Index
A
ability to learn, 267
amplifier circuit, 196
low-pass filters and, 56–58
mode in scopes, 206
power supplies, 174–177
sources, 52–53
Thevenizing and, 47–49
accumulators, 116
line surge creation with, 236–237
thumb rules on, 174
Adams, Scott, 32
adders, 112–113
administrative assistants, 252
advocacy, by managers, 264
affirmations, 256–257
algebra, unit math and, 13–16
amperage, See current
amplification blocks, 90–91
amplifiers
negative feedback and, 73
analog, 141–144
definition of, 142
pros and cons of, 144
real world as, 146–147
thumb rules on, 151
-to-digital conversion, 144–151
analog computers, 21
analogies, 262
analog readings, 127
analog sensors, 132
analog-to-digital conversion, 144–151
comparator circuits in, 92
input impedance in, 133
AND gates, 107
anger, 260
antennas, EMI and, 238–239
approximation, successive, 148
arithmetic logic units (ALUs), 116
armature
of AC motors, 170–174
artillery shells, 21
Ashby, Robert, 126
assemblers, 117–118
assembly language, 117–118
atoms, 2–5
attitude, of prospective employees, 268
avalanche failures, 185–186
B
badgers, coworkers as, 250
bandwidth, 143
base-to-emitter junctions, 78
AC/DC, 49–56
active filters, 59–61
control theory, 68–74
electric fields, 66–68
high-pass filters, 58–69
knowledge of, prospective employee, 266–267
low-pass filters, 56–58
magnetic fields, 62–66
Ohm's Law, 29–34
series and parallel components, 41–44
Thevenin's theorem, 44–49
voltage divider rule, 34–35
beta of transistors, 81
bias, 279
DC level shifter and, 195
forward, 281
LCDs and, 136–137
reverse, 284
in transistors as linear amplifiers, 81
adders with, 112–113
Boolean logic and, 105–113
math routines with, 121–124
biometric readings, 202
bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), See transistors
bits, 105
most significant/least significant, 148–149
BJTs, See transistors
black, radiation from, 85–86
block diagrams
of systems, 68–69
body language, 259
boldface text, 261
Boole, George, 105
Boolean logic, 105–113
adders in, 112–113
digital signals and, 143
AND gates, 107
memory cells, 113
NAND gates, 109–110
NOT gates, 106–107
OR gates, 108–109
state machines and, 114–115
thumb rules on, 115
XNOR gates, 112
XOR gates, 111
bosses
of bosses, 248–249
Dilbert type, 246–247
macro managers, 248
micro managers, 247–248
negotiator, 247
perfect, 248
“yes man”, 247
braking, 162–163
bridge rectifiers, 175–176
brushless DC motors, 167–169
buck converters, 178–179
buffers
active, 61
managers as, 264
with sensors, 132
bulk caps, 279
bulleted lists, overuse of, 261
bytes, 105
multiplying, 122–123
C
capacitance
in all parts of circuits, 33
equation for, 20
in inductors, 185
surface area and, 137
capacitive reactance, 54–55
AC sources and, 54–56
charges in, 67–68
EMI and, 234–235
energy stored in, 67–68
fundamentals on, 26
in high-pass filters, 58–59
in low-pass filters, 56–58
parallel, 41–42
polarized, 185
in power supplies, 176
series, 43
symbol for, 67
voltage divider rule and, 35–39
capital letters, in written communication, 261
carbon film resistors, 184
case temp, 84–85
C assemblers, 117–118
C (common), 172
center tap rectifiers, 175–176
repulsion and attraction between, 4
chips, 280
chokes, See inductors
circuits, favorite, 193–202
AC-only amplifier, 196
DC-DC converter, 202
DC level shifter, 195
flip-flop memory op-amp, 199–200
high-impedance window comparator, 201
hybrid Darlington pair, 194
inverter-driven voltage doubler, 199
inverter oscillator, 197
laser light switch, 199–200
optical signal transmission, 201–202
thumb rules on, 202
toy shocker, 198–199
virtual ground, 195–196
voltage follower, 196
clipping, 81
clock signals, 114
closed-loop gain, 73
code
assembly language, 117–118
beginning with, 126
math routines, 121–124
structuring, 118–121
troubleshooting, 241–244
code reviews, 243
coils of wire
in brushless DC motors, 167–168
in DC motors, 155–156
in flycatchers, 172–174
inductors and, 66
magnetic fields and, 63–66
with microprocessors/microcontrollers, 139
transformers and, 65–66
coil voltage, 172
cold solder joints, 214–215
collectors, 78
common sense, 268
communication, digital, 142
communication skills, 259–263
analogy, 262
email, 262
for job interviews, 269–271
pictures in, 262
verbal, 259–260
written, 261–262
commutation
in brushless DC motors, 167
in DC motors, 153
electronic, 168
comparator circuits, 92
high-impedance window, 201
for microprocessors/microcontrollers input, 127
in switchers, 179
compilers, 117
components, See electrical components
computers
analog, 21
digital, 143
computer simulations, 24
condescending behavior, 270
conduction, heat, 87
conductive boxes, 237
contact ratings, 172
control theory, 68–74
braking, 162–167
for DC motors, 156–160
feedback in, 72–73
linear control, 157–158
open-loop vs. closed-loop gain in, 73
step input in, 71–72
switching control, 158–160
system concept in, 68–71
convection, 86–87
conventional flow, 50
in transistors, 78
copper, 85
PCBs, 87–88
solder tape, 217
CORDIC algorithm, 113
core saturation, 185
corporate culture code words, 263
costs
feature creep and, 191
funding, 276
management goals and, 254–255
product development, 276
robust design and, 187
Covington, Michael, 199
coworkers, 249–250
cultural diversity, communication skills and, 259–260
curent-driven devices, 81
current
basics of, 23
buck converters and, 178–179
constant source of, 197
in diodes, 76–77
in electromagnetic fields, 63–65
inductance and, 19
with LEDs, 134
meters and, 204–206
Ohm's Law on, 29–34
phase shifts, 55–56
power supplies and, 174
in RC circuits, 38–39
step input and, 39
in Thevenizing, 45
torque and, 155
torque control and, 162
voltage and power and, 17–18
current-limiting circuits, 162
current-measuring circuits, 30–32
current sources
constant, 51
definition of, 45
Thevenizing and, 45
D
dampers, 21
Darlington transistors, 83
hybrid pair of, 194
databuses, 116
robust design and, 189
3 db down point, 59
−3 db down point, 57
DC-DC converters, 202
level shifter circuit, 195
mode in scopes, 206
motors, 152–160
regulators and, 177
sources, 51–52
switchers, 178
DC motors, 152–160
braking, 162–163
brushless, 167–169
changing directions in, 166
efficiency of, 168
linear control in, 157–158
speed control in, 156–157
speed maintenance in, 160–167
stepper, 169
switching control for, 158–160
torque control in, 162
debugging, 241–244
depletion regions, 76
derivatives, 21
design
adapting, 191
anticipative, 192–193
building blocks for, 25–27
code, 117–121
design wins, 221
documentation of, 189–190
EMI reduction in, 238–239
heat management, 185–186
intuitive signal analysis in, 24–25
modular, 191–192
problems in, troubleshooting, 229
product development and, 274–277
removing error through, 183
reps and distributors and, 221
robust, 187–193
simulators and, 210–212
standards in, 190
thumb rules on, 193
universal, 193
Designer's Guide to the Cypress PSoC (Ashby), 126
desoldering, 216–218
desoldering stations, 217–218
development, personal, 265
development process, modular design in, 192
digital
analog compared with, 141–143
bandwidth and, 143
definition of, 142
pros and cons of, 144
thumb rules on, 151
digital encoders, 130
digital signal processing (DSP), 151
digital-to-analog conversion, 144–151
Dilbert, 32
buck converters and, 179
error sources in, 181–182
in flycatchers, 172–174
forward voltage in, 77
freewheeler, 162
in AND gates, 107
with LEDs, 135
in linear amplifiers, 81
in NAND gates, 109
in OR gates, 108–109
photo, 132
reverse breakdown voltage in, 77–78
in SCRs, 83
in transistors, 78–81
in XOR gates, 111–112
dipole antennas, 239
distributors, 219–220
diversity, communication skills and, 259–260
division, binary number, 105
documentation
design guidelines, 189–190
standards, 190
doping, 76
down points
3 db, 59
−3 db, 57
dress, of prospective employees, 266
drive, 280
driver chips, LCD, 137
DSP, See digital signal processing
dud employees, 251
E
effort, by employees, 273
EFTBN (extremely fast transient burst noise) test, 235
85/15 rule, 236
electrical components, 75–139
active, 59–61
binary numbers and, 102–105
Boolean logic and, 105–114
capacitors, 19–20
EMI and, 234–235
imperfection of, 181–187
inductors, 19
input, 127–133
LCR circuits, 20–21
microprocessors/microcontrollers, 115–126
negative feedback in, 92–97
op-amps, 89–92
output, 134–139
passive, 59–60
physical equivalents of, 17
positive feedback in, 97–101
power and heat management for, 84–89
resistors, 18–19
semiconductors, 75–89
series and parallel, 41–44
state machines, 114–115
switchers, 179–180
tank circuits, 20
testing temperature of, 88
visualization of, 16–21
electrical engineers, 17
evaluating prospective, 266–269
managers and, 264–265
overcoming shyness, 252–258
LCDs and, 136–137
electricity, 2–11
atoms in, 2–5
electrostatic fields, 5–6
in simulations, 210–211
electromagnetic cannons, 171
definition of, 10
electromagnetic interference, See EMI
electromagnets, 63–64
electromechanical devices, 152–180
AC motors, 170–174
DC motors, 152–160
flycatchers, 172–174
power supplies, 174–180
relays, 172
solenoids, 171
electron flow, 50
doping and, 76
electronic commutation, 168
electrons, 2–5
electric field and, 66–68
flow of, 50
electron sea, 4
email, 262
EMF (electromotive force ), 154
back, 173–174
conducted, 231
in DC motors, 158
far-field, 232
near-field electric, 232
near-field magnetic, 232
poor man's tests for, 236–237
problems in, troubleshooting, 229
radiated, 232
reproducing errors with, 233
timing and, 233–234
troubleshooting, 230–240
emitters, 78
emitter-to-base junctions, 79
emphasis, in written communication, 261
employment, See jobs
EN 61000-4-4, 235
energy
definition of, 5
free, 52
transferring, 8
engineering analysis
See also troubleshooting
See also troubleshooting
estimation in, 15–16
intuitive signal analysis, 22–25
real numbers for, 60
visualization of components in, 16–21
environmental effects, 188–189
EPROMs, 280
equations
fundamental, 26
for parallel and series circuits, 43–44
Thevenin's theorem, 44–49
voltage divider rule, 34
errors
See also troubleshooting
See also troubleshooting
allowable, 15–16
dealing with in components, 183–184
open-loop gain and, 73
sources of, 181–184
ESR (equivalent series resistance), 184
estimation, 15–16
for bosses, 255
simulation and, 211
European CE requirements, 235
experience, importance of, 22
F
FAEs, 280
falling edge, 114
fans, heat management with, 86–87
far-field EMI, 232
feedback, 72
in op-amps, 92–101
in speed control, 161
speed maintenance with, 160–167
ferrite beads, 233
ferrous shielding, 237
FETs (field effect transistors), 81–83
in DC motors, 158
with microprocessors/microcontrollers, 139
in op-amps, 82
in regenerative braking, 164–165
field application engineers (FAEs), 220–221
filters
active, 59–61
in ADC, 145–146
in digital signal processing, 151
EMI, 234
high-pass, 58–59
low-pass, 56–58
negative feedback and, 73
op-amps as, 100–101
passive, 56–59
firmware, 241
flip-flops, See memory cells
flyback, 172–174
flycatchers, 172–174
focus, for managers, 264
forward voltage, in diodes, 77
Fourier's theorems, 21
Franklin, Benjamin, 50
free air convection, 86
free electrons, 2–4
free energy, 52
frequency, 54–55
definition of, 54
high-pass filters and, 58–59
low-pass filters and, 56–58
in RC circuits, 35–39
frequency response, Laplace transform and, 71
friction, 18–19
in DC motors, 156
fundamentals, 25–27
funding, 276
fuses, 204
G
gain
voltage divider rule and, 34–35
AND, 107
adders with, 112–113
FET, 81
NAND, 109–110
NOR, 110–111
NOT, 106–107
OR, 108–109
XNOR, 112
XOR, 111–112
Gates, Bill, 245
gauntlets, 189
global warming, 87
grounds, 281
batteries and, 52
scopes and, 208
virtual, 195–196
in voltage divider rule, 34–35
H
hall sensors, 130
Hayes, Travis, 198–199
H bridges, 166
heat
See also soldering
See also soldering
designing for control of, 185–186
as error source, 188–189
losses as, 160
in resistors, 184
in semiconductors, 185–186
heat management, 84–89
case temp, 84–85
conduction for, 87
convection for, 86–87
heat sinking for, 85
heat spreading for, 88
junction temp, 84
PCBs in, 87–88
radiation for, 85–86
thumb rules on, 89
heat sinks, 85
conduction in, 87
convection in, 86–87
heat spreading and, 88
PCBs as, 87–88
radiation in, 85–86
heat spreading, 88
Heinlein, Robert, 17
Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 256–257
hexadecimal numbers, 102–105
HFE of transistors, 81
high connections, 131–132
high-pass filters, 58–59
as DC level shifters, 195
hiring, 266–269
holding force, 171
holes, 76–77
hot air pencils, 213
hybrid Darlington pair circuit, 194
in inverter oscillator circuit, 197
in switchers, 179
I
ideas, for products, 274–275
IEEE 62.41, 190
IGBTs (isolated gate bipolar transistors), 83
ignorance, admitting, 270
impedance, 281
basics of, 22
in capacitors, 33
in inductors, 33
meters and, 204–206
in op-amps, 90
in power supplies, 176–177
in resistors, 30–33
in semiconductors, 185
in sensors, 132
voltage drop from, 32–33
incandescent lamps, 138–139
inductance
in all parts of circuits, 33
equation for, 19
in resistors, 184
in semiconductors, 185
induction motors, AC, 170–174
inductive reactance, 54
AC sources and, 54–56
buck converters and, 179
coils of wire as, 64–65
error sources in, 185
fundamentals on, 26
in low-pass filters, 57–58
parallel, 43
in RL circuits, 39–41
saturation of, 66
series, 41
in switchers, 177–179
in switching control, 159–160
in transformers, 65–66
inertia, 19
in DC motors, 156
inputs
in DC motors, 154
FET, 81
impedance in, 133
interrupt-driven, 119–121
in RL circuits, 40
specs on, 130–131
transfer function and, 69
in voltage divider rule, 34–35
instruction decoders, 116
instruction memory, 116
insulators, electrons in, 3–4
integrals, 21
integrity, 246
interrupts, 117
in microprocessors/microcontrollers, 127
switch bounce, 128–129
timing, 119–121
interview skills, 269–271
computer simulators and, 24
simulation and, 211–212
thumb rules for, 25
inverters
NOT gates, 106–107
in voltage doubler circuit, 199
datasheets on, 125
interrupt-driven, 119–121
ions, 2
iron, See soldering irons
italics, in written communication, 261
J
jargon, 263
jobs
finding, 269–271
keeping, 271–273
Jobs, Steve, 245
juju beads, 233
Juju journals, 237
junctions, 281
junction temp, 84
K
knowledge, of prospective employees, 266
L
lab time, importance of, 24
ladder logic, 282
ladders, R2R, 148–149
laser light switch circuit, 199–200
launches, product, 276
law of inertia, 19
lay-offs, 273
LC circuits, 20
resonance in, 59
LCDs (liquid crystal displays), 136–137
LCR circuits, 20–21
leading vs. lagging, 56–58
leads, 282
least significant bits, 148–149
multiplexing, 137–138
Lego engineering, 25–27
level detect, 114
linear, 282
linear equations, 44
listening, reflective, 260
load, 282
buck converters and, 178–179
loss and, 160–161
low-pass filters and, 60–61
logic
binary numbers and, 102–105
Boolean, 105–113
logic analyzers, 208–209
logic circuits, 105
loop antennas, 239
losses, speed maintenance and, 160
low connections, 131–132
low-pass filters, AC signals and, 56–58
loyalty, 272–273
LSBs, See least significant bits
M
macro managers, 248
magic smoke, 282
in AC motors, 170
in DC motors, 152–160
magnetic sensors, 130
magnets
AC and, 52–53
in brushless DC motors, 167–168
in DC motors, 152–160
electromagnetic fields and, 7–10
electromagnets, 63–68
management, 263–269
as advocates, 264
boss types in, 246–249
as buffers, 264
cost and, 187
decision making by, 265–266
developing skills in, 252
employee development and, 266–269
engineers and, 264–265
as facilitators, 263
feature creep and, 191
focus and, 264
goals of, 254–255
point of view and understanding, 253–255
Mancini, Ron, 188
marketing, 276
markets, potential, 275
math
binary number, 105
multiplication routines, 121–123
MathCad, 14–15
math routines, 121–122
MCU, See microcontrollers/microprocessors
mechanical engineers, 17
memory
instruction, 116
nonvolatile, 113
read-only, 116
volatile, 113
memory cells, 113
in state machines, 114
memory chips, 130
mhos, 82–83
microcontrollers/microprocessors, 115–126
analog sensors in, 132
code structure for, 117–121
coils and, 139
differences between, 115–117
elements of, 116–118
FETs and, 139
incandescent lamps with, 138–139
input for, 127–132
input impedance and, 133
math routines for, 121–124
microcontrollers compared with, 115–117
multicore, 118
multiplexing, 137–138
output with, 134–137
transistors and, 139
micro managers, 247–248
microphones, 132
mnemonics, 117–118
modeling, See simulation
modular design, 191–192
MOSFETs, 162
most significant bits, 148–149
motivation, of prospective employees, 268
motors
braking, 162–163
changing directions in, 166
current-measuring circuit for, 30–32
DC, 152–160
DC, brushless, 167–169
speed control in, 156–157
speed maintenance in, 160–167
stepper, 169
switching control for, 158–160
torque control in, 162
universal, 170
moving force, 171
MSBs, See most significant bits
multiplexing, 137–138
multiplication, binary number, 105
routines for, 121–123
N
NAND gates, 109–110
in memory cells, 113
Nay, Sam, 201–202
in op-amps, 92–97
in power supplies, 177
negotiator bosses, 247
neutrons, 2
nibbles, 105
noise
See also EMI
See also EMI
analog signals and, 143
in low current signals, 238
scopes and, 207–208
in switchers, 180
nonvolatile memory, 113
NOR gates, 110–111
NOT gates, 106–107
O
octal numbers, 102–105
Oersted, Hans, 63
amplification blocks in, 90–91
in comparator circuits, 92
negative feedback in, 92–97
positive feedback in, 97–101
summing blocks in, 90
superposition with, 98–100
symbol for, 89–90
with transistors as linear amplifiers, 81
in virtual ground circuit, 195–196
open-loop gain, 73
optical signal transmission circuits, 201–202
optimism, 265
OR gates, 108–109
oscillators, 73
inverter, 197
op-amps as, 101
as antennas, 239
thumb rules on, 209
OTP, 282
Outer Limits, 206
output impedance, in power supplies, 176–177
outputs
in DC motors, 154
on FETs, 81
incandescent lamps as, 138–139
interrupt-driven, 119–121
LCDs as, 136–137
positive feedback and, 72–73
of R2R ladders, 149
step input and, 71–72
Thevenizing and, 46
transfer function and, 69
overflow, 120
P
pads, 282
parallel components, 41–44
PCBs, 282
design, EMI reduction in, 238–239
as heat sinks, 87–88
soldering, 214–215
peak inverse voltage, See reverse breakdown voltage
people skills, 245–252
with administrative assistants, 250–252
affirmations, 256–257
with bosses, 246–249
with colleagues, 249–250
communication skills, 259–263
for employees, 269–274
for extroverted introverts, 252–258
for managers, 263–269
overcoming shyness, 252–258
point of view, 253–255
practicing, 258
in prospective employees, 268
with subordinates, 250–252
visualization, 255–256
people tools, 218–222
percentages, estimation and, 15
permanent magnet motors, 152–160
Petersen, Steve, 198–199
phase shifts, 55–56
photodiodes, 132
phototransistors, 129–130
piezo igniters, 236
pink book, 156
PLDs, See programmable logic devices
PM motors, See DC motors
PN junctions, 76–77
point of view, 253–255
polarity, LCDs and, 136–137
polling, 127
in op-amps, 97–101
potentiometers, 131–132
pots, See potentiometers
power
definition of, 283
equation for, 17–18
power components, 283
power devices, 283
power mongers, coworkers as, 249
power supplies, 174–180
components for, 179–180
linear, 175–177
switchers, 177–180
thumb rules on, 180
voltage in, 174
practice, 258
praise-deprived employees, 251
pressure sensors, 132
printers, 169
product development, 274–277
production floors, EMI on, 233–234
product launches, 276
program counters, 117
proofreading, 261
propagation delay, 130
protons, 2
built-in, 179
duty cycle of, 149–150
regenerative braking and, 162–165
soft start, 179
in switching control, 160
purchasing, 218–222
PWM, 282
Q
questions, asking, 271
R
radiation, 85–86
ratios, estimation and, 15
RC circuits, 35–39
high-pass filters, 58–59
PWM ramps, 149–150
step input and, 71–72
Thevenizing, 44–49
RDSon, 82–83
reactance, 54–55
reading, communication skills and, 260
real-time clock counters (RTCCs), 117
rectifiers, 284
bridge, 175–176
center tap, 175–176
in power supplies, 175–176
silicon-controlled, 83
reed switches, 130
reflective listening, 260
regenerative brakes, 162–165
registers, 116
regulators, in power supplies, 176–177
relays, 172
reluctance, 171
in switched reluctance motors, 169
reps, dealing with, 218–219
resin, 213
resistance, 10
in all parts of circuits, 29–30
definition of, 18
drain to source, 82–83
heat management and, 84–89
in inductors, 185
Ohm's Law on, 29–34
in voltage sources, 186
as current-to-voltage converters, 32–33
in DC motors, 154
error sources in, 184
fundamentals on, 26
in high-pass filters, 58–59
hysteresis and, 100
with LEDs, 134
pull-up/pull-down, as switches, 127–128
semiconductors compared with, 75
system diagram of, 70
transfer function of, 70
variable, FETS as, 82
voltage divider rule and, 35
resonance, 59
response, 71–72
response curve, 182
in RC circuits, 36–38
in RL circuits, 39–41
response time, 130
reverse bias, 284
reverse breakdown voltage, 77–78
RF effects, 232
RHOS-compliant solder, 213
rising edge, 114
RL circuits, 39–41
robust design, 187–193
adaptation in, 191
anticipating change in, 192–193
modular, 191–192
tolerances in, 187–190
universal design vs., 193
rolloff, 59
ROM, 116
rotors, 167–168
rounding, estimation and, 15
R2R ladders, 148–149
S
salesman bosses, 247
sample rates, 144
sampling, signal, 144
saturation, 66
core, 185
in transistors, 79
scalar wave diagrams, 8
Schmidt trigger oscillator, 197
scientific method, in troubleshooting, 224–225
SCRs (silicon-controlled rectifiers), 83
case temp in, 84–85
current driven, 76
diodes, 76–78
error sources in, 185–186
junction temp in, 84
in NAND gates, 109–110
in NOR gates, 110–111
transistors, 78–81
voltage driven, 76
in XOR gates, 111–112
sensors
analog, 132
hall/magnetic, 130
impedance of, 132
series components, 41–44
Shannon, Claude, 143
shells, 2–4
shielding, 237
shocker circuit, 198–199
shoot through, 166
shotgun method of troubleshooting, 224–225
showering arc test, 236
shyness, overcoming, 252–258
Siemens, See mhos
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 238
silicon
in brushless DC motors, 168
doping, 76
simulation, 210–212
computer, 24
intuitive analysis and, 24
limitations of, 210–211
thumb rules on, 212
tolerance analysis, 188
trusting too much, 210
visualization in, 17
sink, 284
slackers, 251
smart slackers, 251
SMT soldering, 215–216
sneaks, coworkers as, 249
snubbers, 48
soft start PWM, 179
software
EULAs, 275
modular design of, 191–192
problems in, troubleshooting, 229
troubleshooting, 241–244
heat management and, 88
soldering, 213–218
thumb rules on, 218
solenoids, 171
in relays, 172
solution verification, 14–15
sources
AC, 52–53
constant, 51
constant current, 197
DC, 51–52
error sources in, 185–186
on FETs, 81
resistance drain to, 82–83
speed control in motors, 156–167
standards, 190
state changes, 142–143
static
FETs and, 82
static guns, 236
stators, 167–168
step input
control theory and, 71–72
in PWM ramps, 150
in RC circuits, 35–39
in RL circuits, 39
stepper motors, 169
story problems, 14
strain gauges, 132
subordinates, 250–252
success
affirmations and, 256–257
visualizing, 255–256
successive approximation, 148
sum-of-the-inverse rule, 43–44
superconductors, 29
superposition
in op-amps, 98–100
Thevenin's theorem and, 44–49
suppliers, 179–180
supply chain management, 220
surface-mount components, 215–216
surge suppressors, 234
switch bounce, 128–129
switched reluctance motors, 169
switches
in microprocessors/microcontrollers, 127–129
reed, 130
in relays, 172
transistors as, 79–81
switch mode, 284
synchronous switching
braking with, 164–165
changing directions with, 166
T
tank circuits, 20
resonance in, 59
tau (τ), 182
in RL circuits, 40
temperature
as error source, 188–189
heat management and, 84–89
temperature, testing, 88
testing
code, 242
EMI, 235–236
poor man's EMI, 236–237
robust design and, 189
rusty file test, 188
software, 241–244
temperature, 88
thermal couples, 132
thermoelectric devices, 87
Thevenizing circuits, 44–49
load effects and, 60–61
Thov, Mourly, 202
thumb rules
on AC motors, 174
on ADC, 151
on Boolean logic, 115
on bosses and coworkers, 253
on communication, 263
on debugging, 244
on electrical components, 21
on electromechanical devices, 169
on error sources, 187
on favorite circuits, 202
on heat management, 89
on hiring, 269
on intuitive signal analysis, 25
on job hunts, 274
on meters and scopes, 209
on overcoming shyness, 258
on power supplies, 180
on product development, 277
on reps, distributors, and FAEs, 222
on robust design, 193
on simulation, 212
on soldering, 218
on success, 11
on unit math, 16
time constant
in low-pass filters, 57
Thevenizing and, 46–47
time constants, 37
timer counters, 117
interrupts and, 119–121
timing
in microprocessors/microcontrollers, 125
with other ICs, 130
in troubleshooting, 233–234
timing interrupts, 119–121
Tinney, Charles, 25
tolerances
problems in, troubleshooting, 229
in simulations, 211
stack-up of, 188
tools, 203–222
logic analyzers, 208–209
meters, 203–206
people tools, 218–222
scopes, 206–208
simulators, 210–212
soldering irons, 213–218
torque
in AC motors, 170
current and, 155
in stepper motors, 169
in switching control, 159–160
torque constant, 155–156
toy shocker circuit, 198–199
traces, 285
tracing registers, 242–243
transconductance, 82–83
transfer function, 69
transformers, 53
electromagnetic fields and, 65–66
power supplies and, 175–176
transient response
in an RC circuit, 36–38
in PWM ramps, 150
in amplification circuits, 92–93
beta/HFE of, 81
bipolar junction, 139
Darlington, 83
in DC motors, 158
FETs, 81–83
IGBTs, 83
as linear amplifiers, 81
in microcontrollers, 116–118
for microprocessors/microcontrollers input, 129–130
in NAND gates, 109–110
in NOR gates, 110–111
in NOT gates, 106–107
photo, 129–130
saturation in, 79
SCRs, 83
selecting, 79–81
in XOR gates, 111–112
TRIACs, 83
troubleshooting, 223–244
anomalies in, 227
breaking down the problems in, 22–24
categorizing problems in, 229
clues in, 226
controlled environment for, 235–236
developing skill in, 225
EMI, 230–240
as generalist skill, 225–226
imperfect components in, 181–187
intuitive signal analysis for, 22–25
poor man's tests in, 236–237
preparation for, 223–230
reproducing errors in, 228
root causes, 228–229
scientific method in, 224–225
shotgun method in, 224–225
simple things first in, 225
software, 241–244
time pressure and, 234
timing in, 233–234
truth tables, 106
AND gate, 107
NAND gate, 109
NOR gate, 110
NOT gate, 107
OR gate, 108
XNOR gate, 112
XOR gate, 111
Turing, Alan, 113
Turing machines, 113
Tyger, Alan, 199
U
UL 991, 190
universal motors, 170
V
Van de Graaf generators, 6
Van Halen, Eddie, 211
Vcc, 285
Vdd, 285
verbal communication skills, 259–260
via, 285
vibration, in switching control, 159–160
virtual ground circuit, 195–196
visualization of components, 16–21
in intuitive signal analysis, 22
visualization of success, 255–256
volatile memory, 113
basics of, 23
buck converters and, 178–179
current and power and, 17–18
digital levels, 148–149
flyback, 172–174
forward, 77
input thresholds, 130–131
meters and, 204–206
Ohm's Law on, 29–34
phase shifts, 55–56
power supplies and, 174
reverse breakdown, 77
in RL circuits, 39–41
scopes and, 206
speed and, 155
step input, 35–39
switching with hybrid Darlington pair, 194
Thevenin's theorem and, 44–49
voltage constant, 155–156
linear controls and, 157–158
voltage dividers
low-pass filters as, 56–58
op-amps as, 95–96
Thevenin's theorem and, 44–49
transfer function of, 70–71
voltage doubler circuit, 199
voltage-driven devices, 79
in DC motors, 154
in LEDs, 134–135
in power supplies, 176
in semiconductors, 185
voltage sources and, 186
voltage ripple, in power supplies, 176
voltage sources
constant, 51
definition of, 45
Thevenizing and, 45
W
wattage ratings, 77
weasel room, 265
willingness to learn, 267
wiper connections, 131–132
wrenches, mechanical engineers as, 17
written communications, 261–262
jargon in, 263
X
XNOR gates, 112
XOR gates, 111–112
Y
“yes man” bosses, 247
Z
Zilog processors, 149
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