21st century
steel industry, 68–70
negotiated restructuring, 101
A
Allocation of production, optimization, 66
All-steel auto body, 134
Antidumping act, 111
Arcelor Mittal, 24, 52, 127
Attracting capital, 67
Auto steel story, 134–136, 148
Automotive changes steel, 137–139
Automotive industry economics, 140
Available time, 43
B
Baosteel, 26
Bargaining in the 1990s, new directions, 97–101
Basic Bessemer process (BOF), 12–15, 17, 63, 77, 159–160, 181
Benchmarking, 34
Bessemer’s process, 76
Big steel, 53–58, 71, 75, 175
Biomass solutions, 178
Blast furnace, 45
Boeing systems integrator model, 52
BOF–CCM configuration, 78
BOF–concast route, 95
Budd body, 135
Budd innovations, 136
Bull whip effect (BWE), 133, 152
Business cycles, 152
C
Calendar time, 42
Challenges and opportunities
Eurofer case, 186–188
Metallos case, 188–191
new steel company knowledge management strategies, 184–186
steel and the customer base, 191–193
Chandler’s theory, 30
China, impact of, 121–127
Chinese economy, 129
Chinese steel, 46
Coal chain, 47
Coal-based iron making technologies, 178
Compact strip process (CSP), 76
Competition policy, 128–131, 199
Construction steel, 149
Continuous casters (CCs), 15
Continuous casting machine (CCM), 77
Continuous casting to continuous process, 160
Continuous casting, 161
Cooperative partnership agreements (CPA), 98, 99
Co-operative wage study (CWS) system, 83, 86
Coordinated committee steel companies (CCSC), 97
Cost-of-living (COLA), 97
Customer base, steel and the,
191–193
Customer pull innovation, 148
Cycle time ratio, 43
D
Digital manufacturing, 167
Directly reduce iron (DRI), 48, 196
Dofasco, 29
Down time, 42
Dumping, 63
Dumping, effects of, 117–119
Dumping, steel, 110–112
Dynamic efficiencies, 67
E
EAFs, 181
Economies of scale, 65
Electric arc furnaces (EAFs), 12, 15, 17, 24, 62, 73, 179
Electro-tinning operations, 166
Employee retirement income security act (ERISA), 75
Environmental legislation, 199
Eurofer case, 186–188
Evraz–Oregon steel mills merger, 66
Experimental negotiating agreement (ENA), 97
F
Factor weighting, 87
Factor-comparison method, 88
Financial crisis, 127, 128
Fisher body division, 138
Fixed-cost hypothesis, 64, 65
Functionally departmentalized organization, 30
G
Gerdau, 25
German-Siemens model, 79
GHGs, 181
Gilchrist–Thomas process, 12
Global consolidation, steel, 20–23
Global production network (GPN), 157
Global steel companies
Arcelor Mittal, 24
Baosteel, 26
Gerdau, 25
Nucor, 24
Posco, 25
Tata steel, 26
Tenaris, 26
ThyssenKrupp AG, 25
US steel, 23
Global steel, 15, 127
Global steel, economic geography of, 112
Global supply chains, 44–50
Globalization, 6
GM model, 27
Great Steel industry consolidation movement
allocation of production, optimization, 66
attracting capital, 67
dynamic efficiencies, 67
economies of scale, 65
fixed-cost hypothesis, 64
labor contracts, flexibility, 66
synergies, 65
Growth story, 150–151
H
Hand sheet mills, 137
HCC (hard carbon coal), 45
Herman goring works (HGW), 56
History, of steel, 11
I
Industrial clusters, 145
Industrial culture, 103
Industrial organization, 71
Industrial standardization, 164
Industry organization and competition
Japanese challenge, steel in, 77–80
minimill breakthrough, 75–76
new competitors, 73–75
steel distribution and fabrication, 80–82
Innovation, 148, 164
International steel group (ISG) agreement, 101
J
Japanese challenge, steel in, 77–80
Japanese Steel revolution, 58–60
K
Kaizen or continuous improvement strategy, 186
Key regional markets, 114
Knowledge intensive business services (KIBS), 68
Kyoto green house gas targets, 180
L
Labor contracts, flexibility, 66
Labor management participation teams (LMPTs), 99
Labor market policy, 199
Lean management hierarchy, 75
Linz–Donawitz process, 12
Local markets, 142–144
Local union in steel, role of, 102–104
Logic of managerial enterprise, 30
Low alloy steel, 12, 13
M
Man hours per ton (MHPT), 37
Manifest crisis, 69
Manufacturing, 149
Materials competition, 170, 197
Met coal, 44, 45
Metallos case, 42–44, 188–191
Minimill breakthrough, 75–76
Ministry of international trade and industry (MITI), 59
Modern auto–steel interface, 139–142
Modern steels, 12
Modularization, 50
Molten steel, 161
Multidivisional form, 30
N
Natural gas, 48
Networked manufacturing, 20
New collaborative supply chains, 147
New competitors, 73–75
New deal economic model, 54, 55
New deal steel, 14
New global steel benchmarking, 34
New global steel manufacturing, 146
New steel appliances, 166
New steel company knowledge management strategies, 184–186
New steel product development practices, 168–170
Nucor, 24
Nucor revolution, 60–62
Nucor steel–Berkeley facility, 76
O
Occupational safety and health act (OSHA), 75
Oligopoly, 53
Open hearth (OH) furnaces, 14
Open hearth furnaces, 84
Open hearth steelmaking shops, 159
Open hearth, 159–160
Outside market forces
auto steel story, 134–136
auto steel, 148
automotive changes steel, 137–139
business cycles, 152
construction steel, 149
growth story, 150–151
local markets, 142–144
manufacturing, 149
modern auto-steel interface, 139–142
new collaborative supply chains, 147
new global steel manufacturing, 146
postindustrial steel, 144–146
steel changes automotive, 136
steel clusters, 142–144
steel supply chains, 152
value chain, 147
Oxygen blown converter (OBC) technology, 15
P
Path dependence, 156
Pension and legacy costs, 104–107
Pension benefits guarantee fund (PBGF), 103
Pittsburgh plus, 174, 175
Pittsburgh price system, 53, 71, 173–175
Platform strategies, 141
Posco, 25
Possible time, 42
Postindustrial steel, 144–146, 167
Postwar steel, 14
Preservation of markets, 199
Primary steel mills, 17
Process innovation, 163–165
Public policy, 197–200
Pulverized coal injection (PCI), 48
R
Reference mill labor productivity benchmarking, 37
Ameristeel case, 37
Eurofer case, 39–42
Regulation
Pittsburgh pricing system, 173–175
SAE standards, 175–177
steel and recycling, 179–182
steel, environment, and EPA, 177–179
Re-melting steel scrap, 15
Reprocessing scrap metal, 12
Rolling mills, 84
S
SAE standards, 175–177
Seaborne coal, 44
Stamping, 138
State, 127
Statistical process control (SPC), 84
Steel and evolutionary economics, 156–158
Steel and recession, 115
Steel and recycling, 179–182
Steel and technological change
basic oxygen furnace, 159–160
continuous casting to continuous process, 160
digital manufacturing, 167
materials competition, 170
new steel appliances, 166
new steel product development practices, 168–170
open hearth, 159–160
postindustrial steel, 167
process innovation, 163–165
steel and evolutionary economics, 156–158
steel cans, 165
steel company technology development, 158
steel consumer products, innovation for, 165
steel product, 163–165
steel production technology, future, 161–163
Steel basics
global steel, 15
history, 11
metal, 11
new deal steel, 14
postwar steel, 14
steel industry, 14
steel making, 15–17
steelmaking earliest sites, 11–13
Steel benchmarking, 42
Steel cans, 165
Steel changes automotive, 136
Steel clusters, 142–144
Steel companies operations
global consolidation, 20–23
global steel companies
Arcelor Mittal, 24
Baosteel, 26
Gerdau, 25
Nucor, 24
Posco, 25
Tata Steel, 26
Tenaris, 26
Thyssenkrupp Ag, 25
US steel, 23
global supply chains, 44–50
metallos case, 42–44
new global steel benchmarking, 34
reference mill labor productivity benchmarking, 37
Ameristeel case, 37
Eurofer case, 39–42
reverticalization of steel, 44–50
steel benchmarking and time metrics, 42
steel companies, managing, 32–33
steel company of the future, 50–52
steel executives objectives, 34
traditional steel industry performance benchmarking, 34
U.S. Steel model, 27–32
Steel companies, managing, 32–33
Steel company of the future, 50–52
Steel company technology development, 158
Steel consumer products, innovation for, 165
Steel distribution, 80–82
Steel economic spaces, 157
Steel executives objectives, 34
Steel fabrication, 80–82
Steel industries, organization and reorganization of, 53
Steel industry labor-management relations, 83
Steel industry operations
21st century steel industry, 68–70
big steel, 54–58
great steel industry consolidation movement
allocation of production, optimization, 66
attracting capital, 67
dynamic efficiencies, 67
economies of scale, 65
fixed-cost hypothesis, 64
labor contracts, flexibility, 66
synergies, 65
Japanese steel revolution, 58–60
Nucor revolution, 60–62
steel industries, organization and reorganization of, 53
Steel industry performance benchmarking, traditional, 34
Steel industry restructuring, 196
Steel industry wage structure, 86–92
Steel labor relations
1959 Steel strike, 92–95
21st century, negotiated restructuring, 101
bargaining in the 1990s, new directions, 97–101
centralized bargaining in steel, 95–97
labor process in steel, 84–86
local union in steel, role of, 102–104
pension and legacy costs, 104–107
steel industry labor-management relations, 83
Steel industry wage structure, 86–92
steel unions and labor agency, 107–108
Steel making, 15–17
Steel metal, 11
Steel pricing and antitrust, 173–175
Steel product, 163–165
Steel production technology, future, 161–163
Steel restructuring, 69
Steel strike, 1959, 92–95
Steel supply chains, 152
Steel trade balances, 114
Steel trade disputes, 116–117
Steel trade flows and trade disputes
China, impact of, 121–127
competition policy, 128–131
dumping, 110–112
dumping, effects of, 117–119
global steel, 127
global steel, economic geography of, 112
key regional markets, 114
state, 127
steel and recession, 115
steel trade balances, 114
steel trade disputes, 116–117
trade flows, 127
trade liberalization, 120
trade policy, 128–131
Steel unions and labor agency, 107–108
Steel, centralized bargaining in,
95–97
Steel, environment, and EPA, 177–179
Steel, labor process in, 84–86
Steel, reverticalization of, 44–50
Steelmaking earliest sites, 11–13
Steel-manufacturing cluster phenomenon, 142, 144
Structural stoppages time, 42
Sustained contingent collaborative (SCC), 192
Synergies, 65
Systems integrator, 52
T
Tata steel, 26
Teardown process, 169
Teardrop-shaped dream cars, 136
Tenaris, 26
ThyssenKrupp AG, 25
Time metrics, 42
Tinplate market, 165
Tool steel, 13
Total productive maintenance (TPM), 187
Trade flows, 127
Trade liberalization, 120
Trade policy, 128–131
Transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel, 13
Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel, 13
U
U.S. Steel model, 27–32
Unibody, 134
Up time, 42
US employee retirement income security act (ERISA), 105
US steel, 23, 31, 174
US steel model, 53
V
Value chain, 46, 147
Voluntary restraint agreements (VRAs), 57
W
Wide sheet steel, 166