ENDNOTES

Chapter 1: The Rules of Tack Sitting

1. Myers, S. M., C. P. Johnson, and Council on Children with Disabilities, “Management of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Pediatrics 120, no. 5 (Nov. 2007): 1162–82.

2. Ibid.

3. Buie, T., D. B. Campbell, G. J. Fuchs III, G. T. Furuta, J. Levy, J. Vandewater, A. H. Whitaker et al., “Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders in Individuals with ASDs: A Consensus Report,” supplement, Pediatrics 125, no. S1 (Jan. 2010): S1–18.

4. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing), xliv, 947.

5. “Side Effects of Abilify,” Internet Drug Database, www.drugs.com/sfx/abilify-side-effects.html; “Side Effects of Risperdal,” www.drugs.com/sfx/clonidine-side-effects.html; “Side Effects of Clonidine,” www.drugs.com/sfx/clonidine-side-effects.html.

6. Finegold, S. M., D. Molitoris, Y. Song, C. Liu, M. L. Vaisanen, E. Bolte, M. McTeague, et al., “Gastrointestinal Microflora Studies in Late-Onset Autism,” supplement, Clinical Infectious Diseases 35, no. S1 (Sept. 1, 2002): S6–16; Horvath, K., J. C. Papadimitriou, A. Rabsztyn, C. Drachenberg, and J. T. Tildon, “Gastrointestinal Abnormalities in Children with Autistic Disorder,” Journal of Pediatrics 135, no. 5 (Nov. 1999): 559–63; Reichelt, K. L., K. Hole, A. Hamberger, G. Saelid, P. D. Edminson, C. B. Braestrup, O. Lingjaerde, P. Ledaal, and H. Orbeck, “Biologically Active Peptide-Containing Fractions in Schizophrenia and Childhood Autism,” Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology 28 (1981): 627–43; Reichelt, K. L., and A. M. Knivsberg, “Can the Pathophysiology of Autism Be Explained by the Nature of the Discovered Urine Peptides?” Nutritional Neuroscience 6, no. 1 (Feb. 2003): 19–28; Reichelt, K. L., D. Tveiten, A. M. Knivsberg, and G. Bronstad, “Peptides’ Role in Autism with Emphasis on Exorphins,” Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 23 (2012); Shaw, W., “Increased Urinary Excretion of a 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (HPHPA), an Abnormal Phenylalanine Metabolite of Clostridia Spp. in the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Urine Samples from Patients with Autism and Schizophrenia,” Nutritional Neuroscience 13, no. 3 (June 2010): 135–43; Wasilewska, J., E. Jarocka-Cyrta, and M. Kaczmarski, “Gastrointestinal Abnormalities in Children with Autism” [in Polish], Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski 27, no. 157 (July 2009): 40–43.

7. Penders, J., et al., “Factors Influencing the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota in Early Infancy,” Pediatrics 118, no. 2 (2006): 511–21.

8. Biasucci, G., et al., “Cesarean Delivery May Affect the Early Biodiversity of Intestinal Bacteria,” Journal of Nutrition 138, no. 9 (2008): 1796S–1800S; Penders et al., “Factors Influencing the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota in Early Infancy.”

9. Jimenez, J., et al., “Isolation of Commensal Bacteria from Umbilical Cord Blood of Healthy Neonates Born by Cesarean Section,” Current Microbiology 51, no. 4 (2005): 270–74.

10. Munyaka, P. M., E. Khafipour, and J. E. Ghia, “External Influence of Early Childhood Establishment of Gut Microbiota and Subsequent Health Implications,” Frontiers in Pediatrics 2 (2014): 109; Kostic, A. D. et al., “The Dynamics of the Human Infant Gut Microbiome in Development and in Progression Toward Type 1 Diabetes,” Cell Host and Microbe 17, no. 2 (2015): 260–73; Schippa, S., et al., “A Distinctive ‘Microbial Signature’ in Celiac Pediatric Patients,” BMC Microbiology 10 (2010): 175; Wold, A. E., and I. Adlerberth, “Breast Feeding and the Intestinal Microflora of the Infant: Implications for Protection Against Infectious Diseases,” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 478 (2000): 77–93; West, C. E., et al., “Gut Microbiome and Innate Immune Response Patterns in IgE-Associated Eczema,” Clinical and Experimental Allergy (2015); Manzoni, P., “Use of Lactobacillus Casei Subspecies Rhamnosus GG and Gastrointestinal Colonization by Candida Species in Preterm Neonates,” supplement, Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 45, no. S3 (2007): S190–94; Bik, E. M., and D. A. Relman, “Unrest at Home: Diarrheal Disease and Microbiota Disturbance,” Genome Biology 15, no. 6 (2014): 120.

11. Munasinghe, S. A., C. Oliff, J. Finn, and J. A. Wray, “Digestive Enzyme Supplementation for Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 40, no. 9 (Sept. 2010): 1131–38.

12. Bradstreet, J. J., S. Smith, M. Baral, and D. A. Rossignol, “Biomarker-Guided Interventions of Clinically Relevant Conditions Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” Alternative Medicine Review 15, no. 1 (Apr. 2010): 15–32; Frye, R. E., S. Rose, J. Slattery, and D. F. MacFabe, “Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Role of the Mitochondria and the Enteric Microbiome,” Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 26 (2015): 27458; Gupta, S., S. Aggarwal, B. Rashanravan, and T. Lee, “Th1- and Th2-Like Cytokines in Cd4+ and Cd8+ T Cells in Autism,” Journal of Neuroimmunology 85, no. 1 (May 1, 1998): 106–9; Horvath et al., “Gastrointestinal Abnormalities in Children with Autistic Disorder”; Horvath, K., and J. A. Perman, “Autism and Gastrointestinal Symptoms,” Current Gastroenterology Reports 4, no. 3 (June 2002): 251–58; Jyonouchi, H., L. Geng, D. L. Streck, and G. A. Toruner, “Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Who Exhibit Chronic Gastrointestinal (GI) Symptoms and Marked Fluctuation of Behavioral Symptoms Exhibit Distinct Innate Immune Abnormalities and Transcriptional Profiles of Peripheral Blood (Pb) Monocytes,” Journal of Neuroimmunology 238, no. 1–2 (Sept. 15, 2011): 73–80.

13. Wold, A. E., and I. Adlerberth, “Breast Feeding and the Intestinal Microflora of the Infant.”

14. Gupta, S., S. Aggarwal, B. Rashanravan, and T. Lee, “Th1- and Th2-Like Cytokines in Cd4+ and Cd8+ T Cells in Autism”; Lavrnja, I., A. Parabucki, P. Brkic, T. Jovanovic, S. Dacic, D. Savic, I. Pantic, M. Stojiljkovic, and S. Pekovic, “Repetitive Hyperbaric Oxygenation Attenuates Reactive Astrogliosis and Suppresses Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in the Rat Model of Brain Injury,” Mediators of Inflammation 2015 (2015): 498405; Mead, J., and P. Ashwood, “Evidence Supporting an Altered Immune Response in ASD,” Immunolology Letters 163, no. 1 (Jan. 2015): 49–55; Wasilewska et al., “Gastrointestinal Abnormalities in Children with Autism” [in Polish]; Williams, B. L., M. Hornig, T. Buie, M. L. Bauman, M. Cho Paik, I. Wick, A. Bennett,et al., “Impaired Carbohydrate Digestion and Transport and Mucosal Dysbiosis in the Intestines of Children with Autism and Gastrointestinal Disturbances,” PLOS One 6, no. 9 (2011): e24585.

15. Ashwood, P., S. Wills, and J. Van de Water, “The Immune Response in Autism: A New Frontier for Autism Research,” Journal of Leukocyte Biology 80, no. 1 (July 2006): 1–15; Mead, J., and P. Ashwood, “Evidence Supporting an Altered Immune Response in ASD”; Papageorgiou, N., D. Tousoulis, T. Psaltopoulou, A. Giolis, C. Antoniades, E. Tsiamis, A. Miliou,et al., “Divergent Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Different Oil Acute Consumption on Healthy Individuals,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, no. 4 (Apr. 2011): 514–19; Song, Y., C. Liu, and S. M. Finegold, “Real-Time Pcr Quantitation of Clostridia in Feces of Autistic Children,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 11 (Nov. 2004): 6459–65; Zerbo, O., A. Leong, L. Barcellos, P. Bernal, B. Fireman, and L. A. Croen, “Immune Mediated Conditions in Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 46 (May 2015): 232–36.

16. Centers for Disease Control, “Majority of U.S. Hospitals Do Not Fully Support Breastfeeding,” news release, Aug. 2, 2011, www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2011/p0802_breastfeeding.html.

17. UC Davis MIND Institute, “Autism Phenome Project (APP),” UC Davis MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/mindinstitute/research/app/.

18. Jyonouchi, H., S. Sun, and H. Le, “Proinflammatory and Regulatory Cytokine Production Associated with Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Developmental Regression,” Journal of Neuroimmunology 120, no. 1–2 (Nov. 1, 2001): 170–79.

19. Pardo, C. A., D. L. Vargas, and A. W. Zimmerman, “Immunity, Neuroglia, and Neuroinflammation in Autism,” International Review of Psychiatry 17, no. 6 (Dec. 2005): 485–95; Vargas, D. L., C. Nascimbene, C. Krishnan, A. W. Zimmerman, and C. A. Pardo, “Neuroglial Activation and Neuroinflammation in the Brain of Patients with Autism,” Annals of Neurology 57, no. 1 (Jan. 2005): 67–81.

20. Meguid, N. A., A. A. Dardir, E. R. Abdel-Raouf, and A. Hashish, “Evaluation of Oxidative Stress in Autism: Defective Antioxidant Enzymes and Increased Lipid Peroxidation,” Biological Trace Element Research 143, no. 1 (Oct. 2011): 58–65; Zoroglu, S. S., F. Armutcu, S. Ozen, A. Gurel, E. Sivasli, O. Yetkin, and I. Meram, “Increased Oxidative Stress and Altered Activities of Erythrocyte Free Radical Scavenging Enzymes in Autism,” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 254, no. 3 (June 2004): 143–47.

21. Shmaya, Y., S. Eilat-Adar, Y. Leitner, S. Reif, and L. Gabis, “Nutritional Deficiencies and Overweight Prevalence Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Research in Developmental Disabilities 38 (Mar. 2015): 1–6.

22. Chen, L. F., Y. F. Tian, C. H. Lin, L. Y. Huang, K. C. Niu, and M. T. Lin, “Repetitive Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Provides Better Effects on Brain Inflammation and Oxidative Damage in Rats with Focal Cerebral Ischemia,” Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 113, no. 9 (Sept. 2014): 620–28; Chen, X., X. S. Duan, L. J. Xu, J. J. Zhao, Z. F. She, W. W. Chen, Z. J. Zheng, and G. D. Jiang, “Interleukin-10 Mediates the Neuroprotection of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Against Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice,” Neuroscience 266 (Apr. 25, 2014): 235–43; Das, U. N., “Essential Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites Could Function as Endogenous HMG-CoA Reductase and ACE Enzyme Inhibitors, Anti-Arrhythmic, Anti-Hypertensive, Anti-Atherosclerotic, Anti-Inflammatory, Cytoprotective, and Cardioprotective Molecules,” Lipids in Health and Disease 7 (2008): 37; DeMio, P. C., and E. Finley-Belgrad, “A Clinical Study of Effects of Enhansa® (Enhanced Absorption Curcumin) on Immunologic and Cognitive/Metabolic Disorders: An Overview of Results,” www.leesilsby.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Enhansa_project_study_results___LATEST.pdf; Papageorgiouet al., “Divergent Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Different Oil Acute Consumption on Healthy Individuals.”

23. Bradstreet et al., “Biomarker-Guided Interventions of Clinically Relevant Conditions Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.”

24. Bradstreet et al., “Biomarker-Guided Interventions”; Jyonouchi et al., “Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Who Exhibit Chronic Gastrointestinal (GI) Symptoms”; Jyonouchi, H., L. Geng, A. Ruby, and B. Zimmerman-Bier, “Dysregulated Innate Immune Responses in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Their Relationship to Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Dietary Intervention,” Neuropsychobiology 51, no. 2 (2005): 77–85; Maenner, M. J., C. L. Arneson, S. E. Levy, R. S. Kirby, J. S. Nicholas, and M. S. Durkin, “Brief Report: Association Between Behavioral Features and Gastrointestinal Problems Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 42, no. 7 (July 2012): 1520–25; Mazefsky, C. A., D. R. Schreiber, T. M. Olino, and N. J. Minshew, “The Association Between Emotional and Behavioral Problems and Gastrointestinal Symptoms Among Children with High-Functioning Autism,” Autism 18, no. 5 (July 2014): 493–501; Reichelt, K. L., K. Hole, A. Hamberger, G. Saelid, P. D. Edminson, C. B. Braestrup, O. Lingjaerde, P. Ledaal, and H. Orbeck, “Biologically Active Peptide- Containing Fractions in Schizophrenia and Childhood Autism,” Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology 28 (1981): 627–43; Reichelt et al., “Can the Pathophysiology of Autism Be Explained by the Nature of the Discovered Urine Peptides?”; Reichelt et al., “Peptides’ Role in Autism with Emphasis on Exorphins.”

25. Stenstrom, R., P. A. Bernard, and H. Ben-Simhon, “Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke as a Risk Factor for Recurrent Acute Otitis Media in Children Under the Age of Five Years,” International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 27, no. 2 (Aug. 1993): 127–36.

26. Levy, D. E., J. Winickoff, and N. Rigotti, “School Absenteeism Among Children Living with Smokers,” Pediatrics (Sept. 2, 2011), doi: 10.1542/peds. 2011-1067; Parracho, H. M., M. O. Bingham, G. R. Gibson, and A. L. McCartney, “Differences Between the Gut Microflora of Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders and That of Healthy Children,” Journal of Medical Microbiology 54, pt. 10 (Oct. 2005): 987–91.

27. Singh, K., S. L. Connors, E. A. Macklin, K. D. Smith, J. W. Fahey, P. Talalay, and A. W. Zimmerman, “Sulforaphane Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD),” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 111, no. 43 (Oct. 28, 2014): 15550–55.

28. Gupta et al., “Th1- and Th2-Like Cytokines in Cd4+ and Cd8+ T Cells in Autism.”

29. Finegold et al., “Gastrointestinal Microflora Studies in Late-Onset Autism”; Parracho et al., “Differences Between the Gut Microflora of Children”; Shaw, “Increased Urinary Excretion of a 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (HPHPA).”

30. Castagliuolo, I., M. F. Riegler, L. Valenick, J. T. LaMont, and C. Pothoulakis, “Saccharomyces Boulardii Protease Inhibits the Effects of Clostridium Difficile Toxins A and B in Human Colonic Mucosa,” Infection and Immunity 67, no. 1 (Jan. 1999): 302–7; Castex, F., G. Corthier, S. Jouvert, G. W. Elmer, F. Lucas, and M. Bastide, “Prevention of Clostridium Difficile–Induced Experimental Pseudomembranous Colitis by Saccharomyces Boulardii: A Scanning Electron Microscopic and Microbiological Study,” Journal of General Microbiology 136, no. 6 (June 1990): 1085–89; Qamar, A., S. Aboudola, M. Warny, P. Michetti, C. Pothoulakis, J. T. LaMont, and C. P. Kelly, “Saccharomyces Boulardii Stimulates Intestinal Immunoglobulin A Immune Response to Clostridium Difficile Toxin A in Mice,” Infection and Immunity 69, no. 4 (Apr. 2001): 2762–65.

31. Adachi, A., T. Horikawa, M. Ichihashi, T. Takashima, and A. Komura, “Role of Candida Allergen in Atopic Dermatitis and Efficacy of Oral Therapy with Various Antifungal Agents” [in Japanese], Arerugi 48, no. 7 (July 1999): 719–25; Khosravi, A. R., A. N. Bandghorai, M. Moazzeni, H. Shokri, P. Mansouri, and M. Mahmoudi, “Evaluation of Candida Albicans Allergens Reactive with Specific IgE in Asthma and Atopic Eczema Patients,” Mycoses 52, no. 4 (July 2009): 326–33; Kimura, M., S. Tsuruta, and T. Yoshida, “Measurement of Candida-Specific Lymphocyte Proliferation by Flow Cytometry in Children with Atopic Dermatitis” [in Japanese], Arerugi 47, no. 4 (Apr. 1998): 449–56; Morita, E., M. Hide, Y. Yoneya, M. Kannbe, A. Tanaka, and S. Yamamoto, “An Assessment of the Role of Candida Albicans Antigen in Atopic Dermatitis,” Journal of Dermatology 26, no. 5 (May 1999): 282–87; Savolainen, J., K. Lammintausta, K. Kalimo, and M. Viander, “Candida Albicans and Atopic Dermatitis,” Clinical and Experimental Allergy 23, no. 4 (Apr. 1993): 332–39.

32. Buie et al., “Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders in Individuals with ASDs”; Elrod, M. G., and B. S. Hood, “Sleep Differences Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Typically Developing Peers: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 36, no. 3 (Apr. 2015): 166–77; Humphreys, J. S., P. Gringras, P. S. Blair, N. Scott, J. Henderson, P. J. Fleming, and A. M. Emond, “Sleep Patterns in Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders: A Prospective Cohort Study,” Archives of Disease in Childhood 99, no. 2 (Feb. 2014): 114–18.

33. Bradstreet et al., “Biomarker-Guided Interventions”; Leyfer, O. T., S. E. Folstein, S. Bacalman, N. O. Davis, E. Dinh, J. Morgan, H. Tager-Flusberg, and J. E. Lainhart, “Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Children with Autism: Interview Development and Rates of Disorders,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 36, no. 7 (Oct. 2006): 849–61.

34. Munasinghe, S. A., C. Oliff, J. Finn, and J. A. Wray, “Digestive Enzyme Supplementation for Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 40, no. 9 (Sept. 2010): 1131–38.

35. Chaidez, V., R. L. Hansen, and I. Hertz-Picciotto, “Gastrointestinal Problems in Children with Autism, Developmental Delays, or Typical Development,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 44, no. 5 (May 2014): 1117–27; Chandler, S., I. Carcani-Rathwell, T. Charman, A. Pickles, T. Loucas, D. Meldrum, E. Simonoff, P. Sullivan, and G. Baird, “Parent-Reported Gastro-Intestinal Symptoms in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43, no. 12 (Dec. 2013): 2737–47; Horvath et al., “Gastrointestinal Abnormalities in Children with Autistic Disorder”; Wasilewska et al., “Gastrointestinal Abnormalities in Children with Autism” [in Polish].

36. Krigsman, A., “Gastrointestinal Pathology in Autism: Description and Treatment,” Medical Veritas 4 (2007): 1528–36.

37. Buie et al., “Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders in Individuals with ASDs.”

38. Kushak, R. I., G. Y. Lauwers, H. S. Winter, and T. M. Buie, “Intestinal Disaccharidase Activity in Patients with Autism: Effect of Age, Gender, and Intestinal Inflammation,” Autism 15, no. 3 (May 2011): 285–94.

39. Canitano, R., and G. Vivanti, “Tics and Tourette Syndrome in Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Autism 11, no. 1 (Jan. 2007): 19–28; Leyfer et al., “Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Children with Autism.”

40. Rossignol, D. A., and R. E. Frye, “Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” Molecular Psychiatry 17, no. 3 (Mar. 2012): 290–314.

41. Yasuda, H., K. Yoshida, Y. Yasuda, and T. Tsutsui, “Infantile Zinc Deficiency: Association with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Scientific Reports 1 (2011): 129.

42. Khademian, M., N. Farhangpajouh, A. Shahsanaee, M. Bahreynian, M. Mirshamsi, and R. Kelishadi, “Effects of Zinc Supplementation on Subscales of Anorexia in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Pakistan Journal of Medical Science 30, no. 6 (Nov./Dec. 2014): 1213–17.

43. Bradstreet et al., “Biomarker-Guided Interventions.”

44. Brigandi, S. A., H. Shao, S. Y. Qian, Y. Shen, B. L. Wu, and J. X. Kang, “Autistic Children Exhibit Decreased Levels of Essential Fatty Acids in Red Blood Cells,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 5 (2015): 10061–76; Das, “Essential Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites Could Function as Endogenous HMG-CoA Reductase and ACE Enzyme Inhibitors.”

45. Chandler, S., P. Howlin, E. Simonoff, T. O’Sullivan, E. Tseng, J. Kennedy, T. Charman, and G. Baird, “Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology (June 16, 2015).

46. White, S. W., D. Oswald, T. Ollendick, and L. Scahill, “Anxiety in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Clinical Psychology Review 29, no. 3 (Apr. 2009): 216–29.

47. Partty, A., M. Kalliomaki, P. Wacklin, S. Salminen, and E. Isolauri, “A Possible Link Between Early Probiotic Intervention and the Risk of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Later in Childhood: A Randomized Trial,” Pediatric Research 77, no. 6 (June 2015): 823–28.

Chapter 3: You Are What You Don’t Poop

1. Canty, S. L., “Constipation as a Side Effect of Opioids,” Oncology Nursing Forum 21, no. 4 (May 1994): 739–45; De Luca, A., and I. M. Coupar, “Insights into Opioid Action in the Intestinal Tract,” Pharmacology and Therapeutics 69, no. 2 (1996): 103–15; LeFort, S. M., “Review: Intravenous and Oral Opioids Reduce Chronic Non-Cancer Pain but Are Associated with High Rates of Constipation, Nausea, and Sleepiness,” Evidence-Based Nursing 8, no. 3 (July 2005): 88.

2. Myers, S. M., C. P. Johnson, and Council on Children with Disabilities, “Management of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Pediatrics 120, no. 5 (Nov. 2007): 1162–82.

3. Buie, T., D. B. Campbell, G. J. Fuchs III, G. T. Furuta, J. Levy, J. Vandewater, A. H. Whitakeret al., “Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders in Individuals with ASDs: A Consensus Report,” supplement, Pediatrics 125, no. 1 (Jan. 2010): S1–18.

4. Ibid.

5. “Side Effects of Abilify,” Internet Drug Database, www.drugs.com/sfx/abilify-side-effects.html; “Side Effects of Clonidine,” www.drugs.com/sfx/clonidine-side-effects.html; “Side Effects of Risperdal,” www.drugs.com/sfx/clonidine-side-effects.html.

6. Jinsmaa, Y., and M. Yoshikawa, “Enzymatic Release of Neocasomorphin and Beta-Casomorphin from Bovine Beta-Casein,” Peptides 20, no. 8 (1999): 957–62; Sokolov, O., N. Kost, O. Andreeva, E. Korneeva, V. Meshavkin, Y. Tarakanova, A. Dadayan,et al., “Autistic Children Display Elevated Urine Levels of Bovine Casomorphin-7 Immunoreactivity,” Peptides 56 (June 2014): 68–71.

7. Fukudome, S., Y. Jinsmaa, T. Matsukawa, R. Sasaki, and M. Yoshikawa, “Release of Opioid Peptides, Gluten Exorphins by the Action of Pancreatic Elastase,” FEBS Letters 412, no. 3 (Aug. 4, 1997): 475–79.

8. Sun, Z., and R. Cade, “Findings in Normal Rats Following Administration of Gliadorphin-7 (Gd-7),” Peptides 24, no. 2 (Feb. 2003): 321–23.

9. Johnson, B., S. Ulberg, S. Shivale, J. Donaldson, B. Milczarski, and S. V. Faraone, “Fibromyalgia, Autism, and Opioid Addiction as Natural and Induced Disorders of the Endogenous Opioid Hormonal System,” Discovery Medicine 18, no. 99 (Oct. 2014): 209–20; Koch, G., K. Wiedemann, and H. Teschemacher, “Opioid Activities of Human Beta-Casomorphins,” Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology 331, no. 4 (Dec. 1985): 351–54; Kost, N. V., O. Y. Sokolov, O. B. Kurasova, A. D. Dmitriev, J. N. Tarakanova, M. V. Gabaeva, Y. A. Zolotarev,et al., “Beta- Casomorphins-7 in Infants on Different Type of Feeding and Different Levels of Psychomotor Development,” Peptides 30, no. 10 (Oct. 2009): 1854–60; Reichelt, K. L., D. Tveiten, A. M. Knivsberg, and G. Bronstad, “Peptides’ Role in Autism with Emphasis on Exorphins,” Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 23 (2012); Reichelt, K. L., and A. M. Knivsberg, “Can the Pathophysiology of Autism Be Explained by the Nature of the Discovered Urine Peptides?” Nutritional Neuroscience 6, no. 1 (Feb. 2003): 19–28; Sun, Z., and R. Cade, “A Peptide Found in Schizophrenia and Autism Causes Behavioral Changes in Rats,” Autism 3, no. 1 (1999): 85–95; Sun and Cade, “Findings in Normal Rats Following Administration of Gliadorphin-7”; Trivedi, M. S., J. S. Shah, S. Al-Mughairy, N. W. Hodgson, B. Simms, G. A. Trooskens, W. Van Criekinge, and R. C. Deth, “Food-Derived Opioid Peptides Inhibit Cysteine Uptake with Redox and Epigenetic Consequences,” Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 25, no. 10 (Oct. 2014): 1011–18; White, J. F., “Intestinal Pathophysiology in Autism,” Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood) 228, no. 6 (June 2003): 639–49.

10. Brigandi, S. A., H. Shao, S. Y. Qian, Y. Shen, B. L. Wu, and J. X. Kang, “Autistic Children Exhibit Decreased Levels of Essential Fatty Acids in Red Blood Cells,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 5 (2015): 10061–76; Rautava, S., “Early Microbial Contact, the Breast Milk Microbiome, and Child Health,” Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (June 8, 2015): 1–10;Sun and Cade, “A Peptide Found in Schizophrenia and Autism Causes Behavioral Changes in Rats.”

11. Sun and Cade, “A Peptide Found in Schizophrenia and Autism Causes Behavioral Changes in Rats”; Sun and Cade, “Findings in Normal Rats Following Administration of Gliadorphin-7.”

12. Lionetti E., Leonardi S., Franzonello C., Mancardi M., Ruggieri M., Catassi C. “Gluten Psychosis: Confirmation of a New Clinical Entity,” Nutrients ( July 8, 2015): 5532–9.

13. Hyman, S., Stewart, P., Foley, J., Cain, U., Peck, R., Morris, D., Wang, H., Smith, T. “The Gluten-Free/Casein-Free Diet: A Double-Blind Challenge Trial in Children with Autism,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 7, no. 7 ( July 8, 2015): 1–16

14. Hyman, S. “Diet Free of Gluten and Casein Has No Effect on Autism Symptoms,” 9th Annual International Meeting for Autism Research (IMFAR), reported byKeller, D. M., Medscape Medical News (May 24, 2010), http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/722283.

15. Hartrodt, B., K. Neubert, G. Fischer, H. Schulz, and A. Barth, “Synthesis and Enzymatic Degradation of Beta-Casomorphin-5 (Author’s Trans.),” [in German] Die Pharmazie 37, no. 3 (Mar. 1982): 165–69.

16. Brudnak, M. A., B. Rimland, R. E. Kerry, M. Dailey, R. Taylor, B. Stayton, F. Waickman,et al., “Enzyme-Based Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorders: Is It Worth Another Look?” Medical Hypotheses 58, no. 5 (May 2002): 422–28.

17. “Children with ASD May Be Deficient in Digestive Enzymes,” www.klaire.com/enzymesforgi_vz.htm; Horvath, K., J. C. Papadimitriou, A. Rabsztyn, C. Drachenberg, and J. T. Tildon, “Gastrointestinal Abnormalities in Children with Autistic Disorder,” Journal of Pediatrics 135, no. 5 (Nov. 1999): 559–63; Horvath, K., and J. A. Perman, “Autism and Gastrointestinal Symptoms,” Current Gastroenterology Reports 4, no. 3 (June 2002): 251–58; Kushak, R. I., G. Y. Lauwers, H. S. Winter, and T. M. Buie, “Intestinal Disaccharidase Activity in Patients with Autism: Effect of Age, Gender, and Intestinal Inflammation,” Autism 15, no. 3 (May 2011): 285–94; Williams, B. L., M. Hornig, T. Buie, M. L. Bauman, M. Cho Paik, I. Wick, A. Bennett,et al., “Impaired Carbohydrate Digestion and Transport and Mucosal Dysbiosis in the Intestines of Children with Autism and Gastrointestinal Disturbances,” PLOS One 6, no. 9 (2011): e24585.

18. Horvath, K., et al., “Gastrointestinal Abnormalities in Children with Autistic Disorder”; Horvath, K., and J. A. Perman, “Autism and Gastrointestinal Symptoms”; Kang, V., G. C. Wagner, and X. Ming, “Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Autism Research 7, no. 4 (Aug. 2014): 501–6; Samsam, M., R. Ahangari, and S. A. Naser, “Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Revisiting Gastrointestinal Involvement and Immune Imbalance,” World Journal of Gastroenterology 20, no. 29 (Aug. 2014): 9942–51.

19. “Children with ASD May Be Deficient in Digestive Enzymes,” www.klaire.com/enzymesforgi_vz.htm; Horvath, K., et al., “Gastrointestinal Abnormalities in Children with Autistic Disorder”; Kushak, R. I., et al., “Intestinal Disaccharidase Activity in Patients with Autism”; Munasinghe, S. A., C. Oliff, J. Finn, and J. A. Wray, “Digestive Enzyme Supplementation for Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 40, no. 9 (Sept. 2010): 1131–38; Williams, B. L., et al., “Impaired Carbohydrate Digestion and Transport and Mucosal Dysbiosis.”

20. Horvath, K., and J. A. Perman, “Autism and Gastrointestinal Symptoms”; Munasinghe, S. A., et al., “Digestive Enzyme Supplementation for Autism Spectrum Disorders”; Williams, B. L., et al., “Impaired Carbohydrate Digestion and Transport and Mucosal Dysbiosis.”

21. Myers, S. M., C. P. Johnson, and Council on Children with Disabilities, “Management of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.”

Chapter 4: Dirty Jobs

1. Baquero, F., and C. Nombela, “The Microbiome as a Human Organ,” supplement, Clinical Microbiology and Infection 18, no. S4 (July 2012): 2–4.

2. Mueller, N. T., E. Bakacs, J. Combellick, Z. Grigoryan, and M. G. Dominguez-Bello, “The Infant Microbiome Development: Mom Matters,” Trends in Molecular Medicine 21, no. 2 (Feb. 2015): 109–17.

3. Biasucci, G., B. Benenati, L. Morelli, E. Bessi, and G. Boehm, “Cesarean Delivery May Affect the Early Biodiversity of Intestinal Bacteria,” Journal of Nutrition 138, no. 9 (2008): 1796S–800S; Hendricks-Munoz, K. D., J. Xu, H. I. Parikh, P. Xu, J. M. Fettweis, Y. Kim, M. Louie,et al., “Skin-to-Skin Care and the Development of the Preterm Infant Oral Microbiome,” American Journal of Perinatology (May 22, 2015); Penders, J., C. Thijs, C. Vink, F. F. Stelma, B. Snijders, I. Kummeling, P. A. van den Brandt, and E. E. Stobberingh, “Factors Influencing the Composition of the Intestinal Microbiota in Early Infancy,” Pediatrics 118, no. 2 (Aug. 2006): 511–21; Rautava, S., “Early Microbial Contact, the Breast Milk Microbiome, and Child Health,” Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (June 8, 2015): 1–10.

4. Adams, J. B., L. J. Johansen, L. D. Powell, D. Quig, and R. A. Rubin, “Gastrointestinal Flora and Gastrointestinal Status in Children with Autism: Comparisons to Typical Children and Correlation with Autism Severity,” BMC Gastroenterology 11 (2011): 22; Cao, X., P. Lin, P. Jiang, and C. Li, “Characteristics of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review,” Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry 25, no. 6 (Dec. 2013): 342–53; De Angelis, M., R. Francavilla, M. Piccolo, A. De Giacomo, and M. Gobbetti, “Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intestinal Microbiota,” Gut Microbes 6, no. 3 (May 2015): 207–13; Finegold, S. M., D. Molitoris, Y. Song, C. Liu, M. L. Vaisanen, E. Bolte, M. McTeague, et al., “Gastrointestinal Microflora Studies in Late-Onset Autism,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 35, no. S1 (Sept. 1, 2002): S6–S16; Horvath, K., J. C. Papadimitriou, A. Rabsztyn, C. Drachenberg, and J. T. Tildon, “Gastrointestinal Abnormalities in Children with Autistic Disorder,” Journal of Pediatrics 135, no. 5 (Nov. 1999): 559–63; Horvath, K., and J. A. Perman, “Autism and Gastrointestinal Symptoms,” Current Gastroenterology Reports 4, no. 3 (June 2002): 251–58; Hsiao, E. Y., “Gastrointestinal Issues in Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 22, no. 2 (Mar./Apr. 2014): 104–11; Kang, V., G. C. Wagner, and X. Ming, “Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Autism Research 7, no. 4 (Aug. 2014): 501–6; Reddy, B. L., and M. H. Saier, “Autism and Our Intestinal Microbiota,” Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 25, no. 1 (2015): 51–55.

5. Aiba, Y., N. Suzuki, A. M. Kabir, A. Takagi, and Y. Koga, “Lactic Acid–Mediated Suppression of Helicobacter Pylori by the Oral Administration of Lactobacillus Salivarius as a Probiotic in a Gnotobiotic Murine Model,” American Journal of Gastroenterology 93, no. 11 (Nov. 1998): 2097–101; Yamano, T., H. Iino, M. Takada, S. Blum, F. Rochat, and Y. Fukushima, “Improvement of the Human Intestinal Flora by Ingestion of the Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus Johnsonii La1,” British Journal of Nutrition 95, no. 2 (Feb. 2006): 303–12.

6. Foster, J. A., and K. A. McVey Neufeld, “Gut-Brain Axis: How the Microbiome Influences Anxiety and Depression,” Trends in Neurosciences 36, no. 5 (May 2013): 305–12; Luna, R. A., and J. A. Foster, “Gut Brain Axis: Diet Microbiota Interactions and Implications for Modulation of Anxiety and Depression,” Current Opinion in Biotechnology 32 (Apr. 2015): 35–41; Maenner, M. J., C. L. Arneson, S. E. Levy, R. S. Kirby, J. S. Nicholas, and M. S. Durkin, “Brief Report: Association Between Behavioral Features and Gastrointestinal Problems Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 42, no. 7 (July 2012): 1520–25; Mazefsky, C. A., D. R. Schreiber, T. M. Olino, and N. J. Minshew, “The Association Between Emotional and Behavioral Problems and Gastrointestinal Symptoms Among Children with High-Functioning Autism,” Autism 18, no. 5 (July 2014): 493–501; Rao, A. V., A. C. Bested, T. M. Beaulne, M. A. Katzman, C. Iorio, J. M. Berardi, and A. C. Logan, “A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of a Probiotic in Emotional Symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” Gut Pathogens 1, no. 1 (2009): 6; Saulnier, D. M., Y. Ringel, M. B. Heyman, J. A. Foster, P. Bercik, R. J. Shulman, J. Versalovic, et al., “The Intestinal Microbiome, Probiotics and Prebiotics in Neurogastroenterology,” Gut Microbes 4, no. 1 (Jan./Feb. 2013): 17–27.

7. Logan, A. C., and M. Katzman, “Major Depressive Disorder: Probiotics May Be an Adjuvant Therapy,” Medical Hypotheses 64, no. 3 (2005): 533–38.

8. Dinan, T. G., C. Stanton, and J. F. Cryan, “Psychobiotics: A Novel Class of Psychotropic,” Biological Psychiatry 74, no. 10 (Nov. 15, 2013): 720–26; Saulnieret al., “Intestinal Microbiome, Probiotics and Prebiotics in Neurogastroenterology.”

9. Galland, L., “The Gut Microbiome and the Brain,” Journal of Medicinal Food 17, no. 12 (Dec. 2014): 1261–72.

10. Gilbert, J. A., R. Krajmalnik-Brown, D. L. Porazinska, S. J. Weiss, and R. Knight, “Toward Effective Probiotics for Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders,” Cell 155, no. 7 (Dec. 19, 2013): 1446–48.

11. Dinan, Stanton, and Cryan, “Psychobiotics: A Novel Class of Psychotropic”; Forsythe, P., N. Sudo, T. Dinan, V. H. Taylor, and J. Bienenstock, “Mood and Gut Feelings,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 24, no. 1 (Jan. 2010): 9–16; Saulnier et al., “Intestinal Microbiome, Probiotics and Prebiotics in Neurogastroenterology”; Tillisch, K., J. Labus, L. Kilpatrick, Z. Jiang, J. Stains, B. Ebrat, D. Guyonnet, et al., “Consumption of Fermented Milk Product with Probiotic Modulates Brain Activity,” Gastroenterology 144, no. 7 (June 2013): 1394–401; Wall, R., J. F. Cryan, R. P. Ross, G. F. Fitzgerald, T. G. Dinan, and C. Stanton, “Bacterial Neuroactive Compounds Produced by Psychobiotics,” Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 817 (2014): 221–39.

12. Al-Asmakh, M., F. Anuar, F. Zadjali, J. Rafter, and S. Pettersson, “Gut Microbial Communities Modulating Brain Development and Function,” Gut Microbes 3, no. 4 (July/Aug. 2012): 366–73.

13. Dinan, Stanton, and Cryan, “Psychobiotics: A Novel Class of Psychotropic”; Patterson, E., J. F. Cryan, G. F. Fitzgerald, R. P. Ross, T. G. Dinan, and C. Stanton, “Gut Microbiota, the Pharmabiotics They Produce, and Host Health,” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 73, no. 4 (Nov. 2014): 477–89; Wall et al., “Bacterial Neuroactive Compounds Produced by Psychobiotics.”

14. Foster and McVey Neufeld, “Gut-Brain Axis: How the Microbiome Influences Anxiety and Depression.”

15. Ibid.

16. Groeger, D., L. O’Mahony, E. F. Murphy, J. F. Bourke, T. G. Dinan, B. Kiely, F. Shanahan, and E. M. Quigley, “Bifidobacterium Infantis 35624 Modulates Host Inflammatory Processes Beyond the Gut,” Gut Microbes 4, no. 4 (July/Aug. 2013): 325–39; Guigoz, Y., J. Dore, and E. J. Schiffrin, “The Inflammatory Status of Old Age Can Be Nurtured from the Intestinal Environment,” Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 11, no. 1 (Jan. 2008): 13–20.

17. Partty, A., M. Kalliomaki, P. Wacklin, S. Salminen, and E. Isolauri, “A Possible Link Between Early Probiotic Intervention and the Risk of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Later in Childhood: A Randomized Trial,” Pediatric Research 77, no. 6 (June 2015): 823–28.

18. Diaz Heijtz, R., S. Wang, F. Anuar, Y. Qian, B. Bjorkholm, A. Samuelsson, M. L. Hibberd, H. Forssberg, and S. Pettersson, “Normal Gut Microbiota Modulates Brain Development and Behavior,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 108, no. 7 (Feb. 15, 2011): 3047–52.

19. Foster and McVey Neufeld, “Gut-Brain Axis: How the Microbiome Influences Anxiety and Depression”; Luna, R. A., and J. A. Foster, “Gut Brain Axis: Diet Microbiota Interactions and Implications for Modulation of Anxiety and Depression,” Current Opinion in Biotechnology 32 (Apr. 2015): 35–41.

20. Bibiloni, R., R. N. Fedorak, G. W. Tannock, K. L. Madsen, P. Gionchetti, M. Campieri, C. De Simone, and R. B. Sartor, “VSL#3 Probiotic-Mixture Induces Remission in Patients with Active Ulcerative Colitis,” American Journal of Gastroenterology 100, no. 7 (July 2005): 1539–46; Groeger et al., “Bifidobacterium Infantis 35624 Modulates Host Inflammatory Processes Beyond the Gut”; Guigoz, Dore, and Schiffrin, “Inflammatory Status of Old Age Can Be Nurtured from the Intestinal Environment”; Kuhbacher, T., S. J. Ott, U. Helwig, T. Mimura, F. Rizzello, B. Kleessen, P. Gionchetti, et al., “Bacterial and Fungal Microbiota in Relation to Probiotic Therapy (VSL#3) in Pouchitis,” Gut 55, no. 6 (June 2006): 833–41; Mimura, T., F. Rizzello, U. Helwig, G. Poggioli, S. Schreiber, I. C. Talbot, R. J. Nicholls, et al., “Once Daily High Dose Probiotic Therapy (VSL#3) for Maintaining Remission in Recurrent or Refractory Pouchitis,” Gut 53, no. 1 (Jan. 2004): 108–14.

21. De Milliano, I., M. M. Tabbers, J. A. van der Post, and M. A. Benninga, “Is a Multispecies Probiotic Mixture Effective in Constipation During Pregnancy?: A Pilot Study,” Nutrition Journal 11 (2012): 80; Kim, S. E., S. C. Choi, K. S. Park, M. I. Park, J. E. Shin, T. H. Lee, K. W. Jung, et al., “Change of Fecal Flora and Effectiveness of the Short-Term VSL#3 Probiotic Treatment in Patients with Functional Constipation,” Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 21, no. 1 (Jan. 1, 2015): 111–20; Koebnick, C., I. Wagner, P. Leitzmann, U. Stern, and H. J. Zunft, “Probiotic Beverage Containing Lactobacillus Casei Shirota Improves Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients with Chronic Constipation,” Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 17, no. 11 (Nov. 2003): 655–59.

22. De Milliano et al., “Is a Multispecies Probiotic Mixture Effective in Constipation During Pregnancy?”; Nobaek, S., M. L. Johansson, G. Molin, S. Ahrne, and B. Jeppsson, “Alteration of Intestinal Microflora Is Associated with Reduction in Abdominal Bloating and Pain in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome,” American Journal of Gastroenterology 95, no. 5 (May 2000): 1231–38.

23. Nobaek et al., “Alteration of Intestinal Microflora Is Associated with Reduction in Abdominal Bloating and Pain”; Kim et al., “Change of Fecal Flora and Effectiveness of the Short-Term VSL#3 Probiotic Treatment.”

24. Ait-Belgnaoui, A., H. Durand, C. Cartier, G. Chaumaz, H. Eutamene, L. Ferrier, E. Houdeau, et al., “Prevention of Gut Leakiness by a Probiotic Treatment Leads to Attenuated HPA Response to an Acute Psychological Stress in Rats,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 37, no. 11 (Nov. 2012): 1885–95.

25. Guo, J., B. Brosnan, A. Furey, E. Arendt, P. Murphy, and A. Coffey, “Antifungal Activity of Lactobacillus Against Microsporum Canis, Microsporum Gypseum, and Epidermophyton Floccosum,” Bioengeered Bugs 3, no. 2 (Mar./Apr. 2012): 104–13; Kohler, G. A., S. Assefa, and G. Reid, “Probiotic Interference of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus Gr-1 and Lactobacillus Reuteri Rc-14 with the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen Candida Albicans,” Infectious Diseases in Obstetics and Gynecology 2012 (2012): 636474; Roy, A., J. Chaudhuri, D. Sarkar, P. Ghosh, and S. Chakraborty, “Role of Enteric Supplementation of Probiotics on Late-Onset Sepsis by Candida Species in Preterm Low Birth Weight Neonates: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo- Controlled Trial,” North American Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 1 (Jan. 2014): 50–57; Shekh, R. M., and U. Roy, “Biochemical Characterization of an Anti-Candida Factor Produced by Enterococcus Faecalis,” BMC Microbiology 12 (2012): 132.

26. Yamano et al., “Improvement of the Human Intestinal Flora by Ingestion of the Probiotic Strain Lactobacillus Johnsonii La1.”

27. Sherman, P. M., K. C. Johnson-Henry, H. P. Yeung, P. S. Ngo, J. Goulet, and T. A. Tompkins, “Probiotics Reduce Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli O157:H7- and Enteropathogenic E. Coli O127:H6-Induced Changes in Polarized T84 Epithelial Cell Monolayers by Reducing Bacterial Adhesion and Cytoskeletal Rearrangements,” Infection and Immunity 73, no. 8 (Aug. 2005): 5183–88.

28. Shokryazdan, P., C. C. Sieo, R. Kalavathy, J. B. Liang, N. B. Alitheen, M. Faseleh Jahromi, and Y. W. Ho, “Probiotic Potential of Lactobacillus Strains with Antimicrobial Activity Against Some Human Pathogenic Strains,” BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 927268.

29. Travers, M. A., I. Florent, L. Kohl, and P. Grellier, “Probiotics for the Control of Parasites: An Overview,” Journal of Parasitology Research 2011 (2011): 610769.

30. Patel, R. M., L. S. Myers, A. R. Kurundkar, A. Maheshwari, A. Nusrat, and P. W. Lin, “Probiotic Bacteria Induce Maturation of Intestinal Claudin 3 Expression and Barrier Function,” American Journal of Pathology 180, no. 2 (Feb. 2012): 626–35.

31. Van Zanten, G. C., A. Knudsen, H. Roytio, S. Forssten, M. Lawther, A. Blennow, S. J. Lahtinen et al., “The Effect of Selected Synbiotics on Microbial Composition and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production in a Model System of the Human Colon,” PLOS One 7, no. 10 (2012): e47212.

32. Patterson et al., “Gut Microbiota, the Pharmabiotics They Produce, and Host Health”; Zhang, W., M. S. Azevedo, K. Wen, A. Gonzalez, L. J. Saif, G. Li, A. E. Yousef, and L. Yuan, “Probiotic Lactobacillus Acidophilus Enhances the Immunogenicity of an Oral Rotavirus Vaccine in Gnotobiotic Pigs,” Vaccine 26, no. 29–30 (July 4 2008): 3655–61.

33. Messaoudi, S., M. Manai, G. Kergourlay, H. Prevost, N. Connil, J. M. Chobert, and X. Dousset, “Lactobacillus Salivarius: Bacteriocin and Probiotic Activity,” Food Microbiology 36, no. 2 (Dec. 2013): 296–304; Patterson et al., “Gut Microbiota, the Pharmabiotics They Produce, and Host Health.”

34. Da Silva, S., C. Robbe-Masselot, A. Ait-Belgnaoui, A. Mancuso, M. Mercade- Loubiere, C. Salvador-Cartier, M. Gillet, et al., “Stress Disrupts Intestinal Mucus Barrier in Rats Via Mucin O-Glycosylation Shift: Prevention by a Probiotic Treatment,” American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 307, no. 4 (Aug. 15, 2014): G420–29.

35. Imani Fooladi, A. A., M. H. Yazdi, M. R. Pourmand, A. Mirshafiey, Z. M. Hassan, T. Azizi, M. Mahdavi, and M. M. Soltan Dallal, “Th1 Cytokine Production Induced by Lactobacillus Acidophilus in Balb/C Mice Bearing Transplanted Breast Tumor,” Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 8, no. 4 (Apr. 2015): e17354; Sharma, R., R. Kapila, G. Dass, and S. Kapila, “Improvement in Th1/Th2 Immune Homeostasis, Antioxidative Status, and Resistance to Pathogenic E. Coli on Consumption of Probiotic Lactobacillus Rhamnosus Fermented Milk in Aging Mice,” Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 36, no. 4 (2014): 9686; Yeom, M., B. J. Sur, J. Park, S. G. Cho, B. Lee, S. T. Kim, K. S. Kim, H. Lee, and D. H. Hahm, “Oral Administration of Lactobacillus Casei Variety Rhamnosus Partially Alleviates TMA-Induced Atopic Dermatitis in Mice Through Improving Intestinal Microbiota,” Journal of Applied Microbiology 119, no. 2(Aug. 2015): 560–70.

36. Garaiova, I., J. Muchova, Z. Nagyova, D. Wang, J. V. Li, Z. Orszaghova, D. R. Michael, S. F. Plummer, and Z. Durackova, “Probiotics and Vitamin C for the Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Attending Preschool: A Randomised Controlled Pilot Study,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 69, no. 3 (Mar. 2015): 373–79.

37. Garaiova et al., “Probiotics and Vitamin C for the Prevention of Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Attending Preschool”; Grandy, G., M. Medina, R. Soria, C. G. Teran, and M. Araya, “Probiotics in the Treatment of Acute Rotavirus Diarrhoea: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial Using Two Different Probiotic Preparations in Bolivian Children,” BMC Infectious Diseases 10 (2010): 253; Harata, G., F. He, N. Hiruta, M. Kawase, A. Kubota, M. Hiramatsu, and H. Yausi, “Intranasal Administration of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus Gg Protects Mice from H1n1 Influenza Virus Infection by Regulating Respiratory Immune Responses,” Letters in Applied Microbiology 50, no. 6 (June 1, 2010): 597–602.

38. Travers, M. A., I. Florent, L. Kohl, and P. Grellier, “Probiotics for the Control of Parasites: An Overview,” Journal of Parasitology Research 2011 (2011): 610769.

39. Casey, P. G., G. E. Gardiner, G. Casey, B. Bradshaw, P. G. Lawlor, P. B. Lynch, F. C. Leonard,et al., “A Five-Strain Probiotic Combination Reduces Pathogen Shedding and Alleviates Disease Signs in Pigs Challenged with Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 6 (Mar. 2007): 1858–63; Eom, J. S., J. Song, and H. S. Choi, “Protective Effects of a Novel Probiotic Strain of Lactobacillus Plantarum JSA22 from Traditional Fermented Soybean Food Against Infection by Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium,” Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 25, no. 4 (Apr. 28, 2015): 479–91.

40. Bruce, A. W., and G. Reid, “Probiotics and the Urologist,” Canadian Journal of Urology 10, no. 2 (Apr. 2003): 1785–89; Reid, G, “Probiotic Lactobacilli for Urogenital Health in Women,” supplement, Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 42, no. S3 pt. 2 (Sept. 2008): S234–36.

41. Aiba et al., “Lactic Acid–Mediated Suppression of Helicobacter Pylori by the Oral Administration of Lactobacillus Salivarius as a Probiotic”; Emara, M. H., S. A. Elhawari, S. Yousef, M. I. Radwan, and H. R. Abdel-Aziz, “Emerging Role of Probiotics in the Management of Helicobacter Pylori Infection: Histopathologic Perspectives,” Helicobacter (May 22, 2015); Lesbros-Pantoflickova, D., I. Corthesy-Theulaz, and A. L. Blum, “Helicobacter Pylori and Probiotics,” supplement, Journal of Nutrition 137, no. 3 (Mar. 2007): 812S–18S.

42. Goldenberg, J. Z., S. S. Ma, J. D. Saxton, M. R. Martzen, P. O. Vandvik, K. Thorlund, G. H. Guyatt, and B. C. Johnston, “Probiotics for the Prevention of Clostridium Difficile–Associated Diarrhea in Adults and Children,” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5 (2013): CD006095; McFarland, L. V., “Meta-Analysis of Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and the Treatment of Clostridium Difficile Disease,” American Journal of Gastroenterology 101, no. 4 (Apr. 2006): 812–22.

43. Zhang, M., X. Fan, B. Fang, C. Zhu, J. Zhu, and F. Ren, “Effects of Lactobacillus Salivarius Ren on Cancer Prevention and Intestinal Microbiota in 1, 2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Rat Model,” Journal of Microbiology 53, no. 6 (June 2015): 398–405; Zhu, J., C. Zhu, S. Ge, M. Zhang, L. Jiang, J. Cui, and F. Ren, “Lactobacillus Salivarius Ren Prevent the Early Colorectal Carcinogenesis in 1, 2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Rat Model,” Journal of Applied Microbiology 117, no. 1 (July 2014): 208–16.

44. D’Souza, A. L., C. Rajkumar, J. Cooke, and C. J. Bulpitt, “Probiotics in Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhoea: Meta-Analysis,” BMJ 324, no. 7350 (June 8 2002): 1361; Hickson, M., “Probiotics in the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhoea and Clostridium Difficile Infection,” Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 4, no. 3 (May 2011): 185–97; McFarland, “Meta-Analysis of Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and the Treatment of Clostridium Difficile Disease.”

45. Goldenberg et al., “Probiotics for the Prevention of Clostridium Difficile–Associated Diarrhea in Adults and Children”; McFarland, “Meta-Analysis of Probiotics for the Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and the Treatment of Clostridium Difficile Disease.”

46. Bisson, J. F., S. Hidalgo, P. Rozan, and M. Messaoudi, “Preventive Effects of Different Probiotic Formulations on Travelers’ Diarrhea Model in Wistar Rats: Preventive Effects of Probiotics on TD,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences 55, no. 4 (Apr. 2010): 911–19.

47. Grandy et al., “Probiotics in the Treatment of Acute Rotavirus Diarrhoea: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial Using Two Different Probiotic Preparations in Bolivian Children”; Lee do, K., J. E. Park, M. J. Kim, J. G. Seo, J. H. Lee, and N. J. Ha, “Probiotic Bacteria, B. Longum and L. Acidophilus Inhibit Infection by Rotavirus in Vitro and Decrease the Duration of Diarrhea in Pediatric Patients,” Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology 39, no. 2 (Apr. 2015): 237–44.

48. Nowak, A., S. Kuberski, and Z. Libudzisz, “Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Detoxify N-Nitrosodimethylamine,” Food Additives and Contaminants: Part A, Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure, and Risk Assessment 31, no. 10 (2014): 1678–87.

49. Brudnak, M. A., “Probiotics as an Adjuvant to Detoxification Protocols,” Medical Hypotheses 58, no. 5 (May 2002): 382–85; Zoghi, A., K. Khosravi-Darani, and S. Sohrabvandi, “Surface Binding of Toxins and Heavy Metals by Probiotics,” Mini- Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 14, no. 1 (Jan. 2014): 84–98.

50. Heikkila, J. E., S. M. Nybom, S. J. Salminen, and J. A. Meriluoto, “Removal of Cholera Toxin from Aqueous Solution by Probiotic Bacteria,” Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) 5, no. 6 (2012): 665–73; Nybom, S. M., S. J. Salminen, and J. A. Meriluoto, “Removal of Microcystin-Lr by Strains of Metabolically Active Probiotic Bacteria,” FEMS Microbiology Letters 270, no. 1 (May 2007): 27–33.

51. Patterson et al., “Gut Microbiota, the Pharmabiotics They Produce, and Host Health.”

52. Adam, E., L. Delbrassine, C. Bouillot, V. Reynders, A. C. Mailleux, E. Muraille, and A. Jacquet, “Probiotic Escherichia Coli Nissle 1917 Activates DC and Prevents House Dust Mite Allergy Through a TLR4-Dependent Pathway,” European Journal of Immunology 40, no. 7 (July 2010): 1995–2005; Costa, D. J., P. Marteau, M. Amouyal, L. K. Poulsen, E. Hamelmann, M. Cazaubiel, B. Housez,et al., “Efficacy and Safety of the Probiotic Lactobacillus Paracasei LP-33 in Allergic Rhinitis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial (GA2LEN Study),” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, no. 5 (May 2014): 602–7; Gorissen, D. M., N. B. Rutten, C. M. Oostermeijer, L. E. Niers, M. O. Hoekstra, G. T. Rijkers, and C. K. van der Ent, “Preventive Effects of Selected Probiotic Strains on the Development of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis in Childhood: The Panda Study,” Clinical and Experimental Allergy 44, no. 11 (Nov. 2014): 1431–33; Zajac, A. E., A. S. Adams, and J. H. Turner, “A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Probiotics for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis,” International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology 5, no. 6 (June 2015): 524–32.

53. Hatab, S., T. Yue, and O. Mohamad, “Removal of Patulin from Apple Juice Using Inactivated Lactic Acid Bacteria,” Journal of Applied Microbiology 112, no. 5 (May 2012): 892–99; Nowak et al., “Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Detoxify N-Nitrosodimethylamine.”

54. Furrie, E., “Probiotics and Allergy,” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64, no. 4 (Nov. 2005): 465–69.

55. Gorissen et al., “Preventive Effects of Selected Probiotic Strains on the Development of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis in Childhood: The Panda Study”; Wu, C. T., P. J. Chen, Y. T. Lee, J. L. Ko, and K. H. Lue, “Effects of Immunomodulatory Supplementation with Lactobacillus Rhamnosus on Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Asthma Model,” Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection (Nov. 11, 2014).

56. Costaet al., “Efficacy and Safety of the Probiotic Lactobacillus Paracasei LP-33 in Allergic Rhinitis”; Zajac, Adams, and Turner, “Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Probiotics for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis.”

57. Cao, L., L. Wang, L. Yang, S. Tao, R. Xia, and W. Fan, “Long-Term Effect of Early-Life Supplementation with Probiotics on Preventing Atopic Dermatitis: A Meta- Analysis,” Journal of Dermatological Treatment (May 5, 2015): 1–4; Kim, S. O., Y. M. Ah, Y. M. Yu, K. H. Choi, W. G. Shin, and J. Y. Lee, “Effects of Probiotics for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials,” Annals of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology 113, no. 2 (Aug. 2014): 217–26; Panduru, M., N. M. Panduru, C. M. Salavastru, and G. S. Tiplica, “Probiotics and Primary Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Studies,” Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 29, no. 2 (Feb. 2015): 232–42.

58. Gungor, O. E., Z. Kirzioglu, E. Dincer, and M. Kivanc, “Who Will Win the Race in Childrens’ Oral Cavities? Streptococcus Mutans or Beneficial Lactic Acid Bacteria?” Beneficial Microbes 4, no. 3 (Sept. 2013): 237–45; Gungor, O. E., Z. Kirzioglu, and M. Kivanc, “Probiotics: Can They Be Used to Improve Oral Health?” Beneficial Microbes (June 30, 2015): 1–10.

59. Anderson, M. H., and W. Shi, “A Probiotic Approach to Caries Management,” Pediatric Dentistry 28, no. 2 (Mar./Apr. 2006): 151–53, discussion 92–98; Gungor, Kirzioglu, and Kivanc, “Probiotics: Can They Be Used to Improve Oral Health?”

60. Hong, S. N., and P. L. Rhee, “Unraveling the Ties Between Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Intestinal Microbiota,” World Journal of Gastroenterology 20, no. 10 (Mar. 14, 2014): 2470–81; Lee, K. N., and O. Y. Lee, “Intestinal Microbiota in Pathophysiology and Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome,” World Journal of Gastroenterology 20, no. 27 (July 21, 2014): 8886–97.

61. Bedaiwi, M. K., and R. D. Inman, “Microbiome and Probiotics: Link to Arthritis,” Current Opinion in Rheumatology 26, no. 4 (July 2014): 410–15; Pineda, M. de L.A., S. F. Thompson, K. Summers, F. de Leon, J. Pope, and G. Reid, “A Randomized, Double- Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Probiotics in Active Rheumatoid Arthritis,” Medical Science Monitor 17, no. 6 (June 2011): CR347–54.

62. Dominici, L., M. Villarini, F. Trotta, E. Federici, G. Cenci, and M. Moretti, “Protective Effects of Probiotic Lactobacillus Rhamnosus IMC501 in Mice Treated with PhIP,” Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 24, no. 3 (Mar. 28, 2014): 371–78; Khalil, A. A., A. E. Abou-Gabal, A. A. Abdellatef, and A. E. Khalid, “Protective Role of Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Against Dietary Fumonisin B1-Induced Toxicity and DNA-Fragmentation in Sprague-Dawley Rats,” Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology 45, no. 6 (Aug. 18, 2015): 530–50.

63. Patterson et al., “Gut Microbiota, the Pharmabiotics They Produce, and Host Health.”

64. Ibid.

65. Penders, J., K. Gerhold, E. E. Stobberingh, C. Thijs, K. Zimmermann, S. Lau, and E. Hamelmann, “Establishment of the Intestinal Microbiota and Its Role for Atopic Dermatitis in Early Childhood,” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 132, no. 3 (Sept. 2013): 601–7 e8; Penders, J., C. Thijs, P. A. van den Brandt, I. Kummeling, B. Snijders, F. Stelma, H. Adams, R. van Ree, and E. E. Stobberingh, “Gut Microbiota Composition and Development of Atopic Manifestations in Infancy: The Koala Birth Cohort Study,” Gut 56, no. 5 (May 2007): 661–67.

Chapter 5: Sh!ts and Giggles

1. Buie, T., D. B. Campbell, G. J. Fuchs III, G. T. Furuta, J. Levy, J. Vandewater, A. H. Whitaker,et al., “Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders in Individuals with ASDs: A Consensus Report,” supplement, Pediatrics 125, no. S1 (Jan. 2010): S1–18; Myers, S. M., C. P. Johnson, and Council on Children with Disabilities, “Management of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Pediatrics 120, no. 5 (Nov. 2007): 1162–82.

2. Bradstreet, J. J., S. Smith, M. Baral, and D. A. Rossignol, “Biomarker-Guided Interventions of Clinically Relevant Conditions Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” Alternative Medicine Review 15, no. 1 (Apr. 2010): 15–32; De Angelis, M., R. Francavilla, M. Piccolo, A. De Giacomo, and M. Gobbetti, “Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intestinal Microbiota,” Gut Microbes 6, no. 3 (May 2015): 207–13; Rescigno, M., “Intestinal Microbiota and Its Effects on the Immune System,” Cell Microbiology 16, no. 7 (July 2014): 1004–13; Samsam, M., R. Ahangari, and S. A. Naser, “Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Revisiting Gastrointestinal Involvement and Immune Imbalance,” World Journal of Gastroenterology 20, no. 29 (Aug. 2014): 9942–51; Wasilewska, J., E. Jarocka-Cyrta, and M. Kaczmarski, “Gastrointestinal Abnormalities in Children with Autism” [in Polish], Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski 27, no. 157 (July 2009): 40–43.

3. Frye, R. E., S. Rose, J. Slattery, and D. F. MacFabe, “Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder: The Role of the Mitochondria and the Enteric Microbiome,” Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 26 (2015): 27458; MacFabe, D. F., “Short-Chain Fatty Acid Fermentation Products of the Gut Microbiome: Implications in Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease 23 (2012:19260); Shaw, W., “Increased Urinary Excretion of a 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (HPHPA), an Abnormal Phenylalanine Metabolite of Clostridia Spp. in the Gastrointestinal Tract, in Urine Samples from Patients with Autism and Schizophrenia,” Nutritional Neuroscience 13, no. 3 (June 2010): 135–43.

4. Bradstreet et al., “Biomarker-Guided Interventions of Clinically Relevant Conditions Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder”; Samsam, Ahangari, and Naser, “Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Revisiting Gastrointestinal Involvement and Immune Imbalance”; Wasilewska, Jarocka-Cyrta, and Kaczmarski, “Gastrointestinal Abnormalities in Children with Autism.”

5. Compare, D., L. Pica, A. Rocco, F. De Giorgi, R. Cuomo, G. Sarnelli, M. Romano, and G. Nardone, “Effects of Long-Term PPI Treatment on Producing Bowel Symptoms and SIBO,” European Journal of Clinical Investigation 41, no. 4 (Apr. 2011): 380–86.

6. Miazga, A., M. Osinski, W. Cichy, and R. Zaba, “Current Views on the Etiopathogenesis, Clinical Manifestation, Diagnostics, Treatment, and Correlation with Other Nosological Entities of SIBO,” Advances in Medical Sciences 60, no. 1 (Mar. 2015): 118–24.

7. Khalighi, A. R., M. R. Khalighi, R. Behdani, J. Jamali, A. Khosravi, Sh. Kouhestani, H. Radmanesh, S. Esmaeelzadeh, and N. Khalighi, “Evaluating the Efficacy of Probiotic on Treatment in Patients with Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO): A Pilot Study,” Indian Journal of Medical Research 140, no. 5 (Nov. 2014): 604–8.

8. Jawhara, S., and D. Poulain, “Saccharomyces Boulardii Decreases Inflammation and Intestinal Colonization by Candida Albicans in a Mouse Model of Chemically Induced Colitis,” Medical Mycology 45, no. 8 (Dec. 2007): 691–700.

9. Qamar, A., S. Aboudola, M. Warny, P. Michetti, C. Pothoulakis, J. T. LaMont, and C. P. Kelly, “Saccharomyces Boulardii Stimulates Intestinal Immunoglobulin A Immune Response to Clostridium Difficile Toxin in Mice,” Infection and Immunity 69, no. 4 (Apr. 2001): 2762–65; Rodrigues, A. C., D. C. Cara, S. H. Fretez, F. Q. Cunha, E. C. Vieira, J. R. Nicoli, and L. Q. Vieira, “Saccharomyces Boulardii Stimulates sIgA Production and the Phagocytic System of Gnotobiotic Mice,” Journal of Applied Microbiology 89, no. 3 (Sept. 2000): 404–14.

10. Jawhara and Poulain, “Saccharomyces Boulardii Decreases Inflammation and Intestinal Colonization by Candida Albicans in a Mouse Model.”

11. Szajewska, H., A. Horvath, and M. Kolodziej, “Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis: Saccharomyces Boulardii Supplementation and Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori Infection,” Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 41, no. 12 (June 2015): 1237–45.

12. Castex, F., G. Corthier, S. Jouvert, G. W. Elmer, F. Lucas, and M. Bastide, “Prevention of Clostridium Difficile–Induced Experimental Pseudomembranous Colitis by Saccharomyces Boulardii: A Scanning Electron Microscopic and Microbiological Study,” Journal of General Microbiology 136, no. 6 (June 1990): 1085–89.

13. Kelesidis, T., and C. Pothoulakis, “Efficacy and Safety of the Probiotic Saccharomyces Boulardii for the Prevention and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Disorders,” Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 5, no. 2 (Mar. 2012): 111–25; Linday, L. A., “Saccharomyces Boulardii: Potential Adjunctive Treatment for Children with Autism and Diarrhea,” Journal of Child Neurology 16, no. 5 (May 2001): 387.

14. Castex et al., “Prevention of Clostridium Difficile–Induced Experimental Pseudomembranous Colitis by Saccharomyces Boulardii”; Jawhara and Poulain, “Saccharomyces Boulardii Decreases Inflammation and Intestinal Colonization by Candida Albicans in a Mouse Model”; Szajewska, Horvath, and Kolodziej, “Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis: Saccharomyces Boulardii Supplementation and Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori Infection.”

15. Castagliuolo, I., M. F. Riegler, L. Valenick, J. T. LaMont, and C. Pothoulakis, “Saccharomyces Boulardii Protease Inhibits the Effects of Clostridium Difficile Toxins A and B in Human Colonic Mucosa,” Infection and Immunity 67, no. 1 (Jan. 1999): 302–7.

16. Jawhara and Poulain, “Saccharomyces Boulardii Decreases Inflammation and Intestinal Colonization by Candida Albicans in a Mouse Model.”

17. Li, M., L. Zhu, A. Xie, and J. Yuan, “Oral Administration of Saccharomyces Boulardii Ameliorates Carbon Tetrachloride–Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats Via Reducing Intestinal Permeability and Modulating Gut Microbial Composition,” Inflammation 38, no. 1 (Feb. 2015): 170–79.

18. Micklefield, G., “Saccharomyces Boulardii in the Treatment and Prevention of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea” [in German], supplement, MMW Fortschritte der Medizin 156, no. S1 (Apr. 17, 2014): 18–22.

19. McFarland, L. V., “Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Saccharomyces Boulardii in Adult Patients,” World Journal of Gastroenterology 16, no. 18 (May 14, 2010): 2202–22.

20. Fitzpatrick, L. R., “Probiotics for the Treatment of Clostridium Difficile Associated Disease,” World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology 4, no. 3 (Aug. 15, 2013): 47–52.

21. Dinleyici, E. C., A. Kara, N. Dalgic, Z. Kurugol, V. Arica, O. Metin, E. Temur, et al., “Saccharomyces Boulardii CNCM I-745 Reduces the Duration of Diarrhoea, Length of Emergency Care, and Hospital Stay in Children with Acute Diarrhoea,” Beneficial Microbes 6, no. 4 (Jan. 2015): 415–21.

22. McFarland, “Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Saccharomyces Boulardii in Adult Patients.”

23. Jawhara and Poulain, “Saccharomyces Boulardii Decreases Inflammation and Intestinal Colonization by Candida Albicans in a Mouse Model.”

24. Schneider, S. M., F. Girard-Pipau, J. Filippi, X. Hebuterne, D. Moyse, G. C. Hinojosa, A. Pompei, and P. Rampal, “Effects of Saccharomyces Boulardii on Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Microflora in Patients on Long-Term Total Enteral Nutrition,” World Journal of Gastroenterology 11, no. 39 (Oct. 21, 2005): 6165–69.

25. Qamar et al., “Saccharomyces Boulardii Stimulates Intestinal Immunoglobulin A Immune Response to Clostridium Difficile Toxin in Mice”; Rodrigues et al., “Saccharomyces Boulardii Stimulates sIgA Production and the Phagocytic System of Gnotobiotic Mice.”

26. McFarland, “Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Saccharomyces Boulardii in Adult Patients.”

27. Ibid.

28. Linday, L. A., “Saccharomyces Boulardii: Potential Adjunctive Treatment for Children with Autism and Diarrhea.”

29. Kelesidis and Pothoulakis, “Efficacy and Safety of the Probiotic Saccharomyces Boulardii for the Prevention and Therapy of Gastrointestinal Disorders.”

Chapter 7: Why Is My Child Always Sick?

1. Ashwood, P., S. Wills, and J. Van de Water, “The Immune Response in Autism: A New Frontier for Autism Research,” Journal of Leukocyte Biology 80, no. 1 (July 2006): 1–15; Gupta, S., S. Aggarwal, B. Rashanravan, and T. Lee, “Th1- and Th2-Like Cytokines in CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Autism,” Journal of Neuroimmunology 85, no. 1 (May 1 1998): 106–9; Molloy, C. A., A. L. Morrow, J. Meinzen-Derr, K. Schleifer, K. Dienger, P. Manning-Courtney, M. Altaye, and M. Wills-Karp, “Elevated Cytokine Levels in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Journal of Neuroimmunology 172, no. 1–2 (Mar. 2006): 198–205.

2. Theoharides, T. C., “Is a Subtype of Autism an Allergy of the Brain?” Clinical Therapeutics 35, no. 5 (May 2013): 584–91.

3. Chandler, S., I. Carcani-Rathwell, T. Charman, A. Pickles, T. Loucas, D. Meldrum, E. Simonoff, P. Sullivan, and G. Baird, “Parent-Reported Gastro-Intestinal Symptoms in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43, no. 12 (Dec. 2013): 2737–47; Gupta et al., “Th1- and Th2-Like Cytokines in CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Autism.”

4. Jyonouchi, H., S. Sun, and H. Le, “Proinflammatory and Regulatory Cytokine Production Associated with Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Developmental Regression,” Journal of Neuroimmunology 120, no. 1–2 (Nov. 1, 2001): 170–79.

5. Molloy et al., “Elevated Cytokine Levels in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.”

6. Tsilioni, I., N. Dodman, A. I. Petra, A. Taliou, K. Francis, A. Moon-Fanelli, L. Shuster, and T. C. Theoharides, “Elevated Serum Neurotensin and CRH Levels in Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders and Tail-Chasing Bull Terriers with a Phenotype Similar to Autism,” Translational Psychiatry 4 (2014): e466.

7. Messahel, S., A. E. Pheasant, H. Pall, J. Ahmed-Choudhury, R. S. Sungum-Paliwal, and P. Vostanis, “Urinary Levels of Neopterin and Biopterin in Autism,” Neuroscience Letters 241, no. 1 (Jan. 23, 1998): 17–20; Zhao, H. X., S. S. Yin, and J. G. Fan, “High Plasma Neopterin Levels in Chinese Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 41 (Apr. 2015): 92–97.

8. Pardo, C. A., D. L. Vargas, and A. W. Zimmerman, “Immunity, Neuroglia, and Neuroinflammation in Autism,” International Review of Psychiatry 17, no. 6 (Dec. 2005): 485–95; Theoharides, T. C., J. M. Stewart, S. Panagiotidou, and I. Melamed, “Mast Cells, Brain Inflammation, and Autism,” European Journal of Pharmacology (May 1, 2015); Vargas, D. L., et al., “Neuroglial Activation and Neuroinflammation in the Brain of Patients with Autism,” Annals of Neurology 57 (Jan. 2005): 67–81.

9. Theoharides et al., “Mast Cells, Brain Inflammation, and Autism.”

10. Theoharides et al., “Mast Cells, Brain Inflammation, and Autism”; Vargas et al., “Neuroglial Activation and Neuroinflammation in the Brain of Patients with Autism.”

11. Rodriguez, J. I., and J. K. Kern, “Evidence of Microglial Activation in Autism and Its Possible Role in Brain Underconnectivity,” Neuron Glia Biology 7, no. 2–4 (May 2011): 205–13.

12. Zhang, B., A. Angelidou, K. D. Alysandratos, M. Vasiadi, K. Francis, S. Asadi, A. Theoharides, et al., “Mitochondrial DNA and Anti-Mitochondrial Antibodies in Serum of Autistic Children,” Journal of Neuroinflammation 7 (2010): 80.

13. Vojdani, A., A. W. Campbell, E. Anyanwu, A. Kashanian, K. Bock, and E. Vojdani, “Antibodies to Neuron-Specific Antigens in Children with Autism: Possible Cross-Reaction with Encephalitogenic Proteins from Milk, Chlamydia Pneumoniae, and Streptococcus Group A,” Journal of Neuroimmunology 129, no. 1–2 (Aug. 2002): 168–77.

14. Singh, V. K., R. P. Warren, J. D. Odell, W. L. Warren, and P. Cole, “Antibodies to Myelin Basic Protein in Children with Autistic Behavior,” Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 7, no. 1 (Mar. 1993): 97–103.

15. Cabanlit, M., S. Wills, P. Goines, P. Ashwood, and J. Van de Water, “Brain-Specific Autoantibodies in the Plasma of Subjects with Autistic Spectrum Disorder,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1107 (June 2007): 92–103.

16. Ibid.

17. Wills, S., C. C. Rossi, J. Bennett, V. Martinez Cerdeno, P. Ashwood, D. G. Amaral, and J. Van de Water, “Further Characterization of Autoantibodies to GABAergic Neurons in the Central Nervous System Produced by a Subset of Children with Autism,” Molecular Autism 2 (2011): 1–15.

18. Connolly, A. M., M. G. Chez, A. Pestronk, S. T. Arnold, S. Mehta, and R. K. Deuel, “Serum Autoantibodies to Brain in Landau-Kleffner Variant, Autism, and Other Neurologic Disorders,” Journal of Pediatrics 134, no. 5 (May 1999): 607–13.

19. Ibid.

20. Singh, V. K., and R. L. Jensen, “Elevated Levels of Measles Antibodies in Children with Autism,” Pediatric Neurology 28, no. 4 (Apr. 2003): 292–94.

21. Mead, J., and P. Ashwood, “Evidence Supporting an Altered Immune Response in ASD,” Immunology Letters 163, no. 1 (Jan. 2015): 49–55.

22. Ashwood, Wills, and J Van de Water, “The Immune Response in Autism: A New Frontier for Autism Research.”

23. Singh and Jensen, “Elevated Levels of Measles Antibodies in Children with Autism.”

24. Jyonouchi, H., L. Geng, A. Ruby, C. Reddy, and B. Zimmerman-Bier, “Evaluation of an Association Between Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Cytokine Production Against Common Dietary Proteins in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Journal of Pediatrics 146, no. 5 (May 2005): 605–10; Jyonouchi, H., L. Geng, A. Ruby, and B. Zimmerman-Bier, “Dysregulated Innate Immune Responses in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Their Relationship to Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Dietary Intervention,” Neuropsychobiology 51, no. 2 (2005): 77–85; Jyonouchi, H., S. Sun, and N. Itokazu, “Innate Immunity Associated with Inflammatory Responses and Cytokine Production Against Common Dietary Proteins in Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Neuropsychobiology 46, no. 2 (2002): 76–84.

25. Edlin, R. S., D. J. Shapiro, A. L. Hersh, and H. L. Copp, “Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Outpatient Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections,” Journal of Urology 190, no. 1 (July 2013): 222–27; Miranda, E. J., G. S. Oliveira, F. L. Roque, S. R. Santos, R. D. Olmos, and P. A. Lotufo, “Susceptibility to Antibiotics in Urinary Tract Infections in a Secondary Care Setting from 2005–2006 and 2010–2011, in Sao Paulo, Brazil: Data from 11,943 Urine Cultures,” Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 56, no. 4 (July/Aug. 2014): 313–24.

26. Gordon, C. M., K. C. DePeter, H. A. Feldman, E. Grace, and S. J. Emans, “Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Healthy Adolescents,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 158, no. 6 (June 2004): 531–37; Gordon, C. M., H. A. Feldman, L. Sinclair, A. L. Williams, P. K. Kleinman, J. Perez-Rossello, and J. E. Cox, “Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Healthy Infants and Toddlers,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 162, no. 6 (June 2008): 505–12; Huh, S. Y., and C. M. Gordon, “Vitamin D Deficiency in Children and Adolescents: Epidemiology, Impact, and Treatment,” Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders 9, no. 2 (June 2008): 161–70.

27. Tripkovic, L., H. Lambert, K. Hart, C. Smith, G. Bucca, S. Penson, G. Chope, E. Hyppönen, J. Berry, R. Vieth, and S. Lanham-New, “Comparison of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Raising Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Status: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95, no. 6 (June 2012): 1357–64.

28. Hoffmann, P. R., and M. J. Berry, “The Influence of Selenium on Immune Responses,” Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 52, no. 11 (Nov. 2008): 1273–80.

29. Roy, M., L. Kiremidjian-Schumacher, H. I. Wishe, M. W. Cohen, and G. Stotzky, “Supplementation with Selenium and Human Immune Cell Functions: I. Effect on Lymphocyte Proliferation and Interleukin 2 Receptor Expression,” Biological Trace Element Resesearch 41, no. 1–2 (Apr./May 1994): 103–14.

30. http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/local_resources/pdfs/impact_sheets_pdfs/AutismPessahFormat2.pdf; Ahn, K. C., B. Zhao, J. Chen, G. Cherednichenko, E. Sanmarti, M. S. Denison, B. Lasley, I. N. Pessah, D. Kültz, D. P. Chang, S. J. Gee, and B. D. Hammock, “In Vitro Biologic Activities of the Antimicrobials Triclocarban, Its Analogs, and Triclosan in Bioassay Screens: Receptor-Based Bioassay Screens,” Environmental Health Perspectives 116, no. 9 (Sept. 2008): 1203–10; Cherednichenko, G., R. Zhang, R. A. Bannister, V. Timofeyev, N. Li , E. B. Fritsch, W. Feng, G. C. Barrientos, N. H. Schebb, B. D. Hammock, K. G. Beam, N. Chiamvimonvat, and I. N. Pessah, “Triclosan Impairs Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Ca2+ Dynamics in Striated Muscle,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 35 (Aug. 28, 2012): 14158–63.

31. Brigandi, S. A., H. Shao, S. Y. Qian, Y. Shen, B. L. Wu, and J. X. Kang, “Autistic Children Exhibit Decreased Levels of Essential Fatty Acids in Red Blood Cells,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 5 (2015): 10061–76.

32. Das, U. N., “Essential Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites Could Function as Endogenous HMG-CoA Reductase and ACE Enzyme Inhibitors, Anti-Arrhythmic, Anti-Hypertensive, Anti-Atherosclerotic, Anti-Inflammatory, Cytoprotective, and Cardioprotective Molecules,” Lipids in Health and Disease 7 (2008): 1–18.

33. Yasuda, H., K. Yoshida, Y. Yasuda, and T. Tsutsui, “Infantile Zinc Deficiency: Association with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Scientific Reports 1 (2011): 129.

34. Liu, J., A. Hanlon, C. Ma, S. R. Zhao, S. Cao, and C. Compher, “Low Blood Zinc, Iron, and Other Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Behavior Problems in Preschoolers,” Nutrients 6, no. 2 (2014): 530–45.

35. Yin, S. Y., H. J. Kim, and H. J. Kim, “Protective Effect of Dietary Xylitol on Influenza A Virus Infection,” PLOS One 9, no. 1 (2014): e84633.

Chapter 8: The Forgotten Ones

1. Autism Speaks, “National Housing and Residential Supports Survey”; Billstedt, E., I. C. Gillberg, and C. Gillberg, “Autism After Adolescence: Population-Based 13- to 22-Year Follow-up Study of 120 Individuals with Autism Diagnosed in Childhood,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 35, no. 3 (June 2005): 351–60; Seltzer, M. M., P. Shattuck, L. Abbeduto, and J. S. Greenberg, “Trajectory of Development in Adolescents and Adults with Autism,” Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 10, no. 4 (2004): 234–47.

2. Myers, S. M., C. P. Johnson, and Council on Children with Disabilities, “Management of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Pediatrics 120, no. 5 (Nov. 2007): 1162–82.

3. Ibid.

4. Autism Speaks, “National Housing and Residential Supports Survey.”

5. Myers, Johnson, and Council on Children with Disabilities, “Management of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.”

6. Autism Speaks, “National Housing and Residential Supports Survey.”

7. Ibid.

8. American Academy of Pediatrics, Medical Home Initiatives for Children with Special Needs Project Advisory Committee, “The Medical Home,” supplement, Pediatrics 113, no. S5 (2004): 1545–47; Cooley, W. C., “Redefining Primary Pediatric Care for Children with Special Health Care Needs: The Primary Care Medical Home,” Current Opinion in Pediatrics 16 (2004): 689–92.

9. Myers, Johnson, and Council on Children with Disabilities, “Management of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders.”

10. Dawe, M., “Desperately Seeking Simplicity: How Young Adults with Cognitive Disabilities and Their Families Adopt Assistive Technologies,” Association for Computing Machinery Digital Library (2006): 1143–52.

11. Huang, P., T. Kao, A. E. Curry, and D. R. Durbin, “Factors Associated with Driving in Teens with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 33, no. 1 (Jan. 2012): 70–74.

12. Ibid.