Index
Special Characters and Numerics
- ~ (curly brace), 617
- 4-bit mode LCD, 670
- 8-bit mode LCD, 670
- 802.11n wireless network, 738
- 7400-series TTL logic gates, 541
A
- A0 UNO board header pin, 610
- A1 UNO board header pin, 610
- A2 UNO board header pin, 610
- A3 UNO board header pin, 610
- A4 UNO board header pin, 610
- A5 UNO board header pin, 610
- AC (alternating current)
- alternators, 411–413
- blocking DC while passing, 254–259
- converting DC, power supply for, 431
- defined, 33, 406
- line voltage
- acid-flux solder, avoiding, 125
- active-high circuit, 562
- active-high input circuits, 648, 792–793
- active-high latches, 562–569
- active-low circuit, 562
- active-low input circuits, 648, 792–793
- active-low latches, 562–563, 569–572
- Adafruit, 603, 694, 702, 889
- adapters
- ADC (analog-to-digital converter), 799
- addition, 631–632
- All Electronics, 106
- alligator clips, 53, 125–126
- alternating current (AC)
- alternators, 411–413
- blocking DC while passing, 254–259
- converting DC, power supply for, 431
- defined, 33, 406
- line voltage
- alternators, 408, 411–413
- aluminum electrolytic capacitors, 244
- AM radio, 449–450
- Amazon, 54, 666, 669, 702, 711
- amber, 22
- ammeter, 137
- Ampère, André-Marie, 207
- amperes, 29, 137, 207
- amplifiers
- audio, 447
- defined, 17
- inverting, 391
- noninverting, 392
- open-loop, 388–390
- operational (op amps)
- 741 op-amp, 344
- adding voltages, 398–400
- closed loop-amplifiers, 391–392
- connections, 384–387
- defined, 343, 384
- ICs, 401–402
- ideal characteristics, 389–390
- inverting, 391
- LM324, 344, 402
- LM741, 401
- noninverting, 392
- open-loop, 388–390
- origin of, 387
- overview, 383–384
- symbol for in schematic diagrams, 384–385
- terminology, 384
- unity gain amplifiers, 393–398
- as voltage comparator, 395–398
- amplitude modulation (AM), 445, 449
- amps, 11
- analog, 487–489
- analog input
- analog multimeters, 134–135
- analog-to-digital converter (ADC), 799
- AND circuit, 497–498
- AND gates
- AND operation, 493
- AND transistor circuit, 528–529
- Andersen, Hans Christian, 137
- animation sequences, creating, 847–849
- animatronic prop controllers
- animatronics, defined, 851
- AP-16+ audio player module
- anode, 57, 167, 281, 303
- antenna wire, 457
- antennas
- antistatic wristband, 70
- AP-16+ audio player module
- Apple macOS, 738
- Arduino
- Blink program, 606, 607–608, 616–617
- blinking LED with Arduino UNO, 612–614
- comments, 627–628
- digital I/O pin, 608–612
- flashing the LEDs, 625–627
- functions, 644–646
- IDE, installing, 603–605
- identifiers, creating, 629
- if statements, 634–638
- improved version of random program, 657–658
- keyboard
- keypad
- 3x3, 712
- 4x4, 712
- building, 720
- buttons in, 712–713
- buying, 711
- connecting, 713–714
- defined, 711
- keymap, 717–718
- Keypad variable, 718–719
- library, 715–716
- number of rows and columns, 717
- parts, 722
- pressed key, detecting, 719
- programming, 714–716
- row and column pins, 717–718
- setting up, 716–720
- testing, 723
- using, 720–723
- waitForKey function, 719–720
- wiring in, 712
- LED flashing program that uses potentiometer, 659–660
- LED Test Circuit, 622–625
- for loops, 641–643
- math operations, 631–632
- MEGA board, 889, 890
- Morse code program, 688–690
- MP3 shield
- music, making, 692–694
- music player, building, 699–701
- overview, 599
- potentiometer. reading value from, 658–663
- programming tricks, 647–663
- prototyping shields, 602, 619–621
- push button program, 651
- push button, using, 647–649
- random program, 655–657
- versus Raspberry, 737–738
- servo
- AREF UNO board header pin, 610
- arguments, 617, 776
- ARM processors, 801
- Armstrong, Edwin, 453–454
- assignment statement, 630
- assumptions, in this book, 4
- astable mode, 555 timer chip
- astable multivibrator, 323–325
- ATmega328P single-chip microprocessor, 600
- Atmel ATmega328P single-chip microprocessor, 600, 601
- atomic number, 25
- atoms, 24–25
- Audacity, 817
- audible beeper, 379–382
- audio amplifier, 447, 889
- audio devices
- audio jack, Raspberry Pi, 739
- automotive glass cartridge (AGC) cartridge, 424
- autotransformer, 414
B
- B-9 robot, 883–884
- Back to the Future (movie), 235
- back voltage, 267
- band-pass filters, 273
- bandwidth, 390
- barrier strips, 422–423, 460
- base, 58, 306, 469
- base-emitter, 306
- BASIC Stamp microprocessor, 853, 859
- batteries
- battery clip, 52
- battery holder, 52
- Baviera, Julio, 444
- beep function, 684
- beeper, 377–382
- begin() function, 672
- Beginning Programming with Python For Dummies (Mueller), 759
- Berra, Yogi, 85
- bias voltage, 306
- bin directory (Linux), 747
- binary conversions, 494–495
- binary number systems
- bipolar transistors, 304
- bistable circuits
- bits, 491–492
- Blink program, 606, 607–608, 616–617
- blow-mold figures, 834
- Bluetooth, 739
- bolt mount, 45
- Boole, George, 504
- Boolean algebra, 504
- Boolean logic, 504–505
- boot directory (Linux), 747
- Bose, Jagadish, 444
- Branly. Edouard, 444
- Braun, Ferdinand, 444
- breadboard
- break statement, 728
- bridge rectifier, 290–291, 435–436
- Brooks, Mel, 37
- bytes, 492
C
- C++ language, 615, 760
- C7 lights, 834
- C9 lights, 834
- cable ties, 53
- cables
- Calculator program, 494–495
- camera serial interface (CSI), 739
- capacitance
- capacitors
- blocking DC while passing AC, 254–259
- ceramic disk capacitors, 242–243
- charging, 250–254
- charging circuit, 245
- coin-toss project, installing in, 111
- combining, 247
- defined, 66
- definition of, 236–238
- discharging, 66, 238, 250–254
- electrolytic, 244
- film, 243–244
- general discussion, 235–238
- mica, 243
- overview, 55–56
- in parallel, combining, 248
- polarized, 238
- reading values of, 240–241
- reference identifier, 82
- resistor/capacitor networks, 209, 245–247
- safety, 66
- safety tip, 20
- in series, combining, 248–249
- shapes of, 242–244
- silver mica, 243
- sizes of, 242–244
- symbol for in schematic diagrams, 76, 238
- tolerance markings, 242
- types of, 242–244
- uses for, 250
- variable, 244, 457
- capacitors variable, 244
- caps. See capacitors
- carbon film resistor, 208
- carrier wave, 445, 452
- cartridge fuse, 423
- case statement, 728
- Cat5 cable, 837
- catch diodes, 285
- cathode, 57, 100, 167, 303
- cathode-ray tube (CRT), 150
- cathodes, 281
- CCS pin, 697
- center-tapped transformers, 432
- central processing unit (CPU)
- ceramic disk capacitors, 56, 242–243
- channels, 443, 767, 832–833
- char variable, 630
- chip select pin, 802
- chips. See integrated circuits (ICs)
- circuit board
- circuits. See also integrated circuits (ICs)
- active-high, 562
- active-low, 562
- AND, 497–498
- Arduino LED test circuit, 622–625
- closed, 165
- coin-toss
- defined, 13, 164–166
- designing, 89–93
- elements of, 164–166
- enclosure for, 113–120
- feedback, 391
- flip-flops
- 4013 Dual D, 581
- active-high latches, 562–569
- active-low latches, 562–563, 569–572
- D, 580, 582–586
- debouncing clock input, 589
- defined, 349, 561
- defined latches, 562
- edge-triggered, 579
- gated D latch latches, 573, 575–578
- gated latches, 572–578
- general discussion, 357–359, 579–582
- JK, 580–581
- overview, 561
- RS latches, 565
- SET input latches, 562
- SR, 580
- SR latches, 565
- T, 580–581
- toggle, 586–589
- types of, 580–581
- lamp
- logic
- multimeters, measuring with
- one-shot 555 timer circuit, 366–369
- open, 165
- operational amplifiers (op amps)
- 741 op-amp, 344
- adding voltages, 398–400
- closed loop-amplifiers, 391–392
- connections, 384–387
- defined, 343, 384
- ICs, 401–402
- ideal characteristics, 389–390
- inverting, 391
- LM324, 344, 402
- LM741, 401
- noninverting, 392
- open-loop, 388–390
- origin of, 387
- overview, 383–384
- symbol for in schematic diagrams, 384–385
- terminology, 384
- unity gain amplifiers, 393–398
- as voltage comparator, 395–398
- CircuitVerse, 522
- clamp mount, 45
- clear() function, 672
- clock, 592
- CLOCK input, 579
- clock input, debouncing, 589
- Clock input, gated latch, 572
- CLOCK PIN, 670
- CLOCK pin, 671
- clock pin, 802
- clocks, analog versus digital, 488
- closed circuits, 165
- closed loop-amplifiers, 391–392
- CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor), 541
- CMOS AND gate, 549–552
- CMOS NAND gate, 546–549
- CMOS NOR gate, 556–559
- CMOS OR gate, 552–555
- coils
- coin-toss project
- cold joint, 129
- collector current (ICE), 307
- collector-base voltage (VCBO), 307
- collector-emitter, 306
- collector-emitter voltage (VCEO), 307
- collectors, 58, 306, 469
- color organs
- commands
- comments, 627–628, 768–769
- common terminal, 174
- common-base collector, 308
- common-collector, 308
- common-emitter, 308
- common-emitter proximity detector, building, 476–480
- compensation, 157
- compiled program, 760
- compiler, 760
- compressed air, 53
- computers, 18, 831
- condensers, 238
- conditional expression, 634, 778
- conductance, 222
- conductive path, 165
- conductors
- connectors
- constants
- contact holes, 95
- control grid, 303
- control pin, 347
- control signal, 702
- conventional current, 32, 165
- conventional current flow, 72–73
- coulombs, 239
- A Course in Electrical Engineering (Dawes), 261
- covalent bonds, 276
- CPU (central processing unit)
- crystal oscillator, 449
- crystal radio
- crystals, 277
- CSI (camera serial interface), 739
- curly brace (~), 617
- current
- AC
- current gain (HFE), 307
- current-limiting resistor, 295–296
- cut-off, 313
- Cylon LED flasher, 790
D
- ~D3 UNO board header pin, 610
- ~D5 UNO board header pin, 610
- D6 pin, 671
- ~D6 UNO board header pin, 610
- D12 UNO board header pin, 610
- D13 UNO board header pin, 610
- data input pin, 802
- data output pin, 802
- data parameter, 865
- data sheets, 342–343
- Dawes, Chester L., 261
- DC (direct current)
- DCS pin, 697
- De Morgan, Augustus, 517
- De Morgan’s Theorem, 516–519
- dead-bug wiring, 337
- debouncing clock input, 589
- decimal system, 490
- def statement, 776
- delay command, 606
- delay function, 618
- depletion zone, 280
- design families, 539
- desoldering, 131–132
- desoldering braid, 126, 132
- desoldering bulb, 126, 132
- detectors, 447
- dev directory (Linux), 747
- diagrams, schematic
- for coin-toss circuit, 91
- common symbols on, 75–77
- for crystal radio, 456
- diodes in, 282
- fuse in, 424
- ICs in, 339–340
- integrated circuits in, 82–83
- jack-in-the-box prop, 857
- junctions in, 74–75
- labeling components in, 80–81
- LED in, 295
- op amp in, 384–385
- organ color circuit, 818
- overview, 71–72
- potentiometer, symbol for, 233
- resistors, symbols for, 208
- simple example of, 72–73
- dielectric, 238
- differential inputs, 386
- DigiKey, 290
- digital electronics
- versus analog, 487–489
- binary number systems
- digital multimeters, 134
- digitalWrite command, 606
- digitalWrite function, 618
- digits, 491
- diodes
- anode in, 281
- blocking reverse polarity with, 286–289
- cathodes in, 281
- defined, 275, 281
- forward bias, 281–282
- forward voltage drop, 282
- freewheeling, 285
- germanium, 284, 457
- high-speed, 284
- overview, 56–57, 275–276
- peak inverse voltage, 282–283
- peak reverse voltage, 282–283
- rectifiers
- diode-transistor logic (DTL), 540
- direct current (DC)
- discharge pin, 347
- discharging, 238
- discrete components, 330
- Disneyland, 851
- display serial interface (DSI), 738
- dissipation, 36
- division, 631–632
- Dock (Mac), 604
- doping, 278
- double precision floating-point numbers, 630
- double variable, 630
- double-pole switch, 173
- double-throw switch, 184
- DPDT (double pole, double throw) switch, 174, 286
- DPST (double pole, single throw) switch, 174
- DREQ pin, 697
- DSI (display serial interface), 738
- DTL (diode-transistor logic), 540
- dual inline package (DIP), 336–338
- duration argument, 684
- duty cycle, calculating, 355
E
- eight-channel relay card, 889, 890
- Einstein, Albert, 240, 262
- electric charge, 12, 26–27
- electric circuit. See circuits
- electric current
- AC
- electric field, 236
- electric shock, 63–64
- electric telegraph, 15
- electrical devices, 14–15
- electrical tape, 53
- electricity
- electrolyte, 166
- electrolytic capacitors, 56, 244
- electromagnetic force, 236
- electromagnetic induction, 265–266
- electromagnetic radiation (EMR), 442
- electromagnetism, 26
- electromagnets, 263–264
- electromotive force, 30, 32
- electronic components, basic
- capacitors, 20, 55–56, 235, 238
- blocking DC while passing AC, 254–259
- ceramic disk capacitors, 242–243
- charging, 250–254
- charging circuit, 245
- coin-toss project, installing in, 111
- combining, 247
- defined, 66
- definition of, 236–238
- discharging, 66, 238, 250–254
- electrolytic, 244
- film, 243–244
- mica, 243
- in parallel, combining, 248
- polarized, 238
- reading values of, 240–241
- reference identifier, 82
- resistor/capacitor networks, 209, 245–247
- safety, 66
- in series, combining, 248–249
- shapes of, 242–244
- silver mica, 243
- sizes of, 242–244
- symbol for in schematic diagrams, 76, 238
- tolerance markings, 242
- types of, 242–244
- uses for, 250
- variable, 244, 457
- diodes
- anode in, 281
- blocking reverse polarity with, 286–289
- cathodes in, 281
- defined, 275, 281
- forward bias, 281–282
- forward voltage drop, 282
- freewheeling, 285
- germanium, 284, 457
- high-speed, 284
- overview, 56–57, 275–276
- peak inverse voltage, 282–283
- peak reverse voltage, 282–283
- rectifiers, 283, 286, 289, 289–290, 290, 290–291, 291–294
- reference identifier, 82
- reverse bias, 281–282
- semiconductors, 275, 276, 276–277, 277, 278, 278–279, 279–280, 280
- signal, 285
- signal diodes, 284
- switching, 284
- symbol for in schematic diagrams, 76, 282
- Zener, 284–286
- integrated circuits (ICs), 59
- resistors
- coin-toss project, installing in, 111
- color codes of, 209–210
- combining, 218–219
- current-limiting resistor, 295–296
- defined, 138, 203, 208
- dividing voltage with, 209, 227–231
- latches, 564
- limiting current for LED with, 295–296
- limiting current with, 209, 214–218
- mixing series and parallel, 221–223
- overview, 54–55, 203–204
- parallel, 222
- in parallel, combining, 220–221
- power ratings, 213–214
- reading values, 210–211
- reference identifier, 82
- resistor/capacitor networks, 209
- in series, combining, 218
- in series and parallel, combining, 223–227
- standard values, 212
- symbol for in schematic diagrams, 76, 208
- tolerance, 211–213
- uses for, 209
- stocking up on, 54–59
- transistors
- amplifying with, 308–310
- bipolar, 304
- defined, 58
- discrete components, 330
- as electronic lever, 302
- history, 303
- LED driver, circuits with, 315–317
- LED flasher, circuits with, 327–330
- multiple-emitter, 540
- NOT gate, circuits with, 318–322
- NPN, 304–305, 313
- oscillating with, 323–325
- overview, 300–301
- PNP, 305
- reference identifier, 82
- shapes and size, 303
- specifications, 307
- as switch, 312–314
- symbol for in schematic diagrams, 76
- capacitors, 20, 55–56, 235, 238
- electronic devices
- electronic project kit, 1
- electronics
- electrons, 12, 26, 236
- electrostatic charge, 69–70
- Elegoo UNO Project Super Starter Kit, 603
- elements, 25–26
- emitter-base voltage (VBEO), 307
- emitters, 58, 306, 469
- EMR (electromagnetic radiation), 442–443
- ENABLE input, gated latch, 572–575
- Enchanted Tiki Room (Disneyland), 851
- enclosure, for circuits, 113–120
- energy, storing with capacitors, 250
- equilibrium, 280
- etc directory (Linux), 747
- Ethernet, 738
- extension cord, 63
- eye protection, 126
- eyewear, 65, 68
F
- +5 V UNO board header pin, 611
- flash camera, 66
- flashCount variable, 782
- flip-flops
- float variable, 630
- flux, 125
- flux capacitors, 235
- flyback diodes, 285
- FM (frequency modulation), 445
- FM radio, 451–454
- followers, 394
- for loops, 641–643, 784–787, 786–787
- Forbidden Planet (movie), 881–883
- forward bias, 281–282
- forward voltage drop, 282
- four-input OR gate, 510
- foxhole radio, 462
- Frankenstein (movie), 37
- Franklin, Benjamin, 11, 14
- freewheeling diodes, 285
- frequencies, filtering with capacitors, 250
- frequency, 153, 407, 447, 467–468
- frequency modulation (FM), 445, 451, 454
- friend, 69
- full-wave rectifier, 290, 435
- function library, 617
- functions, 616
- beep, 684
- begin(), 672
- clear(), 672
- creating in Python, 775–777
- delay, 618
- digitalWrite, 618
- home(), 672
- LiquidCrystal(), 672
- loop, 618, 705, 719
- noTone, 684
- playNote, 692
- playRest, 692
- print(), 672
- pulseIn, 668
- random, 656–657
- setCursor(), 672
- setLEDs, 776, 782
- setLEDsOn, 776
- setup(), 618, 705
- tone, 683–684
- waitForKey, 719–720
- fuses
G
- G command, 873
- gamma rays, 443
- gated latches, 572–578
- gates. See also logic circuits
- AND, 495–496
- De Morgan’s Theorem, 516–519
- defined, 318
- 4000-series, 542–543
- 4011 Quad 2-Input NAND Gate, 544–545
- four-input OR, 510
- integrated circuit logic gates, 539–542
- NAND
- NOR
- NOT
- NXOR, description of, 505
- OR
- gauge, 51
- general-purpose input-output (GPIO)
- general-purpose input-output (GPIO) pins
- generators, 412
- germanium diode, 457
- gigahertz (GHz), 442
- global variables, 631
- glue gun, 460
- glue sticks, 460
- GND pin, 666–667, 671
- GND UNO board header pin, 610, 611
- GPIO (general-purpose input-output)
- graphics processor, Raspberry Pi, 738
- gravity, 26
- ground, 70
- ground connection
- ground pin, 346
- ground wires, 419–421
- grounding, for crystal radio, 464
H
- The Haunted Mansion (Disneyland), 851
- HC-SRO4 range finder
- HD44780 LCD
- HDMI cable, 741
- HDMI connectors, 738
- heat damage, 341–342
- heat sink, 126
- Hello, World! program, 748–751
- henrys, 268–269
- hertz, 153, 442
- Hertz, Heinrich, 442, 444
- high variable, 691
- high-pass filters, 273
- high-speed diodes, 284
- Hobby Engineering, 106
- hobby vise, 45–46
- holiday light animation
- home directory (Linux), 747
- home() function, 672
- hook-up wire, 457, 460
- hot glue gun, 460
- hot wires, 419–421
- household electrical current, 62–63
I
- icons, used in this book, 5
- ICs (integrated circuits)
- 74xx logic family, 344
- 78xx voltage regulator, 344
- 555 timer chips
- 556 dual timer chips, 361–364
- astable mode, 343, 348, 352–357
- beeper, 377–382
- bistable mode, 349, 357–359
- description of, 346–348
- LED flasher circuit, 369–373
- monostable mode, 343, 348, 349–352
- one-shot timer, 364–369
- output pin, 359–360
- overview, 343–344, 345
- pins, 346–348
- in schematic diagrams, 348
- set/reset switches, adding, 373–377
- IDE (integrated development environment)
- identifiers
- if statements, 634–638, 728, 778–781
- impedance, 389
- improved random program, 657–658
- incandescent minilights, 833
- increment operator, 639
- increment variable, 691
- index, 717
- inductance, 266
- inductors
- infinite input impedance, 389
- infinite open loop gain, 389
- infinite resistance, 313
- infrared light
- INPUT constant, 617
- input voltage, 395–398
- insulated wire, 14
- insulators, 13, 27–28
- int variable, 630
- integrated circuit logic gates, 539–542
- integrated circuits (ICs)
- 74xx logic family, 344
- 78xx voltage regulator, 344
- 555 timer chips
- 556 dual timer chips, 361–364
- astable mode, 343, 348, 352–357
- beeper, 377–382
- bistable mode, 349, 357–359
- description of, 346–348
- LED flasher circuit, 369–373
- monostable mode, 343, 348, 349–352
- one-shot timer, 364–369
- output pin, 359–360
- overview, 343–344, 345
- pins, 346–348
- in schematic diagrams, 348
- set/reset switches, adding, 373–377
- integrated development environment (IDE)
- intensity, 29
- interpreted language, 760
- inverters
- inverting amplifiers, 391
- inverting input, 387
- An Investigation of the Laws of Thought (Boole), 504
J
K
- Karloff, Boris, 37
- Keyboard library, 725–726
- keyboards
- Arduino
- for Raspberry Pi, 741
- keymap, 718
- keypad, Arduino
- 3x3, 712
- 4x4, 712
- building, 720
- buttons in, 712–713
- connecting, 713–714
- defined, 711
- keymap, 717–718
- Keypad variable, 718–719
- library, 715–716
- number of rows and columns, 717, 717–718
- parts, 722
- pressed key, detecting, 719
- programming, 714–716
- setting up, 716–720
- testing, 723
- using, 720–723
- waitForKey function, 719–720
- Windows keypad gadget, 729–734
- wiring in, 712
- Keypad variable, 718–719
- kilobytes, 492
- kilohertz, 153
- Kinoshita. Robert, 882–883
- knife switches, 172
L
- L command, 872
- laboratory
- batteries, 51
- cable ties, 53
- compressed air, 53
- electrical tape, 53
- electricity, 40
- electronic components, basic
- in Frankenstein movies, 37–38
- handtools
- lamp, symbol for in schematic diagrams, 76
- lamp circuits
- lamp wire, 422
- latches
- lead poisoning, 125
- leads, 171
- LED flasher circuit, 369–373
- LED- pin, 671
- LED+ pin, 671
- LEDs (light-emitting diodes)
- blinking with Arduino UNO, 612–614
- coin-toss project, installing in, 111
- combination, 297
- connecting to GPIO port, 753–754
- controlling with digital I/O pins, 608–612
- Cylon LED flasher, 790
- defined, 17, 57, 295
- flashing, 625–627, 765–766
- infrared, 473–474
- LED flasher
- LED flasher program
- Leonardo (Arduino board)
- lever, 302
- lib directory (Linux), 747
- Library Manager (Arduino), 724–725
- light bulb
- light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
- blinking with Arduino UNO, 612–614
- in circuits, 295
- coin-toss project, installing in, 111
- combination, 297
- connecting to GPIO port, 753–754
- controlling with digital I/O pins, 608–612
- Cylon LED flasher, 790
- defined, 17, 57, 295
- flasher program with function, 645–646
- flasher program with variable, 632–634
- flashing, 625–627, 765–766
- infrared, 473–474
- LED flasher
- LED flasher program
- lighting projects
- animatronic prop controllers
- AP-16+ audio player module, 860, 864–866, 873–877, 874
- jack-in-the-box prop, 855–857
- overview, 851–852
- PIR motion detector, 860, 877–878
- prop controller, building, 858–862
- Prop-1 controller, programming, 863–864
- RC-4 relay control module, 866–876, 867–868
- requirements of, 852–853
- typical animatronic props, 854–858
- color organs
- holiday light animation
- animation sequences, creating, 847–849
- basic Light-O-Rama setup, 830–831
- channels, 832–833
- layout, designing, 835
- light, choosing for display, 833–834
- Light-O-Rama Sequence Editor, 840–849
- musical sequences, creating, 842–846
- overview, 827
- sequences, 832–833, 841–842
- ShowTime PC controller, 828–831, 835–840
- animatronic prop controllers
- Light-O-Rama, 827–828
- Light-O-Rama Sequence Editor
- lights
- line voltage
- connectors for, 421–423
- ground wires, 419–421
- hot wires, 419–421
- neutral wires, 419–421
- overview, 416
- in projects, 417–421
- wires for, 421–423
- liner taper potentiometer, 234
- Linux operating system, 737, 746–747
- LiquidCrystal() function, 672
- lists, Python, 787–790
- LM78XX voltage regulator, 439–440
- LM317 voltage regulator, 440
- LM324 op-amp, 344, 402
- LM741 op-amp, 401
- load, 165
- Lodge, Oliver, 444
- logarithmic taper potentiometer, 234
- logic circuits. See also logic gates
- logic gates. See also logic circuits
- AND, 495–496
- Boolean logic and, 504–505
- De Morgan’s Theorem, 516–519
- 4000-series, 542–543
- 4011 Quad 2-Input NAND Gate, 544–545
- four-input OR, 510
- AND gate, 549–552
- integrated circuit logic gates, 539–542
- latches, 564
- NAND
- NOR
- NOT
- NXOR, description of, 505
- OR
- logical functions, 504
- logical operations, 493, 504
- loop command, 607
- loop function, 618, 705, 719
- looping, 638
- loops
- Lost in Space (TV series), 881–882, 883
- low variable, 691
- low-pass filters, 273
M
- macOS, 738
- mad-scientist lab
- batteries, 51
- cable ties, 53
- compressed air, 53
- electrical tape, 53
- electricity, 40
- electronic components, basic
- in Frankenstein movies, 37–38
- handtools
- magnetic, 262
- magnetic field, 262–263, 408
- magnetic induction, 265
- magnetism
- magnets, 262
- magnifying glasses, 43–44, 126
- magnifying goggles, 44
- mains voltage, 416
- Marconi, Guglielmo, 444
- math operations, 631–632
- matrix, 717–718
- Maxwell, James, 240
- MCP3008 analog-to-digital converter
- mcp3008 package, 805–807
- MCS pin, 697
- mean voltage, 409
- media directory (Linux), 747
- MEGA board, 889, 890
- megahertz, 153
- megatree, 834
- meters, 137
- mho, 222
- mica capacitors, 243
- micro HDMI connectors, 738
- microcontrollers
- microfarads (μF), 56, 239
- microhenrys (μH), 269
- microSD cards
- Microsoft Windows, 738
- milliamperes, 137
- milliamps, 29, 137
- millihenrys, 269
- minilights, 833
- mnt directory (Linux), 747
- mode parameter, 864
- modulators, 445
- momentary contact switches, 172–173
- monostable mode, 555 timer chip
- Monty Python’s Flying Circus (TV series), 761
- Moore, Gordon, 335
- Moore's law, 335
- Morse, Samuel, 15
- Morse code, 15, 688–690
- MOSFETs (metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors), 541
- motor, 408
- motors, 413
- mount, 45
- mount points, 747
- mounted magnifying glasses, 43
- Moura, Roberto de, 444
- mouse, 741
- MP3 shield, 889
- MP3 track, building, 701
- mu, 239
- Mueller, John Paul, 758
- multi-line comments, 768
- multimeters
- multiple-emitter transistors, 540
- multiplication, 631–632
- multivibrator, 323
- music, 16
- Music Maker shield
- music player, building, 699–701
- musical sequences, creating, 842–846
N
- name parameter, 874
- NAND gate
- NAND gates, CMOS, 546–549
- NAND transistor circuit, 529–533
- needle-nose pliers, 42
- negation bubble, 506
- negative charge, 12
- negative OR gate, 517
- negative polarity, 26
- nesting, 779
- net lights, 834
- neutral wires, 419–421
- Newegg, 666, 669
- Newton’s Cradle (toy), 33–34
- NMB cable, 419–420
- noise, 16
- noninverting amplifiers, 392
- noninverting input, 387
- NOR gate
- NOR transistor circuit, 534–539
- normally closed switch, 173
- normally open switch, 172
- NOT gate
- noTone function, 684
- NPN transistors, 304–305, 313
- N-type semiconductors, 278–279
- number system, 490
- numerals, 490
- NXOR gate, description of, 505
O
- Oersted, Hans Christian, 137
- offset voltage, 390
- ohm, 222
- ohmmeter, 138–139
- Ohm's law, 140, 206–207, 296, 474
- one-shot 555 timer circuit, 366–369
- online resources
- online retailers, 666, 669, 702
- open circuits, 165
- open-loop amplifiers, 388–390, 391
- operating system
- operational amplifiers (op amps)
- 741 op-amp, 344
- adding voltages, 398–400
- closed loop-amplifiers, 391–392
- connections, 384–387
- defined, 343, 384
- ICs, 401–402
- ideal characteristics, 389–390
- inverting, 391
- LM324, 344, 402
- LM741, 401
- noninverting, 392
- open-loop, 388–390
- origin of, 387
- overview, 383–384
- symbol for in schematic diagrams, 384–385
- terminology, 384
- unity gain amplifiers
- as voltage comparator, 395–398
- operations, logical, 493, 504
- operators
- opt directory (Linux), 747
- optoisolators, 818
- OR gate
- OR operation, 493
- OR transistor circuit, 534
- organs, color. See color organs
- oscillator mode, 555 timer chip
- oscillators, 323, 445
- oscilloscopes
- OUTPUT constant, 617
- output pin, 347
P
- P? command, 873
- PA command, 873
- pace variable, 691
- Parallax, 853
- parallel circuits, 179–181
- parallel inductors, 272
- parallel lamp circuits, 183–186
- parallel resistors, 222
- parallel switch circuits, 190–193
- parallel switches, 186–187
- part number, 81
- Parthian Empire, 14
- PCBs (printed circuit boards)
- PCBWay, 107
- peak inverse voltage, 282–283
- peak reverse voltage, 282–283
- peak voltage, 407, 408
- peak-to-peak voltage, 408
- phases, 412
- phenomenon, 22
- Phillips-head screwdriver, 460
- phone, 69
- phototransistors, 469
- Pi (Raspberry)
- analog input, reading, 799–802
- versus Arduino, 737
- components, 738–739
- connecting LED to GPIO port, 753–754
- Cylon LED flasher, 790
- description of, 739
- desktop, 746
- file system, 746–747
- flashing the LEDs, 765–767
- GPIO, digital input, using for, 791–794
- GPIO ports, 751–753
- GPIO warnings, eliminating unnecessary, 766–767
- jumper wire, 754
- keyboard for, 741
- LED flasher
- LED flasher program
- picofarads, 239–240
- piezoelectric buzzer (piezo buzzer), 682
- pinMode command, 606, 616
- pins
- A0 UNO board header, 610
- A1 UNO board header, 610
- A2 UNO board header, 610
- A3 UNO board header, 610
- A4 UNO board header, 610
- A5 UNO board header, 610
- AREF UNO board header, 610
- D0, 671
- D0→RX UNO board header, 610
- D1, 671
- D1←TX UNO board header, 610
- D12 UNO board header, 610
- D13 UNO board header, 610
- D2, 671
- D2 UNO board header, 610
- D3, 671
- ~D3 UNO board header, 610
- D4, 671
- D4 UNO board header, 610
- D5, 671
- ~D5 UNO board header, 610
- D6, 671
- ~D6 UNO board header, 610
- D7, 671
- D7 UNO board header, 610
- D8 UNO board header, 609
- ~D9 UNO board header, 610
- ~D10 UNO board header, 610
- ~D11 UNO board header, 610
- DCS, 697
- DREQ, 697
- ECHO, 666–667, 668
- +5 V UNO board header, 611
- GND, 666–667, 671
- GND UNO board header, 610, 611
- LED-, 671
- LED+, 671
- reset, 348
- RS, 671
- RW, 671
- SCL UNO board header, 610
- SDA UNO board header, 610
- +3.3 V UNO board header, 611
- threshold, 347
- TRIG, 666–667, 668
- Vcc, 346
- VCC, 666–667
- VIN UNO board header, 610
- VO, 671
- VSS, 671
- PIR infrared motion detector, 856
- PIR motion detector
- Pirates of the Caribbean (Disneyland), 851
- playNote function, 692
- playRest function, 692
- pliers, 42
- p-n junction, 279–280
- PNP transistors, 305
- polarities
- polarity-reversing circuits, 200–202
- polarized capacitors, 238
- Popov, Alexander, 444
- positive charge, 12
- positive polarity, 26
- pot. See potentiometer
- potential, 30
- potentiometer
- power
- power adapters
- power brick, 417
- power connection, 78–81
- power ratings
- power supplies
- power-supply circuit, capacitors, 66
- preprinted PCB, 106–107
- primary coil, 414–415, 432
- print() function, 672
- printed circuit board (PCB)
- proc directory (Linux), 747
- Programmer Calculator, 494–495
- programming language
- project boxes, 114–115
- projects
- animatronic prop controllers
- AP-16+ audio player module, 860, 864–866, 873–877, 874
- jack-in-the-box prop, 855–857
- overview, 851–852
- PIR motion detector, 860, 877–878
- prop controller, building, 858–862
- Prop-1 controller, programming, 863–864
- RC-4 relay control module, 866–876, 867–868
- requirements of, 852–853
- typical animatronic props, 854–858
- Arduino LED test circuit, 622–625
- Arduino proximity sensor, 673–679
- audible beeper, 379–382
- blinking LED with Arduino UNO, 612–614
- blocking direct current, 256–259
- blocking reverse polarity, 286–289
- charging and discharging a capacitor, 251–254
- AND circuit, 497–498
- circuits
- CMOS AND gate, 549–552
- CMOS NAND gate, 546–549
- CMOS NOR gate, 556–559
- CMOS OR gate, 552–555
- coin-toss circuit
- color organs
- common-collector proximity detector, 480–484
- common-emitter proximity detector, 477–480
- creating sound with speaker, 686–688
- current-limiting resistor, 216–218
- D flip-flop, 582–586
- envisioning, 87–88
- gated D latch, 575–578
- holiday light animation
- animation sequences, creating, 847–849
- basic Light-O-Rama setup, 830–831
- channels, 832–833
- layout, designing, 835
- light, choosing for display, 833–834
- Light-O-Rama Sequence Editor, 840–849
- musical sequences, creating, 842–846
- overview, 827
- sequences, 832–833, 841–842
- ShowTime PC controller, 828–831, 835–840
- LED flasher
- LED polarity detector, 298–300
- NOT gate, 319–322
- one-shot 555 timer circuit, 366–369
- OR circuit, 499–500
- parallel lamp circuits, 184–186
- parallel switch circuits, 190–193
- polarity-reversing circuit, 200–202
- process of building, 86–87
- rectifier circuits, 292–294
- resistors in series and parallel, 223–227
- retro science-fiction robot head
- series lamp circuit, 181–183
- series switch circuits, 188–190
- simple IR detector, 471–473
- switched lamp circuits, 177–179
- three-way light switch, 198–199
- toggle flip-flop, 586–589
- transistor circuits, 525–528
- transistor NOR gate, 536–539
- two lamps, controlling with one switch, 193–196
- voltage divider circuit, 229–231
- Windows keypad gadget, 729–734
- XOR circuit, 501–502
- animatronic prop controllers
- Prop-1 controller
- Prop-1 controller board, 853
- Proto Shield, 603
- protons, 12, 26, 236
- prototype shields, Arduino, 602
- prototyping, on solderless breadboard
- prototyping shield, 619–621
- proximity detector
- proximity detector, building, 475
- proximity sensor, Arduino
- building, 673–679
- LCD
- PS command, 873
- P-type semiconductors, 278–279
- pull-down resistors, 793
- pull-up resistors, 793
- pulse input, reading, 668
- pulseIn function, 668
- pulseLength variable, 669
- push button, using with Arduino, 647–649
- push-button program, 651, 795–796
- push-button switches, 172–173
- PW command, 872
- Python
- checking status of switch in, 794–796
- comments, 768–769
- constants, 770–771
- Cylon LED flasher, 790
- flashing LEDs program, 765–766
- functions, creating, 775–777
- Hello, World! 748–751
- identifiers, 769
- if statements, 778–781
- indentation, 760
- as an interpreted language, 760
- LED flasher
- LED flasher program
- Python Software Foundation, 759
R
- radio
- spectrum, 448
- transmitters
- waves, 442–443
- radio frequency (RF) amplifier, 446
- radio tuning circuits, 273
- RadioShack, 1, 54
- RAM (random access memory)
- random access memory (RAM)
- random function, 656–657
- random program, Arduino, 655–657
- range finder, ultrasonic
- Raspberry Pi
- analog input, reading, 799–802
- versus Arduino, 737
- components, 738–739
- connecting LED to GPIO port, 753–754
- Cylon LED flasher, 790
- description of, 739
- desktop, 746
- file system, 746–747
- flashing the LEDs, 765–767
- GPIO, digital input, using for, 791–794
- GPIO ports, 751–753
- GPIO warnings, eliminating unnecessary, 766–767
- jumper wire, 754
- keyboard for, 741
- LED flasher
- LED flasher program
- Raspberry Pi 2, 740
- Raspberry Pi 3, 740
- Raspberry Pi 4, 740
- RC-4 relay control module
- RC-4+ relay board, 860
- receivers
- receptacles, 421
- rechargeable batteries, 11, 51, 169
- rectification, 433
- rectifiers
- reductance, calculating, 271
- reference identifier, 81–82
- reference voltage, 395–398
- regenerative circuit, 453
- regular mode (Thonny IDE), 748
- RESET input, gated latch, 572–573
- reset pin, 348
- resistance
- resistance values, 55
- resistor/capacitor networks, 245–247
- resistors
- combining
- current-limiting resistor, 295–296
- defined, 138, 203, 208
- dividing voltage with, 209, 227–231
- latches, 564
- limiting current for LED with, 295–296
- limiting current with, 209, 214–218
- overview, 54–55, 203–204
- parallel, 222
- power ratings, 213–214
- pull-down, 793
- pull-up, 793
- reference identifier, 82
- resistor/capacitor networks, 209
- symbol for in schematic diagrams, 76, 208
- uses for, 209
- resistor-transistor logic (RTL), 540
- resonant frequency, 447
- retro science-fiction robot head
- reverse bias, 281–282
- reverse polarity, blocking with diodes, 286–289
- rheostat, 234
- ripple, 437
- RMS (root mean square) voltage, 409
- Robby the Robot, 882–883
- rocker switches, 172
- Romex cable, 419–420
- root directory (Linux), 747
- rope lights, 834
- rotary switches, 172
- RS latches, 565
- RS pin, 671
- RS-485 signals, 837
- RTL (resistor-transistor logic), 540
- Rutherford, Ernest, 444
- RW pin, 671
S
- S command, 873
- safety
- sawtooth wave, 154
- sbin directory (Linux), 747
- schematic diagrams
- for coin-toss circuit, 91
- common symbols on, 75–77
- for crystal radio, 456
- diodes in, 282
- fuse in, 424
- ICs in, 339–340
- integrated circuits in, 82–83
- jack-in-the-box prop, 857
- junctions in, 74–75
- labeling components in, 80–81
- LED in, 295
- op amp in, 384–385
- organ color circuit, 818
- overview, 71–72
- potentiometer, symbol for, 233
- resistors, symbols for, 208
- simple example of, 72–73
- SCL UNO board header pin, 610
- screwdrivers, 42
- screw-terminal breakout block, 685
- SDA UNO board header pin, 610
- seating, for lab, 39
- secondary coil, 414–415
- seed value, 657
- self-inductance, 266–268
- semiconductors
- sensor circuits
- sequences
- serial peripheral interface (SPI)
- series circuits, 179–181
- series inductors, 272
- series switch circuits, 187–190
- series switches, 186–187
- SEROUT command, 864–865
- servo
- SET input, 562, 572–573
- setCursor() function, 672
- setLEDs function, 776, 782
- setLEDsOn function, 776
- setup command, 606
- setup function, 616, 618, 705
- 7400-series TTL logic gates, 541
- shell, 748
- shells, 276
- shields, Arduino, 602
- short circuits, 165
- ShowTime PC controller
- signal diodes, 284, 285
- simple mode (Thonny IDE), 748
- sine wave, 151, 152
- single-line comments, 768
- single-pole switch, 173
- single-throw switch, 173–174
- siren, playing, 690–691
- sketch, Arduino
- sleepTime variable, 773
- slide switches, 172
- snubber diodes, 285
- solder, 46–47, 124–125
- soldering
- soldering iron stand, 47
- soldering irons
- soldering pencil. See soldering irons
- soldering station, 124
- solderless breadboard
- terminal strips, 95
- solid solder joints, 127–129
- solid wire, 50
- song, playing, 692
- SOS program, 688–690
- sound effects, 817
- sound system, 831
- sound waves, 443
- source, 16–17
- source voltage connection, symbol for in schematic diagrams, 76
- sourcing, 350
- speakers
- special effects
- animatronic prop controllers
- AP-16+ audio player module, 860, 864–866, 873–877, 874
- jack-in-the-box prop, 855–857
- overview, 851–852
- PIR motion detector, 860, 877–878
- prop controller, building, 858–862
- Prop-1 controller, programming, 863–864
- RC-4 relay control module, 866–876, 867–868
- requirements of, 852–853
- typical animatronic props, 854–858
- color organs
- holiday light animation
- animation sequences, creating, 847–849
- basic Light-O-Rama setup, 830–831
- channels, 832–833
- layout, designing, 835
- light, choosing for display, 833–834
- Light-O-Rama Sequence Editor, 840–849
- musical sequences, creating, 842–846
- overview, 827
- sequences, 832–833, 841–842
- ShowTime PC controller, 828–831, 835–840
- animatronic prop controllers
- spectrum, 448
- SPI (serial peripheral interface)
- split supply, 384
- sponge, 125
- SPST (single pole, single throw) switch, 174
- square wave, 154
- SR flip-flop, 580
- SR latches, 565
- srv directory (Linux), 747
- standoff, 115
- starter kit, Arduino, 603
- statements
- static discharges, 341
- static electricity, 12, 69–70
- step-down transformer, 415, 433
- step-up transformer, 415
- storage, for lab, 40
- storage boxes, 113
- stranded wire, 50
- Strickfaden, Kenneth, 37
- stride, 785
- strong force, 26–27, 27
- subtraction, 631–632
- superconductors, 204
- superheterodyne circuit., 454
- surface-mount PCB, 105–106
- sweep, 151
- sweep time, 151
- switch statement, 727–728
- switched lamp circuits, 175–179
- switches
- building gates with, 495–496
- checking status in Python, 794–796
- defined, 171
- knife, 172
- in lamp circuits
- parallel, 186–187
- poles, 173
- in potentiometers, `, 233
- push-button, 172–173
- reference identifier, 82
- rocker, 172
- rotary, 172
- series, 186–187
- set/reset switches, in 555 timer chips, 373–377
- slide, 172
- status of, checking, 649–651
- symbol for in schematic diagrams, 76
- throws, 173–174
- toggle, 172
- transistors as, 312–314
- switching diodes, 284
- symbols on schematic diagrams
- batteries, 76
- capacitors, 76, 238
- common, 75–77
- diodes, 76
- fuses, 424
- ground connection, 76
- inductors, 76
- lamp, 76
- LEDs (light-emitting diodes), 76, 295
- light-emitting diodes (LEDs), 76
- for meter functions, 139
- NAND gate, 512
- potentiometer, 76, 233
- resistors, 76, 208
- source voltage connection, 76
- speakers, 76
- switches, 76
- transformers, 76
- transistors, 76
- variable resistors, 76
- voltage, 207
T
- T flip-flop, 580–581
- tantalum electrolytic capacitors, 244
- tap, 432
- terahertz (THz), 443
- terminal strips, 95
- terminals, 171
- Tesla, Nicola, 410, 444
- test circuits, building, 621–625, 761–762
- test leads, 30, 136
- thermometer, analog versus digital, 489
- third hands, 44–45
- third-hand tool, 125
- Thonny IDE, 747
- +3.3 V UNO board header pin, 611
- three-conductor cable, 702–703
- three-phase system, 413
- three-way switches, 196–199
- threshold pin, 347
- through-hole PCB, 105
- throws, 173–174
- time variable, 630
- timer chips (555)
- tinning, 126
- tiny breadboard, 619–621
- tmp directory (Linux), 747
- toggle flip-flop, 586–589
- toggle switches, 172
- tolerance, 211–213, 239
- tone function, 683–684
- tools
- multimeters
- soldering irons
- third-hand, 125
- total power dissipation (PD), 307
- trace, 157
- transformers
- transistor circuits
- transistors, 58
- transistor-transistor logic (TTL), 540
- transmitters
- triac, 818
- triangle wave, 154
- TRIG pin, 666–667, 668
- trigger pin, 347
- trigger pulse, generating, 667
- trim potentiometer, 233
- triode, 303
- truth table
- TTL (transistor-transistor logic), 540
- tuner, 446–447
- two-dimensional array, 718
- two-input AND gate, 506
- two-input OR gate, 509–510
- two-phase system, 412
U
V
- V command, 873
- vacuum mount, 45
- vacuum tube triode, 303–304
- vacuum tubes, 303, 888–889
- valence shells, 276
- value number, 81
- var directory (Linux), 747
- variable capacitor, 457
- variable resistors, symbol for in schematic diagrams, 76
- variable-rate LED flasher, 807–811
- variables
- Vcc pin, 346
- VCC pin, 666–667
- Velleman MK110 Simple One Channel Light Organ kit, 816, 818, 888, 889
- video chip, Raspberry Pi, 738
- video electronic devices, 17
- VIN UNO board header pin, 610
- VIN-e (virtual infundibuled extenuator), 881–882
- vise, 125
- visible light, 443
- VO pin, 671
- void, 617
- Volta, Alessandro, 14, 207, 275
- voltage
- adding, 398–400
- back, 267
- bias, 306
- defined, 30, 35, 138, 237
- dividing with resistors, 209, 227–231
- versus electric current, 63
- electric shock, 63–64
- input, 395–398
- mean, 409
- multimeter, measuring with, 145–146
- offset, 390
- overview, 15–16
- peak, 407, 408
- peak-to-peak, 408
- of power adapters, 430
- reference, 395–398
- regulating, 437–440
- relationship to power and current, 35–36
- RMS, 409
- smoothing in power supply, 272
- source, 165
- symbol for in schematic diagrams, 207
- transforming, 431–432
- unexpected, 65–66
- Zener, 286
- voltage, line
- connectors for, 421–423
- ground wires, 419–421
- hot wires, 419–421
- neutral wires, 419–421
- overview, 416
- in projects, 417–421
- wires for, 421–423
- voltage comparator, 395–398
- voltage gain, 388
- voltage regulator, 344
- voltage ripple, 437
- voltage-divider circuit, 228, 229–231
- voltmeter, 30, 138
- volts, 11, 14, 30
- Vonnegut, Kurt (sci-fi author), 881
- VSS pin, 671
W
- waitForKey function, 719–720
- wall wart, 417, 430
- warning sign, for lab, 60
- water, danger of electricity and, 65
- watts, 11, 35
- WAV files, playing, 874–875
- wave forms
- wavelength, 443, 467–468
- weak force, 26
- websites
- Westinghouse, George, 410
- Whale, James, 37
- while loops, 638–640, 781–783
- while statement, 760–761, 781–782
- Wilder, Gene, 37
- Windows Calculator, 494–495
- Windows keypad gadget, 729–734
- Windows operating system, 738
- wire cutters, 42, 460
- wire nuts, 422
- wire strippers, 42–43, 460
- wire-frame sculptures, 834
- wireless network, 738
- wires
- antenna, 457
- ground, 419–421
X
Y
- Young Frankenstein (movie), 37
Z
..................Content has been hidden....................
You can't read the all page of ebook, please click here login for view all page.