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Appendix A: Quick Reference

Some of the most commonly used data types, operators, methods, functions, and loop constructs to help you when writing your programs.

Data Types

int = 45

float = 45.2123

str = "this is a string"

list = [ item1, item2, ... ]

tuple = ( item1, item2, ... )

dict = { key1:item1, key2:item2, ...}

bool = True / False

Numeric Operators

Division /

Modulus Division %

Multiplication *

Exponent **

Addition +

Subtraction -

Comparison Operators

Equal to ==

Not equal to !=

Greater than >

Greater than or equal to >=

Less than <

Less than or equal to <=

Boolean Operators

not

and

String Operators

retrieve char at index string[index]

retrieve char in range string[a:b]

List Operators

define list list = []

assign x to list list[index] = x

retrieve from list list[index]

retrieve last item list[-1]

return items in range list[a:b]

Dictionary Operators

define dictionary dict = {}

assign x to key in dict dict[key] = x

retrieve item at key dict[key]

String Methods

convert to uppercase .upper()

convert to lowercase .lower()

return length of x .len(x)

Count times x occurs .count(x)

List Methods

add x to end of list .append(x)

insert x at y .insert(y,x)

pop item at x off list .pop(x)

clear all items .clear()

remove x from list .remove(x)

Dictionary Methods

return value at key .get(key)

remove item .pop(item)

display all values .values()

Functions

def function(<parameters>):

return <data>

Files

open file open(<file>,<mode>)

read file .read()

read 1 line at a time .readline()

close file .close()

write data to file .write(<data>)

loop through lines for line in file:

<code>

Conditional

if <condition> :

<code>

else:

<code>

Multi-conditional

if <condition> :

<code>

elif <condition> :

<code>

While Loop

while <condition>:

<code>

For Loop

for <variable> in range:

<code>

Loop Control

break current loop break

continue to next iteration continue

Modules

import module

from module import *

Built-In Functions

get input from console input()

print data to console print(x)

convert x to integer int(x)

convert x to float float(x)

convert x to string str(x)

convert x to list list(x)

range a-b increments of c range(a,b,c)

Declare a Class

class class-name:

def_____init_____(self, <parameters>):

Child Class

class child-class(parent-class):

Create Object

object = class-name(<parameters>)

Call Object Method

object.method-name(<parameters>)

Access Object Attributes

object-name.attribute-name

Exceptions

try:

# Code to execute as normal except

exception (exception name]:

# Code to deal with exception

Index

Animation

.blit() method

direction

edges

frames

len() function

.load() method

.move_ip() method

program

.rect () method

speed

values

Arithmetic operators

performing

precedence

BIDMAS

Binary file

file modes

open() method

pickle.dump() method

pickle.read() method

.write() method

Bitwise operators

BODMAS

Boolean operators

break statement

Classes

Class inheritance

child class

definition

dot notation

lecturer object

Person class

super() class

Common gateway interface (CGI)

Comparison operators

Computer programming

install on Linux

install on MacOS

install on windows

languages

Python

variables/constants

continue statement

Data type

casting

dictionary

floating point number

integer

lists

sets

strings

tuples

elif statement

else statements

Exceptions

catching

definition

raising

types

uses

File access

.seek() method

text file

values

Flow control

for loop

Functions

declaration

definition

recursive

Global variables

Graphical user interface

designing

command button

convert() function

.current() method

.get() method

.grid() method

label

logo

Program, run

text field

window

.geometry() method

.grid() method

parameters

result

Tk() function

Tkinter

widgets

SeeWidgets

window

creation

.mainloop() method

position

size

.title() method

High-level language

I, J, K

if statements

Input data

Integrated development environment (IDE)

Integrated development environment (IDLE)

Iteration

for loop

while loop

Language classification

high-level

low-level

Lists

Local variables

Logical operators

Low-level language

M, N

Method overriding

Modules

creation

definition

importing

dot notation

forward() function

import keyword

namespace

output

right () function

turtle commands

Object-oriented programming (OOP)

abstraction

encapsulation

inheritance

polymorphism

Objects

Output data

P, Q

Polymorphic classes

Polymorphism

Pygame

event loop

elif statements

.get() method

if statement

parameters

program

termination

game loop

image, adding

installation

window, opening

Python

Python language syntax

code fragment

comments

escape character

identifiers

indentation

input

output

reserved words

write a program

Python supports

Recursive function

Scope

global

local

script.py

contact form

contactus.py

HTML

output

uploading

URL

Selection

elif statements

if/else statements

Sequence

Sets

Second-generation programming language

Shapes

Streaming services

Strings

T, U

Text file

characters

.close( ) method

file modes

open( ) method

.read() method

.write ( ) method

Two-dimensional lists

Variables

global

local

W, X, Y, Z

Web frameworks

app3.py/index2.html

definition

Django

Flask

render_ template() function

templates

variable, adding

web app

app.py

def index()

Flask module

localhost

routing

run/test

Web server gateway interface (WSGI)

Web servers

Abyss Web Server X1

connections

installation

while loop

Widgets

buttons

canvas

checkboxes

images

LabelFrame

labels

listbox

menus

message boxes

text field

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