4.1 Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced human daily existence through chaos pushing or deciding to abstain from doing other routines and restricting their activity to a minimum, food supply issue. On the contrary, most have secured personal supplies of essential food items known as panic-buying, given the psychological pressure of the situation. The effect can be seen in terms of food supply shortages, demand for semi-perishable food products particularly during lock-down, food inflation, rural labor reverse migration, etc. The food supply chain is a dynamic network including farmers, customers, supplies from agriculture and fisheries, manufacturing and storage, transportation and distribution, and so on. Fluctuations are marginal because food production has been sufficient and prices have been steady to date. Global cereal supplies are at manageable levels, and the 2020 outlook is favorable for wheat and other main staple crops. While less food production of high-value goods (i.e. fruit and vegetables) is already likely, they are not yet visible due to lockdowns and disruptions in the value chain. The use of a Smartphone is growing as specific Internet communication systems are being used. With the global situation of the Corona Pandemic, shifting into modern innovation appears probable for transition in various farming sectors. By 2050 the world’s population is forecast to reach 9.6 billion—this poses a major problem for the agricultural industry. Despite fighting challenges such as heat waves, rapidly increasing global warming, and the environmental consequences of farming, demand for more food has to be met. Farming has to turn to new technologies to ensure these growing requirements. New IoT-based smart farming implementations will enable the farming manufacturers to understand waste and increase productivity from enhancing fertilizer use to enhancing the efficiency of farm vehicle tracks. Smart farming is a capital-intensive [1–7], high-tech system of cleanly and sustainably growing food for the populace. It is the result of new ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) in agriculture. Entrepreneurship has received a tremendous progress in agriculture and sustainable growth for automated irrigation and monitoring and solving many pre-dominant problems associated with linking and clearing wastes is that the symbol of business tenacity and achievement. Entrepreneurial innovation in the field of agriculture and environmental sustainability has allowed India to take its first steps, in a sector which is soaring globally & demonstrating a model to save the planet. With our agricultural biodiversity & the opportunity to benefit, our farmers & talented workforce, India can be a lynchpin of growth for the global sector [8–12]. Covid-19 has underscored that we can no longer take our planet for granted shining example of market demand for a more healthy, sustainable just food system. There are many pockets in India where villages and involvement of smart agriculture plays an important role for development of country. In our country, agriculture depends on the monsoons which has insufficient source of water whereby irrigation is employed in agriculture field. In irrigation system, it’s identified upon the soil type and water retention provided whereby vital information about the fertility of soil and second to soak up and infuse moisture content in soil. Nowadays, there are various irrigation techniques available that reduce the reliance on weather. And much of the system is powered by electrical power and on/off cycles. During this procedure, the water level indicator mounted in the water reservoir and the soil moisture sensors are situated in the root zone of the plant and near to the module and the gateway device manages the sensor information and transmits the data to the processor [13–16]. The revolution of young entrepreneurs should be supported by new and novel agricultural practices which are essential for the improvement of the current agricultural markets. Significant emphasis should be paid to value-added items and limited manufacturing and the same. Proper cold storage facilities will minimize the loss of crops and food and it is advised that the cold storage facility be built in-situ near the farm/production location. This can be achieved as a joint initiative between farmers’ collectives and central self-government bodies. It would provide farmers with the potential to monitor the value of their goods and to make more profits [17].

4.2 Related Work

With the advent of IoT, Robotics, Data Science, AI, these technologies would demonstrate to be useful tools for small and marginal farmers to enrich their livelihoods and provide varied opportunities for rural India. Information and communication technology can link farmers to information, networks, and institutions to boost opportunities for productivity and jobs. For example, it can provide access to information about extension facilities, fertilizer supply, weather predictions, markets, etc. Drones are Unmanned Ariel Vehicles (UAVs) carrying a number of useful devices such as cameras, GPS, specialized software and hardware for processing, and spray-able resources (see Figure 4.1). Drones have successfully been employed in a wide variety of applications such as, law enforcement, fisheries, surveillance, water management, various military applications and others. It is a matter of concern that the total agriculture land that has been made available for food production has experienced a sharp fall in terms of both surplus and demand [18–21]. Since 1991, the total agriculture area for food production was 19.5 million square miles (39.47% of the world’s land area), and there has been a total land loss of 2.3% over the entire globe in 2013. It has been also extensively difficult to monitor crops in different growing seasons due to the changing patterns of water requirement and vegetation growth in the land tilling area. In our country where rural resources are more the benefit of the poor will depend on developing a wide diversified model of public resources, crop resistance, social capital. Further the combined effect of climate change [22] and a fast growing population in rural India means that Indians will need to find a way to produce more sustainable habitat for food without causing harm to the environment. In contrast, given the long-standing experience of some farmers assembled but after many years of field work, technology [23] may provide a systemic tool to detect unforeseen problems which are hard to notice by visual inspection on regular reviews. And you’ll need supporting agronomic data— such as soil, water and weather—for calibration of crop models to make informed decisions. Today, helicopters and light aircraft are being used to collect aerial photographs around the fields.

Through using technology that is used in precision farming using Drones, Satellite, Wireless Sensor Network, IoT, and so on, we recognize growing crop yield or production while reducing crop production costs. In precision calculation of a seed, there may be several variables to test. Generational transformation in the context of rural development goes beyond the reduction of the mean lifespan of farmers; it is also about empowering a new generation of highly qualified young farmers to make full use of technology in order to support sustainable farming practices, as indicated in the paper of Vision 2020 [24] and Vision 2030 [25] documents of ICAR for strategizing a global information system for farming knowledge sharing and best practices in sustainable development. The system will collect copious volumes of historically annotatable datasets and would employ Big Data Analytics [26–28] over the Cloud computing environment [29–31] and extensive software systems so that small and medium size farmers can benefit from integrated farm and crop management processes. This design and implementation methodology forms part of the larger Agricultural Internet of Everything (also known as Internet of Things (IoT)) [32–34] in that all farm related monitoring can now be brought from the field to the farmer-at-home. Drones equipped with advanced camera systems are actually available to capture photographic imagery ranging from standard to ultraviolet and hyper spectral imaging. Some of those cameras are also able to film footage. Additionally, the image quality used by the drones is continuously increasing and will allow farmers to get reliable field data [13]. Drones for the benefit of agricultural and entomological safety. The technology treats drones as independent and coordinating entities so that they can operate on a cooperative basis. Further, a comprehensive 3D Digital Elevation Model (DEM) [35] will be studied for the field at large—i.e., in the case of small farmers this implies that the farms surrounding them will also be modeled so that they can get extensive view of their agricultural necessities and understand the limitations within which they can operate. Big Data over a cloud computing environment would be used to perform necessary analytics in order to provide a comprehensive decision support system [36–38].

4.3 Smart Production With the Introduction of Drones and IoT

The usage cases we’ve seen in the fight against COVID-19 show we’ve always had the technology to continue the war against the epidemic at least. Use cases that were put into practice on the front line in the test, proof of concept, or production phases, showing that the ideas were already available— we only needed the right trigger. Providers were able to understand, after some initial confusion, how to use IoT technology as solution. Companies can use IoT in conjunction with other technologies to deal with infectious diseases, but they are divided and will need more infrastructure to link the data collection [39–42], processing, analysis and storage components. A comprehensive outbreak response plan encompasses all programs in the same way, including hospitals, surveillance, disease monitoring and others. Despite of the negative factors such as the low land availability, low per capita water availability, land slope and climate changes in the recent years: our society has shown positive approach towards farming and agricultural sector in general [42–44]. The increase in the number of entries by young educated people into agripreneurship is really promising. The IoT alters web functioning and usage. Web 1.0 denotes one-way communication, i.e. sending some information to consumers in order to render it ‘readable’ via browser. Web 2.0 meant that Web 1.0 was updated to two-way communication with the aid of modern technologies (blogs, social network sites, video sharing). Content creators for Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 were person, while the introduction of IoT brought a modern data generation. This qualitative shift in the function of data generation, and in particular the quantitative increase in data amount, offers the foundation for the development of the current paradigm of using the World Wide Web in reference. According to the IoT technology explanation (without any of the structured, strict Approach) in which, if no more but at least the fundamental pillars (technologies) are complex ‘structures’ (of the IoT), then a strict definition of the Internet of Things can be attempted. Focused on the above short overview, it can be argued that the IoT architecture encompasses a broad variety of financial, operational, network and info communication (ICT—Information and Communications Technologies) components that must function in synch to maintain basic facilities, and it is nearly unreasonable to assume that a particular interpretation is appropriate to all parties. The revolution by young entrepreneurs should be supported with new and novel agricultural practices which is essential for the advancement in this section by the current agricultural markets.

Special attention to be given to value added products and minimal processing and the same should be promoted among the farmers as well as food processing firms. Proper cold storage facility can reduce the wastage of vegetables and foods and it is recommended to install in-situ the cold storage facility near the farm/production catchment. This can be done as a joined venture by farmer collectives and local self-governing bodies. This will provide the further the capability to control the pricing of their products and earn better profits. If we compare rural and urban, major proportion of the population living in rural is unable to creep the imbalances, to achieve balanced economic development, to develop rural India. it becomes inevitable to promote Agripreneurship. To take the leverage of the rich rural resources, to find the potential in rural India the best strategy is to promote Agripreneurship. In India’s agriculture tech startups with funding of S24S million in the first half of 2019 over three-fold compared to an investment of $73 million in 2012. Interestingly the Agri tech startups may be one of the only startups that can be truly be a Make in India’ model with more than 25 Indian Agrotech companies having global presence. More than half of estimated 450 agrotech startups in India offer supply chain solutions like better access to inputs for farmers or market linkage with the ecosystem tilted towards B2B models. World Economic Forum and Asian Development Bank have also invested in Indian Agritech startups. Thus the Indian Agritech ecosystem is maturing quickly amid emerging business opportunities in market linkage, digitalization in agriculture, offering better access to inputs, farm services and finance. The reason the sector has so many opportunities can be attributed to the number of broken links in supply chain which have led to Sl3 billion losses in post-harvest. The inspiration for trying to introduce the IoT is classifiable from the object aspect, i.e. Medium which implements the solution given (Figure 4.2).

4.3.1 Real-Time Surveyed Data Collection and Storage Utilizing an IoT System

4.3.1.1 Efficient Control of Distributed Networks of Services (Using the Integrated Networks Sensors Provided)

Processing and processing data from IoTs housed in libraries or data centers in the information core of the enterprise, the cloud, the local repository (gateway to be built in the segment below) or the node itself to which the sensors are connected (see below for more details).

1. – Active tracking and its analysis techniques in real-time as essential
2. – Documents form the foundation for effective management decisions and sound business judgments guarantee the efficient productivity that leads to the organization’s sustainable development;
3. – Conducting monitoring of the operation of the equipment, monitoring the development and status of the plants, as well as animal movement relevant to the production and operation of the organization, ensures a reduction in the cost of business;

4.3.1.2 Human Participation in Surveillance and Monitoring can be Identified to Take the Following Roles

• a. Surveillance of essential activities in humans
• b. Observing the characteristics of the disorders of patients remotely with the prospect of taking the appropriate steps, if any
• c. Tracking real-time vehicle availability in urban transport and carpooling
• d. Reduction and control of heat and electric power consumption
• e. Private Property monitoring and security, etc.
• f. Smart city deployment (monitoring and regulation by electricity delivery, water, communication sources, emergency services, etc.)
• g. Realization and integration of self-guided cars into the smart city, Think about it. Social property monitoring and security etc.

4.4 Agricultural Drones

Some of the better functionalities of agriculture IoT will allow the farmers to monitor the storage facilities real time [45–48] for cost saving using different machinery, cameras, gates and wide variety of equipment in a two way messaging service. This will allow management of critical water resources in farmlands using on demand function of pumps. Agriculture IoT can use sensors to collect agricultural production process, product logistics and related information for connecting to the transmission network. The deep integration of information and agricultural industry will produce a new force by changing the agricultural landscape. There is no one correct route “to conduct the incubation of agribusiness.” Rather, the work of incubation of agribusiness depends on the state of development of the agribusiness ecosystem and changes over time as the ecosystem matures and develops. It was in its early phases. Incubators demonstrate the viability of new business models and seek to create and capture additional value from primary agricultural products. In underdeveloped agricultural ecosystems, incubators help to reinforce and promote relations between businesses and new commercial opportunities. They create fresh platforms on innovations that are suitable for agribusiness enterprises and allow agricultural enterprises to find innovative and even more profitable forms of doing business. During the subsequent stages of growth, incubators serve as network facilitators: they connect specific service providers to agribusinesses and link different agribusinesses to one another. The incubation cycle for agribusiness focuses on cultivating creative early-stage agro-businesses with strong growth potential to become profitable enterprises. Agribusiness incubators also allow creative value-added agribusiness start-ups and development. Over the past two decades, several development organizations such as the World Bank have been testing alternative approaches to transforming comparative advantage in commodity markets into competitive advantages in differentiated product markets. The Food and Agriculture Organization, and the International Finance Corporation. Agribusiness Incubators [49], which facilitate enterprise formation in the agricultural sector must think and work differently than other types of incubators because the functions that agribusiness incubators execute are more complex and the risks. Finally, in a more mature stage of market growth, incubators serve as platforms for product sharing. Products, inputs and methods of management work across national borders. The incubation process for agribusiness focuses on nurturing innovative early-stage agribusinesses with high growth potential to become competitive enterprises. Over the past two decades, several development organizations such as the World Bank, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Finance Corporation have tested alternative approaches for the transfer of comparative advantages in commodity markets to competitive advantages in differentiated product markets. Surface nutrient seeds raise the expense of planting and surface and field study and planting of soil nutrient feed crops. Surface nutrient seeds raising the expense of planting and surface and field study and planting of soil nutrient feed crops. Crop spraying will inspect the soil and spray the appropriate volume of fluid modulating space [50–55]. Crop tracking, hyperspectral, multispectral or thermal irrigation and crop scanning can provide a health evaluation utilizing both visible and near-infrared pictures. Precise applications of fertilizers, pesticides or herbicides that be applied to specifically defined and established problems within a specified region. Before the crop cycle begins, drone engineering may be used to determine soil quality and therefore future yields. The main tool in the estimation of the soil quality is the actual 3D mapping of the soil with a detailed soil color coverage. Drone technologies may be applicable to a broad variety of applications in agricultural development, from the potential to be successful for planning purposes, field and plant evaluation to precise crop spraying. But, just like all the other tools, the right strategy and setup are needed to actually leverage the technology available. One of the main distinctions between conventional and contemporary cultivation, apart from the degree of mechanization, are the data obtained directly from the crops. In conventional farms, where farmers determine by visual appraisal, judgments are conditional and arbitrary. Agricultural development provides an evaluation of the quantitative results generated by sound decisions. Drone technology will give the agricultural production industry a high-tech facelift with strategy and tactics predicated on real-time data collection and handling. Recently, advancements in image recognition and optical signal processing have improved WSN’s ability to reliably assess crop quality and health [56–58]. These drones execute monitoring and observations in-flight. The farmers enter the field details to be surveyed and select an altitude or ground negotiated settlement. We may draw insights from drone data on plant growth indices, crop tracking and yield forecasting, germination percentage measurement, canopy cover tracking, field water pond mapping, scouting reports, inventory measurement, wheat chlorophyll measurement, drainage mapping, weed pressure mapping, and so on. Throughout the flight, the drone captures multispectral, kinetic, and graphical imagery, and then land at the same place it took off. Drought is a big concern that reduces the efficiency of crop yields. Many areas across the globe face this problem with differing degrees of impact to the weak and vulnerable population. In order to address this problem, particularly in rural and marginalized areas, remote sensing is used to obtain frequent soil moisture data that help to understand agricultural drought in remote regions. Agribusiness Incubators that enhance the creation of ventures in the farming industry will perceive and work differently than other types of incubators, as the functions undertaken by agribusiness incubators are more specific and the threats they handle are much more severe than those experienced by other industries. The goal of business incubation lies in the agriculture industry [59–62]. Moreover, the leverage points are both greater in amount and more dynamic in their implementation, and the risk tolerance of investors in the business is typically stronger than in other industries. Subsistence or close subsistence farmers may be assumed to be extremely risk-adverse.

4.5 IoT Acts as a Backbone in Addressing COVID-19 Problems in Agriculture

IoT is already used for the management and other aspects of COVID-19, and it helps us combat the epidemic. Here, we’ll discuss Drone as a use cases IoT in the COVID-19 pandemic in agriculture. Modern agriculture needs continuous monitoring of the seeds, animals and machines as to achieve optimal efficiency. In the current age of agricultural robotization, it is important to create an effective automated data collection program, specifically for plant and animal status, which will deliver the requisite data within a limited period of time. There are usually two alternatives for this purpose: an IoT (Internet of Things) computer network, and drones (predominantly for plants) with specific, mostly audio, visual equipment, ensures cost-reduction. IoT solutions form the backbone of technology that can support all these systems.

4.5.2 Communication and Networking Mechanisms

Typical drones employ the ZigBee Pro/IEEE 802.15.4 communications protocol [65], whose typical characteristics. The ZigBee standard supports three device types: ZigBee Coordinator, ZigBee Router and ZigBee End Device, with each device type implementing several types of functions, thereby impacting overall cost of the device. ZigBee Pro/IEEE 802.15.4 Packet Communication Format/s is well-documented and relevant software systems are also available. The overall architecture of the proposal, as a drone based agricultural IoE System, wherein farmer at the home (or cooperative) can find out about the nature of the soil, plant growth and control nutrient and flows and many other parameters. Further, this set up will be enhanced through cameras placed at strategic places. It is noted that the farmer can communicate with each node via a smart phone and, in addition, appropriate APPS will be developed so that on-line engagement with their farms can be effected from anywhere, anytime.

Typical drones employ the ZigBee Pro/IEEE 802.15.4 communications protocol, whose typical characteristics are provided in Table 4.1 and its typical communications packet is shown in Figure 4.3. The ZigBee standard supports three device types: ZigBee Coordinator, ZigBee Router and Zidee End Device, with each device type implementing several types of functions, thereby impacting overall cost of the device. ZigBee Pro/IEEE 802.15.4 Packet Communication Format/s is well-documented and relevant software systems are also available. As noted, the ZigBee communication supports point-to-point, point-to-multipoint and peer-to-peer topologies. In addition, self-routing, self-healing and fault-tolerant features are also available in this network. Many countries in South East Asia including India are agrarian economies and depend on marshy water reservoirs for cleaning and farming. It is very easy to find small water bodies across the Indian subcontinent which are filled with green duckweed and molasses and it will be easy to farm lotus and other aquatic based food items which can be of good use. We design using our automation tools a suitable environment whereby we develop a robot capable of performing operations like automatic cleaning of the duckweed, irrigation, use fertilizers using drones. There will be two robotic designs one which will float on the surface of water to clear duckweed, identify the ph level of water and other relevant data.

Photogrammetric Devices High resolution visual camera Near-Infrared camera (Hyperspectral camera) Depth-Sensing Camera Works in Bright Light and Protection Devices Dust & Sand protection units Communication & Coordination Devices Agent-based communication devices Navigation Devices GPS unit Gyroscope unit

The other technology which we will be using is the aerial drone which will in turn move in the direction of dense duckweed and spray fertilizers. The robots are small, lightweight, floating, energy efficient, environmentally compatible and are able to navigate autonomously and in coordination with each other, in a variety of scenarios, such as coastal waters, artificial and natural lakes, lagoons, rivers. As a part of our design, we will monitor the density of the duckweed using sensors and make the data available to the drone for spray killing dense duckweed.

• The system will provide post-disaster management (e.g., flood, cyclone, wind, tornado, etc.), and follow-up monitoring processes; this sub-system will spawn the latest disaster management datasets—post disaster [66].
• The system will provide 3-Dimensional Digital Elevation (DEM) [67] model of the land in order to understand water and nutrient usage.

4.6 Conclusion

Using IoT (Internet of Things) in agriculture has the potential to change the environment for the better and make factories more efficient; all the elements of IoT solutions are smarter cities and smart vehicles. However, the use of technology such as IoT in agriculture has a significant impact. So, in order to fulfill the population’s appetite, the farming sector has to take the IoT power. And in every scenario the need for more food requirement has to be met against all the challenges. People can’t die from food and starvation! Sustainable agriculture relies on IoT innovation allowing farmers and growers reduce waste and improve efficiency varying from the quantity of fertilizer used to the amount of trips taken by farmers’ automobiles. In IoT-based smart farming, an agricultural field screening tool is rendered using sensors to optimize the farming method. The farmers in all places will monitor the state of the agricultural sector. IoT-powered smart farming is especially effective as contrasted with conventional method. The usage of IoT-based smart cultivation not only emphasizes on conventional, large-scale farming practices but also enhances other specific patterns and increasing farming opportunities, such as organic farming, as well as enhancing highly conductive agriculture. When it comes to climate change issues, IoT-based agricultural trends can deliver huge benefits such as efficient water use, optimizing the inputs and treatment required, and so on. In this situation, it’s all about the massive implementations of IoT-based smart agriculture, which has been a reinvented field. Technological innovation has improved over time as well as the drones used in agriculture are an excellent illustration for this. Agricultural production is one of the big corporations that use drones in post COVID-19 situations. In agriculture drones are being used to boost different agricultural practices. The processes in agriculture that surface-based and air-based drones take charge of are irrigation, crop health evaluation, seed harvesting, seed inspection, planting, and field or soil examination. Many of the benefits of choosing drones include crop quality monitoring, ease of usage, automated GIS analysis, yields-enhancing capacity and time-saving. The drone system provides a high-tech makeover to the farming environment, with preparation and policy focused on current data collection and analysis. Using the data we gather from drones, it provides us visibility into plant growth measures, field estimation, plant monitoring, canopy cover tracking, germination percentage calculation, field water tracking, stock calculation, scouting reports, grain nitrogen measurement, chlorophyll measurement, irrigation mapping, plant pressure visualization, and much more.

So, in this pandemic situations drone performs [68–70]

• Delivery of supplies
• Monitoring and ensuring compliance with lockdown
• Spraying disinfecting chemicals.

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