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by Gordon Klein
Ethics in Accounting: A Decision-Making Approach
Cover
Title Page
Praise for Ethics in Accounting
About the Author
Preface
Organization and Guidance for Instructors
Acknowledgments
Part One: Ethical Frameworks
Chapter 1: Introduction to Ethics
What Is Ethics?
Ethics and Accounting
Ethics in Our Daily Lives
Ethics in Our Professional Endeavors
Ethical Judgments in Accounting
Common Ethical Rationalizations
Ethics in This Book
Why Should I Be Ethical?
Exercises
Chapter 2: Ethical Principles and Reasoning
Distinguishing Ethical Behavior from Legal Behavior
The Universality of Ethical Rules
An Introduction to the AICPA Code
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Making Ethical Decisions
Exercises
Chapter 3: The Core Philosophies
The Core Philosophies
Revisiting Core Ethical Principles
Neurobiology and Ethical Decisions
Exercises
Chapter 4: Virtue, Justice, and Social Responsibility
Distributive Justice
Virtue Ethics
Egoism and Concern for Others
Corporate Social Responsibility
Exercises
Part Two: Unethical Behaviors
Chapter 5: Why We Cheat
Cheating
The Rational Model of Cheating
A Psychological Model of Cheating
How the Intensity of a Moral Issue Affects Behavior
Other Influences on Ethical Behavior
Solving the Cheating Problem
Exercises
Chapter 6: Greed, Corruption, and Collusion
The Instinctive Urge of Greed
Bribery
Kickbacks, Collusion, and Related Arrangements
Insider Trading
Exercises
Chapter 7: Fraud and Earnings Management
Financial Fraud
Tax Fraud
Exercises
Part Three: Professional Rules of Conduct
Chapter 8: Discreditable Acts: Discrimination, Deceit, and Disclosure
Discreditable Acts Under the Code of Conduct
Discreditable Acts in Tax Practice
The Duty to Possess Sound Moral Character
The Ethics of Full Disclosure
Exercises
Chapter 9: Confidentiality
Why Confidential Information is Protected
When Information is Confidential
When Disclosure Occurs
Client Consent
Identifying Who is a Client
The Accountant–Client Privilege
Confidentiality in Tax Practice
Exercises
Chapter 10: Independence and Moral Seduction
When Independence is Required
How the Independence Rule is Satisfied
The Seven Threats to Independence
Moral Seduction and Other Behavioral Biases
Safeguards That Counterbalance Threats to Independence
Required Actions When Independence Is Impaired
The Impact of the Independence Rule on Other Endeavors
Other Sources of Independence Rules
Exercises
Chapter 11: Conflicts of Interest
Identifying Conflicts of Interest
Conflicts of Interest in the Accounting Profession
The Broad Prohibition Against Conflicts of Interest
Client Waivers of Conflicts of Interest
Behavioral Aspects of Conflict of Interest Disclosures
Resisting Temptation
Conflicts of Interest versus the Duty of Confidentiality
Managing Conflicts of Interest
Conflicts of Interest in Tax Practice
Exercises
Part Four: Other Responsibilities
Chapter 12: Duties as a Whistleblower
What Is Whistleblowing?
The Types of Whistleblowers
Whistleblower Motivations
Adversities Faced by Whistleblowers
Outside Auditors as Whistleblowers
Whistleblowing in Tax Practice
Cultural Aspects of Whistleblowing
Biological Aspects of Whistleblowing
Encouraging an Ethical Organizational Culture
Deciding Whether to Become a Whistleblower
Exercises
Chapter 13: Duties of Public-Company Auditors: The Sarbanes–Oxley Act
How SOX Affects Publicly Traded Corporations
How SOX Affects Company Management
The Impact of SOX on Auditors
The Impact of SOX on Tax Practitioners
The Impact of SOX on Nonprofit and Private Organizations
Exercises
Chapter 14: Duties of Tax Professionals
Professional Responsibilities in Tax Practice
Duties as a Tax Return Preparer
Duties as a Taxpayer Advocate
Duties as a Tax Planner
General Professional Duties
The Taxpayer's Duties
The Importance of Truthful Tax Reporting
Exercises
Chapter 15: Duties of Fiduciaries: Financial Planners, Trustees, and Executors
Fiduciary Relationships
Personal Financial Planners and Asset Managers
Trusts and Trustees
Executors and Administrators
Fiduciary Issues in Tax Practice
Auditor Independence Requirements for Trustees and Executors
Exercises
Subject Index
End User License Agreement
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Prev
Previous Chapter
Cover
Next
Next Chapter
Title Page
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Praise for Ethics in Accounting
About the Author
Preface
Organization and Guidance for Instructors
Acknowledgments
Part One: Ethical Frameworks
Chapter 1: Introduction to Ethics
What Is Ethics?
Ethics and Accounting
Ethics in Our Daily Lives
Ethics in Our Professional Endeavors
Ethical Judgments in Accounting
Common Ethical Rationalizations
Ethics in This Book
Why Should I Be Ethical?
Exercises
Chapter 2: Ethical Principles and Reasoning
Distinguishing Ethical Behavior from Legal Behavior
The Universality of Ethical Rules
An Introduction to the AICPA Code
The Development of Moral Reasoning
Making Ethical Decisions
Exercises
Chapter 3: The Core Philosophies
The Core Philosophies
Revisiting Core Ethical Principles
Neurobiology and Ethical Decisions
Exercises
Chapter 4: Virtue, Justice, and Social Responsibility
Distributive Justice
Virtue Ethics
Egoism and Concern for Others
Corporate Social Responsibility
Exercises
Part Two: Unethical Behaviors
Chapter 5: Why We Cheat
Cheating
The Rational Model of Cheating
A Psychological Model of Cheating
How the Intensity of a Moral Issue Affects Behavior
Other Influences on Ethical Behavior
Solving the Cheating Problem
Exercises
Chapter 6: Greed, Corruption, and Collusion
The Instinctive Urge of Greed
Bribery
Kickbacks, Collusion, and Related Arrangements
Insider Trading
Exercises
Chapter 7: Fraud and Earnings Management
Financial Fraud
Tax Fraud
Exercises
Part Three: Professional Rules of Conduct
Chapter 8: Discreditable Acts: Discrimination, Deceit, and Disclosure
Discreditable Acts Under the Code of Conduct
Discreditable Acts in Tax Practice
The Duty to Possess Sound Moral Character
The Ethics of Full Disclosure
Exercises
Chapter 9: Confidentiality
Why Confidential Information is Protected
When Information is Confidential
When Disclosure Occurs
Client Consent
Identifying Who is a Client
The Accountant–Client Privilege
Confidentiality in Tax Practice
Exercises
Chapter 10: Independence and Moral Seduction
When Independence is Required
How the Independence Rule is Satisfied
The Seven Threats to Independence
Moral Seduction and Other Behavioral Biases
Safeguards That Counterbalance Threats to Independence
Required Actions When Independence Is Impaired
The Impact of the Independence Rule on Other Endeavors
Other Sources of Independence Rules
Exercises
Chapter 11: Conflicts of Interest
Identifying Conflicts of Interest
Conflicts of Interest in the Accounting Profession
The Broad Prohibition Against Conflicts of Interest
Client Waivers of Conflicts of Interest
Behavioral Aspects of Conflict of Interest Disclosures
Resisting Temptation
Conflicts of Interest versus the Duty of Confidentiality
Managing Conflicts of Interest
Conflicts of Interest in Tax Practice
Exercises
Part Four: Other Responsibilities
Chapter 12: Duties as a Whistleblower
What Is Whistleblowing?
The Types of Whistleblowers
Whistleblower Motivations
Adversities Faced by Whistleblowers
Outside Auditors as Whistleblowers
Whistleblowing in Tax Practice
Cultural Aspects of Whistleblowing
Biological Aspects of Whistleblowing
Encouraging an Ethical Organizational Culture
Deciding Whether to Become a Whistleblower
Exercises
Chapter 13: Duties of Public-Company Auditors: The Sarbanes–Oxley Act
How SOX Affects Publicly Traded Corporations
How SOX Affects Company Management
The Impact of SOX on Auditors
The Impact of SOX on Tax Practitioners
The Impact of SOX on Nonprofit and Private Organizations
Exercises
Chapter 14: Duties of Tax Professionals
Professional Responsibilities in Tax Practice
Duties as a Tax Return Preparer
Duties as a Taxpayer Advocate
Duties as a Tax Planner
General Professional Duties
The Taxpayer's Duties
The Importance of Truthful Tax Reporting
Exercises
Chapter 15: Duties of Fiduciaries: Financial Planners, Trustees, and Executors
Fiduciary Relationships
Personal Financial Planners and Asset Managers
Trusts and Trustees
Executors and Administrators
Fiduciary Issues in Tax Practice
Auditor Independence Requirements for Trustees and Executors
Exercises
Subject Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Preface
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1: Introduction to Ethics
Figure 1-1 Influences on Ethics.
Figure 1-2 Principal Sources of Ethics Rules for Accountants.
Figure 1-3 Impact of the AICPA Code.
Figure 1-4 The Percentage of Executives Who Believe That Companies in These Countries Often Exaggerate Their Reported Financial Performance.
Figure 1-5 Unsportsmanlike Conduct
Chapter 2: Ethical Principles and Reasoning
Figure 2-1 How Law and Ethics Intersect.
Figure 2-2 The Six Principles of the AICPA Code.
Figure 2-3 The Integrity Hypocrite
Figure 2-4 Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development.
Figure 2-5 Want to Get a Lost Wallet Back?
Figure 2-6 Which Line Is Longer?
Chapter 3: The Core Philosophies
Figure 3-1 Core Philosophies.
Figure 3-2 The Two Core Principles of Deontology.
Figure 3-3 The Sensitive Superhero
Figure 3-4 When Lying Generally Is Acceptable
Figure 3-5 Spotting Online Liars
Figure 3-6 Does Photographing Someone “Steal” Their Image?
Chapter 4: Virtue, Justice, and Social Responsibility
Figure 4-1 How Wealthy Are the Richest 1% of People in the World?
Figure 4-2 The Wealth of the Richest 85 People Equals the Wealth of the Poorest Half of the World Population.
Figure 4-3 Distributive Justice Summary.
Figure 4-4 What Is the Value of a Year of Life?
Figure 4-5 What Is CSR?
Figure 4-6 Corporate Social Responsibility.
Figure 4-7 Is Charitable Giving Irrational?
Chapter 5: Why We Cheat
Figure 5-1 Becker Rational Model.
Figure 5-2 The Cheating Trade-Off.
Figure 5-3 2 Out of 5 Workers Admit to Stealing Property from Work.
Figure 5-4 The Issue-Contingent Model.
Figure 5-5 Are You Overconfident?
Chapter 6: Greed, Corruption, and Collusion
Figure 6-1 A Deadly Culture of Bribes
Figure 6-2 Official Bribery.
Figure 6-3 Commercial Bribery.
Figure 6-4 Out of Bounds
Figure 6-5 Percentage of Executives Who Believe That Corruption Is Pervasive in This Region.
Figure 6-6 Percentage of Executives Who Believe It Is Acceptable for a Struggling Company to Give Personal Gifts to Obtain or Keep Customers.
Figure 6-7 1 out of 4 Businesspeople Admit to Having Paid a Bribe.
Chapter 7: Fraud and Earnings Management
Figure 7-1 Fraud Triangle.
Figure 7-2 Consolidation: Related companies are reported as if they comprise a single firm, with intercompany sales and gains not being recognized on the consolidated income statement.
Figure 7-3 How Enron Hid Its Debts.
Figure 7-4 Enron's Core Fraud Techniques.
Figure 7-5 Typical Round-Trip Transaction.
Figure 7-6 Side Agreement.
Figure 7-7 Illustrative Lehman Journal Entry.
Figure 7-8 Ponzi Scheme.
Chapter 8: Discreditable Acts: Discrimination, Deceit, and Disclosure
Figure 8-1 Common Discreditable Acts
Figure 8-2 Three Letters That Could Change Your Life
Chapter 9: Confidentiality
Figure 9-1 Tips for Preserving Confidentiality
Figure 9-2 A Not-So-Secret Technique for Protecting Secrets
Figure 9-3 What Is the Duration of the Duty of Confidentiality?
Figure 9-4 Confidentiality Summary.
Figure 9-5 Revealing the World's Biggest Secret
Chapter 10: Independence and Moral Seduction
Figure 10-1 The Twin Requirements to Maintain Independence.
Figure 10-2 Accountants Who Are Subject to Independence Rules.
Figure 10-3 How Family Ownership of Client Stock Affects Independence.
Figure 10-4 How Family Members' Employment at a Client Affects Independence.
Figure 10-5 Major Threats to Independence.
Figure 10-6 The Self-Interest Threat.
Chapter 11: Conflicts of Interest
Figure 11-1 The Client–Accountant Conflict.
Figure 11-2 The Dual-Client Conflict.
Figure 11-3 Evaluating Conflicts of Interest.
Figure 11-4 The Best Kind of Hero
Chapter 12: Duties as a Whistleblower
Figure 12-1 The Bravest Whistleblower
Figure 12-2 Who Do Whistleblowers Contact When They Initially Report Misconduct?
Figure 12-3 Reasons That Whistleblowers Become External Informants.
(Selected Reasons; Some Whistleblowers Cited Multiple Reasons so Results Don't Sum to 100%)
Figure 12-4 Comparison of Whistleblower Statutes.
Figure 12-5 1 Out of 5 Whistleblowers Experiences Retaliation.
Figure 12-6 The Reluctance of Rescuers
Figure 12-7 The Perversity of Petty Payments
Figure 12-8 Should I "Blow the Whistle?"
Chapter 13: Duties of Public-Company Auditors: The Sarbanes–Oxley Act
Figure 13-1 Pig Tales
Figure 13-2 Roles Performed by an Audit Committee.
Figure 13-3 Roles Performed by the PCAOB.
Figure 13-4 Auditor Rotation.
Figure 13-5 Auditor Waiting Period before Working for an Audit Client.
Chapter 14: Duties of Tax Professionals
Figure 14-1 Assessing Tax Return Positions.
Figure 14-2 Tax Reporting Standards.
Figure 14-3 The Stupidest Tax Crook Ever?
Figure 14-4 Tax Evasion in Selected Countries. (Unreported Income as a Percentage of GNP)
Chapter 15: Duties of Fiduciaries: Financial Planners, Trustees, and Executors
Figure 15-1 The Elements of a Trust.
Figure 15-2 The Elements of a Split-Interest Trust.
Figure 15-3 The Craziest Adoption Ever?
Figure 15-4 The Elements of an Estate.
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