A
Account lookup, 49
Active Server Pages (ASP), 45, 47
Ada, 149
Administrative servers, communication with, 203
Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking (APPN), 9
AIM, see London Stock Exchange
Allaire Corporation, 219, 236, 239, 255
America Online, 1
AMI, see Asynchronous Messaging Interfaces
API, see Application programming interface
AppCenter management platform, 227
Apple
Macintosh, 67
OpenDoc, 75
Applet, see Java applet
Application
-to-application communication, 35
components, 149
Application Center 2000, 151
Application programming interface (API), 7, 43, 61
application-level, 178
Java security, 177
Microsoft Open Database Connectivity, 154
Remote Method Invocation, 82
RPC, 156
standard programming, 95
Application server(s), 121-170, see also Design issues, for enterprise deployment of application servers
character-based systems, 152-153
message queuing systems, 155-156
other back-end systems, 156
transaction processing systems, 154-155
build-deploy-manage process, 130
fault tolerance, 201
general architecture, 2, 130-132
load balancing, 193
market drivers, 123
application outsourcing, 126
battle of component models, 127-128
differentiation, 128
diversity of vendors and solutions, 126-127
market drivers and customer requirements, 123-126
market size and growth, 122-123
pricing models, 129
application server architecture, 144-151
application server platforms, 151-152
elements in middle tier, 139-141
Web server/application server design, 141-144
network-based services, 163-168
queuing and prioritization, 165-167
Web filtering and caching, 167
providers, 161
scalability, 187
server-side program versus, 47
Persistence Software, 233
SilverStream Software, 233-234
summary of offerings, 235
within I*net, 20
Application service provider, 126
APPN, see Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking
ARPANET, 12
Art Technology Group (ATG), 220, 239, 255
ASP, see Active Server Pages
Asynchronous Messaging Interfaces (AMI), 228
ATG, see Art Technology Group
AT& T, 4
Audio clip, 29
Authentication, 23
Authorization, 23
Auto manufacturer, IT staff of large multinational, 38
B
Back-end
data, 189
gateways, 160
tier, 152
Back-office system, 58
Base interface, 101
BASIC, 44
Basic object adapter (BOA), 103, 107
B2B transactions, see Business-to-business transactions
B2C transactions, see Business-to-consumer transactions
BeanBox test container, 77
Bean-managed persistence (BMP), 79, 80
Bean programmer, 80
BEA Systems, Inc., 129, 221, 236, 240, 255
Black box, implemented in software, 74
Bluestone Software, 222, 236, 241, 255
BMP, see Bean-managed persistence
BOA, see Basic object adapter
Borland, 22
Branch office design, 195
Brick-and-mortar companies, 1
Bridges
inter-ORB, 111
request-level, 113
Bridging
immediate, 112
in-line, 113
mediated, 113
Brochureware, 14
Browser, 134
PC/workstation with, 136
request, for page, 33
Build-deploy-manage process, application server in, 130
BuildPoint Corporation, 210-213
Business-to-business (B2B) transactions, 1
Business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions, 1, 15
Byte-code instruction, 65
C
C++, 143
comparison of Java language and, 63
error-prone features of, 40, 66
IDL syntax based on, 100
investment in, 149
output of compile-and-link stage, 65
Power Tier for, 233
CA, see Certificate Authority
Cable & Wireless HKT, 209, 247
Callback methods, 81
Call processing interface, 171
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), 35
CDR definition, see Common Data Representation definition
Central Intelligence Agency, 23
Certificate Authority (CA), 174
CFML, see ColdFusion Markup Language
CGI, see Common Gateway Interface
Character-based systems, 152
Charles Schwab, 15, 16, 17, 18
Client(s)
access technologies, 135
architecture, 135
-based software, 141
CORBA, 136
Java, 137
Microsoft ActiveX, 138
proxy, 143
/server
environment, 8
persistence, 192
-side programs, 37
software, 38
TCP/IP, 139
tier, 132
CMP, see Container-managed persistence
CNN Web site, 32
COBOL, 149
ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML), 219
Collection service, 98
COM, see Component Object Model
Common Data Representation (CDR) definition, 115
Common Gateway Interface (CGI), 44, 46, 70
Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), 11, 61, 93-120
client implementation and interfaces, 104-105
Interface Definition Language, 100-102
General Inter-ORB Protocol, 114-115
Internet inter-ORB Protocol, 115-116
interoperability architecture, 109-111
Naming Service, 164
object communication, 227
Object Request Broker, 102-104
server object implementation and interfaces, 105-109
Communication
application-to-application, 35
Resource Manager, 87
Compile-and-link programming environment, 69
Component(s)
application, 149
composite, 149
development tools, 162
models, 127
Object Model (COM), 42
persistent, 149
Computing
architectures, evolution of, 3-13
distributed object model, 10-11
distributed object, 95
proliferation of Web-based, 185
server-based, 91
Concurrency service, 98
Configuration management, 28, 204
Container-managed persistence (CMP), 79, 202-203
Conversion programs, server-based, 153
CORBA, see Common Object Request Broker Architecture
Corporate intranets, 2
CPU(s)
sharing of workload on multiple, 188
Credit card
information, 179
transaction, 144
CRM, see Customer Relationship Management
Cryptic user interface, 6
CSS, see Cascading Style Sheets
Customer
Relationship Management (CRM), 216, 234
service inquiries, 17
Customization, 76
D
DARPA, see Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Data
back-end, 189
classification, 166
mappings, 150
Database(s), 153
access, 218
connectivity, 90
legacy, 154
Datastream, definition of, 50
DCE, see Distributed Computing Environment
DCOM, see Distributed Component Object Model
DEC, see Digital Equipment Corporation
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 12
Dell Computer, 15
Delphi VCL, 75
Derived interface, 101
Design issues, for enterprise deployment of application servers, 171-206
application server fault tolerance, 201-202
network fault tolerance, 194-196
server fault tolerance, 196-201
application server load balancing, 193-194
geographic and local load balancing, 189-190
load-balancing approaches, 190-193
application server administration, 202-203
end-to-end management, 204
application server scalability, 187-188
overall scalability in multi-tier environments, 188-189
overall security architecture, 178-180
Desktop PCs, 123
Development tools, 157
DHTML, see Dynamic HTML
Dial-in links, 55
Digital divide, 13
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 4
Digital signatures, 174
DII, see Dynamic Invocation Interface
Directory
servers, 196
services, 163
Disaster recovery, 187
Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM), 11
Distributed Computing Environment (DCE), 148
Distributed object-based systems, 207
Distributed Object Computing (DOC), 93, 95
Distributed Object Model, 10, 12
DNS, see Domain
Name Server
DOC, see Distributed Object Computing
Document(s)
formatting, 34
PDF, 39
Name Server (DNS), 163, 191, 192
Technology Committee (DTC), 93
Drag-and-drop interface, 77
DSI, see Dynamic Skeleton Interface
DTC, see Domain Technology Committee
Dumb terminals, 152
Dynamic HTML (DHTML), 35
Dynamic Invocation Interface (DII), 97, 101
Dynamic Skeleton Interface (DSI), 97, 103,106
E
EAI, see Enterprise Application Integration
infrastructures, 28
model, 18
software platform for, 225
stages of Web presence, 14
systems, 3
ECI, see External Call Interface
business-to-consumer, 15
sites, 222
software, 229
stages of Web presence, 14
EJB, see Enterprise JavaBeans
EJBContext, 81
E-mail address, 17
Employee portal page, example of, 19
Encryption, 23
End-to-end management, 204
End-user devices, 2
Enterprise
APIs, current, 85
Application Integration (EAI), 224
application server in with security platforms, 181
bean wrapper interfaces, 82
EJB server in, 83
JavaBeans (EJB), 11, 59, 73, 78, 138, 212
Resource Planning (ERP), 126
scalability within, 182
Solution Modules (ESM), 224
Web servers as portal to, 3
Environment-specific inter-ORB protocols (ESIOP), 111
ERP, see Enterprise Resource Planning
Error-prone interfaces, 171
ESIOP, see Environment-specific inter-ORB protocols
ESM, see Enterprise Solution Modules
E-tailer interacting, 134
ETrade, 23
Event
isolation, 204
service, 98
Extensible Markup Language (XML), 13, 21, 34, 35, 36
External Call Interface (ECI), 139
Externalization service, 98
Extranet, see also I*net
-based business process interaction, 175
users, 134
F
Fast Ethernet LAN, 196
Fat-client emulators, 53
Fault
tolerance, 26, 139, 187, 215, 235
application server, 201
Inprise Application server implementing, 227
network, 194
principles, 27
server, 196
File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 12, 65
Financial services organizations, 208
Fire-fighting management tasks, 204
Firewalls, 27, 179, 190, 196, 205
FoliQuest International N.V., 213-218
Fortran, 44
FTP, see File Transfer Protocol
G
Gateway(s)
back-end, 160
devices, 189
network-based, 196
products, Web-to-host, 7
Gemtone Systems, 223, 236, 241, 255
General Inter-ORB Protocol (GIOP), 111, 114, 115
General Motors, 4
Generic Resources, 201
Geographic load balancer, 191
Gigabit Ethernet, 184
Giga Information Group, 122
GIOP, see General Inter-ORB Protocol
Governmental agencies, 12
Graphical user interface (GUI), 77, 226
Green-on-black user interface, 5, 49
GUI, see Graphical user interface
H
HAHT Commerce, Inc., 224, 236, 242, 255
Handheld wireless devices, 59
Host integration servers, 57
HTML, see HyperText Markup Language
HTTP, see HyperText Transfer Protocol
HyperText Markup Language (HTML), 13, 21, 34
conversion
drawback of, 57
server, 56
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), 29, 140, 159
I
IAS, see Inprise Application Server
LDAP Directory, 225
mainframe systems, 51
OS/400, 29
Tivoli, 202
WebSphere Application Server, 129, 146, 202, 210
WebSphere Edge Server, 193
Identifiers, 100
IDEs, see Integrated development environments
IDL, see Interface Definition Language
IETF, see Internet Engineering Task Force
IFR, see Interface Repository
IIOP, see Internet inter-ORB protocol
IIS, see Microsoft Internet Information Server
Immediate bridging, 112
Implementation examples, 208-210
application servers within, 20
clients within, 133
model, 48
traffic, 25
Informix, 154
Inheritance, 64
Initial public offerings (IPOs), 1
In-line bridging, 113
Inprise Application Server (IAS), 215, 217
Inprise Corporation, 227, 237, 243, 255
Integrated development environments (IDEs), 22, 125, 230
Intellectual property, protection of, 43
Intelligent Environments, see iE
Interface Definition Language (IDL), 96, 100
definition files, 101
identifiers within, 101
Interface Repository (IFR), 101, 102
Interfaces, error-prone, 171
Intermediate processing, 25
International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 164
Internet, see also I*net
Engineering Task Force (IETF), 30, 254
initial public offerings
inter-ORB protocol (IIOP), 115, 143
Protocol (IP), 12
service provider (ISP), 32, 185
technologies, transformation of key business processes through use of, 124
Interoperable Naming Service (IONA), 103
Interoperable Object Reference (IOR), 115, 164
Inter-ORB bridges, 111
Introspection, 76
IONA, see Interoperable Naming Service
IONA Technologies, 228, 237, 243, 255
IOR, see Interoperable Object Reference
IP, see Internet Protocol
IP security (IPsec), 179
iPlanet Application Server, 210, 243
IPOs, see Initial public offerings
IPsec, see IP security
ISP, see Internet service provider
IT infrastructure, growth of enterprise, 171
ITU, see International Telecommunications Union
J
JAAS, see Java Authentication and Authorization Service
JAF, see JavaBeans Activation Framework
JAR files, see Java ARchive files
application servers, 178
Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS), 176
client, 137
Community Process, 119
Cryptography Extension (JCE), 176
Database Connectivity (JDBC), 62, 86
emulator applet, mainframe access using, 52, 54
environment, 69
Java development kit, 73
Java Runtime Environment, 73
Foundation Classes (JFC), 62
IDL, see Java Interface Definition Language
Interface Definition Language (Java IDL), 86
Micro Edition, 90
JavaScript, 70
Management Extensions (JMX), 87
Message Service (JMS), 86, 156
Microsoft versus, 42
Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI), 81
portability, 68
Remote Method Protocol (JRMP), 82
Runtime Environment (JRE), 46, 73
Secure Socket Extension (JSSE), 176
security, evolution of, 67
Server Page (JSP), 46, 140, 145, 194, 213, 216
servlets, 46
Transaction API (JTA), 146, 155
Transaction Service (JTS), 87, 155
Virtual Machine (JVM), 40, 71, 145
VisualAge, 210
JavaBeans, 74
Activation Framework (fAF), 78
code, 83
model, 75
JavaMail, 86
JCE, see Java Cryptography Extension
JDBC, see Java Database Connectivity
JDK, see Java Development Kit
JFC, see Java Foundation Classes
JIT compilers, see Just-in-time compilers
JMS, see Java Message Service
JMX, see Java Management Extensions
JNDI, see Java Naming and Directory Interface
JRE, see Java Runtime Environment
JRMP, see Java Remote Method Protocol
JSP, see Java Server Page
JSSE, see Java Secure Socket Extension
JTA, see Java Transaction API
JTS, see Java Transaction Service
Just-in-time (JIT) compilers, 65
JVM, see Java Virtual Machine
K
Key agreement, 176
L
LAN
Ethernet-shared, 183
Fast Ethernet, 196
Language
mappings, 118
object-oriented, 64
programming, target client, 104
Laptops, 59
LDAP, see Lightweight Directory Access Protocol
Legacy
applications, rewriting of, 48
business logic, 58
databases, 154
data source, 131
hierarchical systems, 6
hosts, 27
transaction systems, 167
Licensing service, 98
Life cycle service, 98
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), 81, 164, 180
Link latency, test for, 190
Lisp, 149
Load balancer, 193
geographic, 191
pinging of server by, 192
round-robin, 168
LocalDirector, 193
Localization files, 73
London Stock Exchange (AIM), 226
Lotus, 78
M
Mainframe(s)
access, using Java emulator applet, 52, 54
computers, today's, 200
computing dominated by, 2
IBM-compatible, 4
processors, virtual pool of, 27
systems, IBM, 51
Malicious code, downloading of, 66
Marshals, 97
Material Resource Planning (MRP), 134
Mean time between failure (MTBF), 26
Mediated bridging, 113
Message queuing systems, 155
Metadata, 105
Microsoft, 22, 25, 230, 237, 244, 255
Active Server Pages, 226
client, 138
attempt by Sun to diminish dominance of, 61
browser, 39
DOS, 8
implementation, pure, 138
Interface Definition Language (MIDL), 117
Internet Information Server (IIS), 45, 47, 211
Java versus, 42
Open Database Connectivity (ODBC), 154
Transaction Server (MTS), 128, 230
Visual J++, 157
Windows-based PC, 67
Middle tier
groups of servers in, 144
MIDL, see Microsoft Interface Definition Language
MIME, see Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
Mobile agent facility, 99
Model(s)
component, 127
CORBA interworking, 114
E-business, 18
i*net, 48
JavaBeans, 75
Microsoft COM non-Java component, 116
OSI reference, 10
pricing, 129
sandbox, 41
Telnet client/server, 51
Web, software distribution capabilities inherent in, 41
MRP, see Material Resource Planning
MTBF, see Mean time between failure
MTS, see Microsoft Transaction Server
Multiprocessing servers, 182
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME), 32, 33
Multithreading, 68
N
Naming service, 98
NASDAQ stock market, 1
National Discount Brokers (NDB), 209, 246
NCs, see Network computers
NDB, see National Discount Brokers
NDS, see Novell Directory Services
Netscape
browser, 39
creation of JavaScript by, 70
Server API (NSAPI), 45
NetWare Directory Services (NDS), 81
Network bandwidth, 172
-based gateways, 196
-based round-robin load balancer, 168
-based services, 156, 163, 169
computers (NCs), 91
connectivity options, 50
fault tolerance, 194
modeling tools, 162
scalability, 183
services products, 162
shared memory, 118
storage area, 197
TCP/IP-based, 225
Non-redundant branch office design, 195
Notification service, 98
Novell
Directory Services (NDS), 164
NSAPI, see Netscape Server API
n-tier environment, 125
O
Object
code, 65
implementation, 105
Linking and Embedding (OLE), 41
Management Architecture (OMA), 93
Management Group (OMG), 11, 91, 92, 254
persistence, 235
reference, 114
Request Broker (ORB), 21, 94, 102
client interface to, 104
domains, 110
server object interface to, 106
services, ORB domains based on different, 111
vendors, 104
Transaction Service (OTS), 87, 155
Object-oriented frameworks, 74
Object-oriented language, 64
Objects by Value (OBV), 227
OBV, see Objects by Value
ODBC, see Microsoft Open Database Connectivity
OLE, see Object Linking and Embedding
OMA, see Object Management Architecture
OMG, see Object Management Group
OneLook Dictionaries, 254
One-way/callback, 105
Online brokerages, 16
Open Systems Interconnect (OSI), 9
Open Trading Platform, 211
Operating systems, proprietary, 6
Oracle Corporation, 154, 199, 231, 237, 244, 255
ORB, see Object Request Broker
OSI, see Open Systems Interconnect
OTS, see Object Transaction Service
P
PAM, see Pluggable authentication modules
Parallel Sysplex, 200
PC(s)
desktop, 123
Pentium, 134
/workstation, with browser, 136
PCA, see Persistent Cache Architecture
PDAs, see Personal digital assistants
PDF documents, see Portable Document Format documents
Pentium PC, 134
Performance management, 28, 204
Persistence, 77
Persistence Software, 233, 237, 244, 255
Persistent Cache Architecture (PCA), 224
Persistent components, 149
Persistent object service, 98
Persistent State Service (PSS), 228
Personal digital assistants (PDAs), 21, 59, 133
PF key, see Programmed function key
Ping, 192
Platform Technology Committee (PTC), 93
Pluggable authentication modules (PAM), 176
Plug-ins, 39
PME, see Properties, Methods, and Events
POA, see Portable Object Adapter
Pointer reference errors, 66
Polymorphism, 64
Portable Document Format (PDF) documents, 39
Portable Object Adapter (POA), 103, 107, 227
Pricing models, 129
Prioritization, 165
Programmed function (PF) key, 152
Programming
environment, compile-and-link, 69
languages, target client, 104
Properties, Methods, and Events (PME), 75
Property service, 98
Proprietary operating systems, 6
PSS, see Persistent State Service
PTC, see Platform Technology Committee
Q
QoS, see Quality-of-service
Quality-of-service (QoS), 165
Query service, 99
Queuing, 165
R
RAID, see Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
RDBMS, see Relational database management systems
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID), 197
Redundant branch office design, 195
Reference container, 77
Reflection, 76
Relational database management systems (RDBMS), 154
Relationship service, 99
Remote Method Invocation (RMI), 82
Remote Procedure Call (RPC), 148, 156
Request For Comment (RFC), 30
Request-level bridges, 113
Research labs, 12
RFC, see Request For Comment
RMI, see Remote Method Invocation
RMI-over-IIOP, 169
Round-robin load balancer, 168
Routers, 27
RPC, see Remote Procedure Call
S
SAFs, see Server application functions
Sandbox model, of security, 41, 176
SANs, see Storage area networks
Scalability
definition of, 181
within enterprise, 182
Sears, 4
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 23, 53, 173, 177
Security
elements of, 173
platforms, application server in enterprise with, 181
policy
administration of, 175
servers, 205
service, 99
Servants, 107
Server(s)
administrative, 203
application, see Application server
application functions (SAFs), 45
complex, 24
directory, 196
external gateway, 51
fault tolerance, 196
groups of in middle tier, 144
host integration, 57
HTTP, 140
LDAP, 164
middle tier, 54
middleware management, 90
multiprocessing, 182
NetWare Directory Services, 81
object, 105
policy, 189
security policy, 205
-side objects, 124
stand-alone, 161
Web, 136
applets downloaded by, 185
design, 141
multiple, 131
pool, 27
traffic, 165
Servlet engines, 205
Shopping cart, maintenance of, 143
SilverStream Software, 233, 237, 245, 255
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), 87, 202
Smalltalk, 64
SMP, see Symmetric multiprocessing
SNA, see Systems Network Architecture
SNMP, see Simple Network Management Protocol
Software
black box implemented in, 74
company, world's largest, 230
Customer Relationship Management, 216
E-commerce, 229
platform, E-business, 225
VPN client, 180
Web browser, 43
SQL, see Structured Query Language
SSL, see Secure Sockets Layer
Stand-alone servers, 161
Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML), 34-35
Status code, 31
Stock market, NASDAQ, 1
Storage area networks (SANs), 197
Structured Query Language (SQL), 154
Subclasses, 10
Sun Microsystems, 15, 89, see also Java
Java site, 254
Solaris, 199
Write Once, Run Anywhere, 69
Superclasses, 10
Sybase, Inc., 154, 234, 238, 245, 255
Symantec, 22
Symantec Visual Café, 157
Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), 186
System design considerations, 22-28
Systems Network Architecture (SNA), 5, 9
T
TAC, see Technical Assistance Center
TCP, see Transport Control Protocol
TCP/IP, see Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Technical Assistance Center (TAC), 18
Telephone call center, 17
Telnet
client/server model, 51
options, 52
protocol, 50
Time service, 99
TLS, see Transport Layer Security
TP, see Transaction processing
Trader Service, 164
Trading object service, 99
Transaction
monitor, 235
processing (TP), 221
monitor, 155
systems, 154
service, 99
Transport Control Protocol (TCP), 12, 173
Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), 9, 30, 50, 191
-based networks, 225
clients, 139
routing protocols, 195
Transport Layer Security (TLS), 53, 177
U
UML, see Unified Modeling Language
Unified Modeling Language (UML), 93
Universal Resource Locator (URL), 31, 32, 46
UNIX
/Linux, scalability of systems based on, 186
systems, 49
URL, see Universal Resource Locator
User
authentication, 196
interface
cryptic, 6
V
VAX system, DEC, 4
Virtual private networks (VPNs), 179, 180
Visual Basic, 149
Visual tools, 158
VM, see Virtual machine
VPNs, see Virtual private networks
W
WAI, see Web application interface
WAN, see Wide area network
WAP, see Wireless Application Protocol
Web
application interface (WAI), 45
authoring tools, 162
-based computing, proliferation of, 185
browser software, 43
caching devices, 167
filtering, 167
-host access, applet/control method of, 53
-host gateway products, 7
model, software distribution capabilities inherent in, 41
presence, stages of, 14
server(s), 136
applets downloaded by, 185
design, 141
multiple, 131
pool, 27
as portal to enterprise, 3
traffic, 165
site
CNN, 32
personalization, 162
-style interfaces, 58
WebLogic Commerce Server, 162
Web technologies, survey of, 29-60
WML, 37
overview of Web browser and server operation, 29-34
Active Server Pages, 47
Java servlets and Java server pages, 46-47
scripts, forms, and APIs, 43-46
server-side programs versus application servers, 47-48
applet-based approaches, 51-55
host integration servers, 57-59
HTML conversion approaches, 55-57
traditional host access, 49-51
Wide area network (WAN), 184
Wide area network links
bandwidth on, 185
high-speed private, 184
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), 37
Wireless Markup Language (WML), 13, 21, 34, 134, 230
WML, see Wireless Markup Language
WORA, see Write Once, Run Anywhere
Workflow automation, 156
Workload Manager, 201
World Wide Web Consortium, 35, 254
Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA), 40, 69
X
XML, see Extensible Markup Language
Y
Yahoo!, 23