I would like to thank all the people who influenced my professional journey and contributed to the evolution of my career, in particular the direction and professors of IAV Hassan II.

My most sincere thanks go to Professor Hassane Jarar Oulidi with whom I collaborated in the writing of this book. My thanks also go to all the doctoral students who have devoted their time and efforts to advance our research questions, especially Ms. Siham El Yamani, Ms. Oumaima Moufid and Mr. Zouhair Ballouch, who have contributed to the writing of this book.

I would also like to thank the ISTE Ltd team for their high-quality professional work.

I will be sure to thank my mother and father for their unwavering support, trust and guidance.

I dedicate this work especially to my husband for his support and encouragement. I thank him for the sacrifices he has made for me. Thank you for the joy and happiness you bring to my life.

Rafika HAJJI
September 2021

I would like to thank the staff and professors at the Hassania School of Public Works (EHTP), in particular the Department of Mathematics, Computer Science and Geomatics.

Special thanks go to my wife Amina for her unfailing support and encouragement.

Hassane JARAR OULIDI
September 2021