression and Anxiety 2016;33:323–331, http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/da.22466 (accessed 2 February 2018).

32. Richard Schwartz, “Triple-threat antidepressant: A morning walk with a friend,” Sunsprite 6 October 2015, https://www.sunsprite.com/blog/triple-threat-antidepressant (accessed 2 February 2018). Tara Bahrampour, “This simple solution to smartphone addiction is now used in over 600 U.S. schools,” The Washington Post 5 February 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/inspired-life/wp/2018/02/05/this-millennial-discovered-a-surprisingly-simple-solution-to-smartphone-addiction-schools-love-it/?utm_term=.8f5f6abf9c68 (accessed 2 February 2018).

33. Andrew K. Przybyiski and Netta Weinstein, “Can you connect with me now? How the presence of mobile communication technology influences face-to-face conversation quality,” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 2013;30(3):237–246, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0265407512453827 (accessed 2 February 2018).

34. M. A. Lapierre and Meleah N. Lewis, “Should it stay or should it go now? Smartphones and relational health,” Psychology of Popular Media Culture 2016 April 21, https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000119 (accessed 2 February 2018).

35. James A. Roberts and Meredith E. David, “My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners,” Computers in Human Behavior 2016;54:134–141, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.058 (accessed 2 February 2018).

36. Jean M. Twenge, “Have smartphones destroyed a generation?” The Atlantic September 2017, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/has-the-smartphone-destroyed-a-generation/534198 (accessed 2 February 2018) (accessed 2 February 2018).

37. Alexendra Samuel, “Yes, smartphones are destroying a generation, but not of kids,” JSTOR Daily 2017 August 8, daily.jstor.org/yes-smartphones-are-destroying-a-generation-but-not-of-kids (accessed 2 February 2018).

38. Brigid Schulte, “Making time for kids? Study says quality trumps quantity,” The Washington Post 28 March 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/making-time-for-kids-study-says-quality-trumps-quantity/2015/03/28/10813192-d378-11e4-8fce-3941fc548f1c_story.html (accessed 2 February 2018).

39. Andrew K. Przybyiski and Netta Weinstein, “Can you connect with me now? How the presence of mobile communication technology influences face-to-face conversation quality.”

40. Alexendra Samuel, “Yes, smartphones are destroying a generation, but not of kids.”

41. “Social media fact sheet,” Pew Research Center 12 January 2017, http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/social-media (accessed 8 February 2018).

42. Brandon T. McDaniel and Jenny S. Radesky, “Technoference: Parent distraction with technology and associations with child behavior problems,” Child Development 2018;89(1):100–109, https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12822 (accessed 2 February 2018).

43. Barry Wellman, Aaron Smith, Amy Well, et al., Networked Families, Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2008, http://www.pewinternet.org/2008/10/19/networked-families (accessed 2 February 2018).

44. Robert Kraut, Michael Patterson, Vicki Lundmark, et al., “Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?” American Psychologist 1998;53(9):1017– 1031, https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.9.1017 (accessed 2 February 2018).

45. Rebecca Maxwell, “Spatial orientation and the brain: The effects of map reading and navigation,” GIS Lounge 8 March 2013, http://www.gislounge.com/spatial-orientation-and-the-brain-the-effects-of-map-reading-and-navigation (accessed 2 February 2018).

46. N. Carr, “Is Google making us stupid? What the Internet is doing to our brains,” The Atlantic July 2008, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/07/is-google-making-us-stupid/306868 (accessed 2 February 2018).

47. Ian Rowlands, David Nicholas, Peter Williams, et al., “The Google generation: The information behaviour of the researcher of the future,” Aslib Proceedings 2208;60(4):290–310, https://doi.org/10.1108/00012530810887953 (accessed 2 February 2018).

48. Gary W. Small, Teens D. Moody, Prabha Siddarth, et al., “Your brain on Google: Patterns of cerebral activation during Internet searching,” American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2009;17(2):116–126, https://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181953a02 (accessed 2 February 2018).

49. Yifan Wang, Lingdan Wu, Liang Luo, et al., “Short-term Internet search using makes people rely on search engines when facing unknown issues,” PLoS ONE 2017;12(4), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176325 (accessed 2 February 2018).

50. Benjamin C. Storm, Sean M. Stone, and Aaron S. Benjamin, “Using the Internet to access information inflates future use of the Internet to access other information,” 2017 Memory 25(6):717–723, https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2016.1210171 (accessed 2 February 2018).

51. Gary W. Small, Teens D. Moody, Prabha Siddarth, et al., “Your brain on Google: Patterns of cerebral activation during Internet searching.”

52. Matthew Fisher, Mariel K. Goddu, and Frank C. Keil, “Searching for explanations: How the Internet inflates estimates of internal knowledge,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 2015;143(3):674–687, https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000070 (accessed 2 February 2018).

53. E. Pariser, The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You, London: Penguin, 2011.

54. Ashwini Nadkarni and Stefan G. Hofmann, “Why do people use Facebook?” Personality and Individual Differences 2012;52(3):243– 249, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3335399 (accessed 2 February 2018).

55. “Distracted driving,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 9 June 2017, http://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/distracted_driving/index.html (accessed 2 February 2018).

56. “Largest distracted driving behavior study,” Zendrive 17 April 2017, http://blog.zendrive.com/distracted-driving (accessed 2 February 2018).

57. “Texting is 23-times riskier than using cell phone while driving,” Consumer Reports 28 July 2009, http://www.consumerreports.org/cro/news/2009/07/texting-is-23-times-riskier-than-using-cell-phone-while-driving/index.htm (accessed 2 February 2018).

CHAPTER 7

1. Adam Minter, “China’s cashless revolution,” Bloomberg Businessweek 19 July 2017, http://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-07-19/china-s-cashless-revolution (accessed 2 February 2018).

2. Maddy Savage, “Why Sweden is close to becoming a cashless economy,” BBC News 12 September 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/business-41095004 (accessed 2 February 2018).

3. Bhaskar Chakravorti, “Early lessons from India’s demonetisation experiment,” Harvard Business Review 14 March 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/03/early-lessons-from-indias-demonetization-experiment0-fighting-government-corruption (accessed 2 February 2018). Feliz Solomon, “A world without cash would be good for the poor, one expert says,” Fortune 16 January 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/01/16/cashless-rogoff-india-scandinavia (accessed 2 February 2018).

4. Ashish Malhotra, “The world’s largest biometric ID system keeps getting hacked,” Motherboard 8 January 2018, https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/43q4jp/aadhaar-hack-insecure-biometric-id-system (accessed 2 February 2018).

5. David Glance, “Estonia is putting its country in the cloud and offering virtual residency,” The Conversation 26 March 2017, theconversation.com/estonia-is-putting-its-country-in-the-cloud-and-offering-virtual-residency-75194 (accessed 2 February 2018).

6. Mark Suster, “One small change I made that improved my daily mental state,” Both Sides of the Table 23 October 2017, bothsidesofthetable.com/one-small-change-i-made-that-improved-my-daily-mental-state-16ed8ec4b94d (accessed 2 February 2018).

7. Charles Duhigg, The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business, New York: Random House, 2012, https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/202855/the-power-of-habit-by-charles-duhigg/9780812981605 (accessed 2 February 2018).

8. Richard H. Thaler and Cass B. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2008, https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300122237/nudge (accessed 2 February 2018).

9. Jerald J. Block, “Issues for DSM-V: Internet addiction” (editorial), The American Journal of Psychiatry 2008;165(3): 306–307, https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07101556 (accessed 2 February 2018).

10. Farhad Manjoo, “A charming alternative universe of you, your friends and no news,” New York Times 17 August 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/18/technology/a-charming-alternative-universe-of-you-your-friends-and-no-news.html (accessed 2 February 2018).

11. Stephen J. Dubner, “How to launch a behavior-change revolution,” Freakonomics 25 October 2017, http://freakonomics.com/podcast/launch-behavior-change-revolution (accessed 2 February 2018).

CHAPTER 8

1. Siempo, “The phone for humans,” Kickstarter March 2017, http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/siempo/the-phone-for-humans (accessed 2 February 2018).

2. Adam Lashinsky, “Amazon’s Jeff Bezos: The ultimate disrupter,” Fortune 3 December 2012, http://fortune.com/2012/11/16/amazons-jeff-bezos-the-ultimate-disrupter (accessed 2 February 2018).

3. “The more they play, the more they lose,” People 10 April 2007, http://en.people.cn/200704/10/eng20070410_364977.html (accessed 2 February 2018).

CHAPTER 9

1. Jean M. Twenge, iGen: Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy—and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood, New York: Atria Books, 2017.

2. Franklin Foer, World Without Mind: The Existential Threat of Big Tech, New York: Penguin Press, 2017.

3. David Ginsberg, “Hard questions: Is spending time on social media bad for us?” Facebook Newsroom 15 December 2017, https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2017/12/hard-questions-is-spending-time-on-social-media-bad-for-us (accessed 2 February 2018).

4. “Salesforce CEO Marc Benioff: There will have to be more regulation . . .,” CNBC 23 January 2018, https://www.cnbc.com/video/2018/01/23/salesforce-ceo-marc-benioff-there-will-have-to-be-more-regulation-on-tech-from-the-government.html (accessed 2 February 2018).

5. Dan Sabbagh, “Facebook to expand inquiry into Russian influence of [sic] Brexit,” The Guardian 17 January 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jan/17/facebook-inquiry-russia-influence-brexit (accessed 2 February 2018).

6. Noam Cohen, “Silicon Valley is not your friend,” New York Times 13 October 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/10/13/opinion/sunday/Silicon-Valley-Is-Not-Your-Friend.html (accessed 2 February 2018).