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10. PricewaterhouseCoopers, The Collegiality Conundrum.

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27. “La vie en rose,” The Economist, May 6, 2010, https://www.economist.com/business/2010/05/06/la-vie-en-rose.

28. Tonello, “Corporate Board Practices in the Russell 3000 and S&P 500.”

29. Ross Kerber, “Women’s Share of US Corporate Board Seats Rises, but Not Top Roles: Study,” Reuters, February 3, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usadirectors-women/womens-share-of-us-corporate-board-seats-rises-but-not-top-roles-study-idUSKBN1ZX1K3.

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31. Ibid.

32. Boris Groysberg and Deborah Bell, “Dysfunction in the Boardroom,” Harvard Business Review, June 2013, 88–95.

33. Andy Logan and Brendan Gill, “For Love,” New Yorker, April 16, 1954.

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35. Alison M. Konrad, Vicki Kramer, and Sumru Erkut, “Critical Mass: The Impact of Three or More Women on Corporate Boards,” Organizational Dynamics 37, no. 2 (2008): 145–164.

36. Paul Shukovsky, “Washington State Mandates Gender Diversity on Corporate Boards,” Bloomberg Law, March 5, 2020, https://news.bloomberglaw.com/business-and-practice/washington-state-mandates-gender-diversity-on-corporate-boards.

37. Jennifer Rankin, “EU Revives Plans for Mandatory Quotas of Women on Company Boards, The Guardian, March 5, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/05/eu-revives-plans-for-mandatory-quotas-of-women-on-company-boards.

38. Ruth Mateos de Cabo, Siri Terjesen, Lorenzo Escot, and Ricardo Gimeno, “Do ‘Soft Law’ Board Gender Quotas Work? Evidence from a Natural Experiment,” European Management Journal 37, no. 5 (2019): 611–624; Siri Terjesen, Ruth V. Aguilera, and Ruth Lorenz, “Legislating a Woman’s Seat on the Board: Institutional Factors Driving Gender Quotas for Boards of Directors,” Journal of Business Ethics 128, no. 2 (2015): 233–251.

39. John Beshears, Iris Bohnet, and Jenny Sanford, “Increasing Gender Diversity in the Boardroom: The United Kingdom in 2011 (A),” Harvard Business School Case 918-006, October 2017 (revised July 2019).

40. D. Thomas, “Top UK Groups Reach Board Gender Target, but Smaller Companies Trail,” Financial Times, February 8, 2020, https://www.ft.com/content/47d7cba0-49b2-11ea-aeb3-955839e06441.

41. Corilyn Shropshire, “Illinois Bill Requiring Minorities on Corporate Boards ‘Gutted’; Lawmakers Pass Version Calling for Disclosure, Report Card,” Chicago Tribune, June 4, 2019, https://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-corporate-diversity-bill-passed-gutted-20190603-story.html.

42. Victor E. Sojo, Robert E. Wood, Sally A.Wood, and Melissa A.Wheeler, “Reporting Requirements, Targets, and Quotas for Women in Leadership,” Leadership Quarterly 27, no. 3 (2016): 519–536.

43. Marta Geletkanycz, Cynthia E. Clark, and Patricia Gabaldon, “Research: When Boards Broaden Their Definition of Diversity, Women and People of Color Lose Out,” Harvard Business Review, October 3, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/10/research-when-boards-broaden-their-definition-of-diversity-women-and-people-of-color-lose-out; Aaron A. Dhir, “Diversity in the Boardroom: A Content Analysis of Corporate Proxy Disclosures,” Pace International Law Review 26, no. 1 (2014): 6–12; Christiane Schwieren, “The Gender Wage Gap—Due to Differences in Efficiency Wage Effects or Discrimination?,” Maastricht University, Maastricht Research School of Economics of Technology and Organization (METEOR), January 1, 2003.

44. Sir John Parker and the Parker Review Committee, Ethnic Diversity Enriching Business Leadership: An Update Report from the Parker Review, February 5, 2020, https://assets.ey.com/content/dam/ey-sites/ey-com/en_uk/news/2020/02/ey-parker-review-2020-report-final.pdf.

45. PricewaterhouseCoopers, The Evolving Boardroom: Signs of Change, 2018, https://www.pwc.com/us/en/governance-insights-center/annual-corporate-directors-survey/assets/pwc-annual-corporate-directors-survey-2018.pdf.

46. Hugh Son, “Goldman Won’t Take Companies Public without ‘At Least One Diverse Board Candidate,’ Says CEO,” CNBC, January 23, 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/23/goldman-wont-take-companies-public-that-dont-have-at-least-one-diverse-board-candidate-ceo-says.html.

47. Michelle Chapman and Stan Choe, “Nasdaq Seeks Mandatory Board Diversity for Listed Companies,” Associated Press, December 1, 2020, https://apnews.com/article/business-board-of-directors-38bceb1f1579518b5b1d97df5b029569.

48. M. J. Anderson, “Investors Back Proposal Targeting C-Suite Diversity,” Agenda, 2019, http://www.agendaweek.com/.

49. Jason Del Rey, “Amazon Employees Are Outraged by Their Company’s Opposition to a Plan to Add More Diversity to Its Board,” Vox, May 8, 2018, https://www.vox.com/2018/5/8/17328466/amazon-jeff-bezos-board-diversity-proposal-shareholder-vote; Jason Del Rey, “Amazon Will Adopt a ‘Rooney Rule’ to Increase Board Diversity after Its Initial Opposition Sparked Employee Outrage,” Vox, May 14, 2018, https://www.vox.com/2018/5/14/17353626/amazon-rooney-rule-board-diversity-reversal-shareholder-proposal.

50. Heidrick & Struggles, Board Monitor: US 2019, May 28, 2019, https://heidrick.com/Knowledge-Center/Publication/Board_Monitor_US_2019.

51. Amanda Gerut, “From One Woman to Three—Networks Expand as Women Join Boards,” Agenda, 2020, https://www.agendaweek.com/c/2863703/355523/from_woman_three_networks_expand_women_join_boards.

52. Anne Steele, “California Rolls Out Diversity Quotas for Corporate Boards,” Wall Street Journal, October 1, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/california-rolls-out-diversity-quotas-for-corporate-boards-11601507471.

53. Boris Groysberg, Richard P. Chapman, and Yo-Jud Cheng, 2016 Global Board of Directors Survey, Spencer Stuart, 2016, https://www.spencerstuart.com/-/media/pdf%20files/research%20and%20insight%20pdfs/wcd-board-survey-2016_041416.pdf.

54. Groysberg and Bell, “Dysfunction in the Boardroom.”

55. Heidrick & Struggles, Board Monitor.

56. “Women on Boards: A Course Becomes a Movement,” HBS Alumni Stories, June 6, 2017, https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=6265.

57. “The Data on Women Leaders,” Pew Research Center, 2018, https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/fact-sheet/the-data-on-women-leaders/.

58. “Susan Schiffer Stautberg ’67 Remarks,” Wheaton College, May 20, 2017, https://wheatoncollege.edu/commencement/past-commencements/commencement-2017-archive/honorary-degrees-2017/susan-schiffer-stautberg-67-remarks/.

  1. Taffy Brodesser-Akner, “The Company That Sells Love to America Had a Dark Secret,” New York Times, April 23, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/23/magazine/kay-jewelry-sexual-harassment.html; Jenny Singer, “Here Are All the Famous Men Who Have Tried to Come Back from #MeToo,” Forward, April 25, 2019, https://forward.com/schmooze/420038/here-are-all-the-famous-men-who-have-tried-to-come-back-from-metoo/.

  2. Jena McGregor, “How #MeToo Is Reshaping Employment Contracts for Executives,” The Washington Post, October 31, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2018/10/31/how-metoo-is-reshaping-employment-contracts-executives/?utm_term=.5f9a6d3da7f1; Aliya Ram, “Tech Investors Include #MeToo Clauses in Start-up Deals,” Financial Times, March 18, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/5d4ef400-4732-11e9-b168-96a37d002cd3.

  3. Katrin Bennhold, “Another Side of #MeToo: Male Managers Fearful of Mentoring Women,” New York Times, January 27, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/27/world/europe/metoo-backlash-gender-equality-davos-men.html; Victoria Brescoll, Has #MeToo Unintentionally Increased Male Managers’ Fear of Mentoring & Interacting with Female Colleagues?, presented at the Harvard Business School Gender & Work Symposium, Boston, MA, 2019, https://www.hbs.edu/about/video.aspx?v=1_0cnfry9u; Sheryl Sandberg and Marc Pritchard, “The Number of Men Who Are Uncomfortable Mentoring Women Is Growing,” Fortune, May 18, 2019, https://fortune.com/2019/05/17/sheryl-sandberg-lean-in-me-too/.

  4. Elizabeth R. Johnson, Laurie Shannon, Robin J. Ely, Peter Glick, and Colleen Ammerman, Sexual Harassment Experiences & Beliefs, presented at the Harvard Business School Gender & Work Symposium, Boston, MA, 2019, https://www.hbs.edu/about/video.aspx?v=1_w8fm8m1b.

  5. Roberta Rincon, “The Importance of Men as Allies: A Review of the Literature,” Society of Women Engineers Magazine, April 11, 2019.

  6. L. Morrow, S. Allis, J. F. Stacks, and B. B. Dolan, “Why Not a Woman?,” Time 123, no. 23 (1984): 20.

  7. Pam Belluck, “N.I.H. Head Calls for End to All-Male Panels of Scientists,” New York Times, June 12, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/12/health/collins-male-science-panels.html.

  8. David R. Hekman, Stefanie K. Johnson, Maw-Der Foo, and Wei Yang, “Does Diversity-Valuing Behavior Result in Diminished Performance Ratings for Nonwhite and Female Leaders?,” Academy of Management Journal 60, no. 2 (April 2017): 771–797; Sarah J. Gervais and Amy L. Hillard, “Confronting Sexism as Persuasion: Effects of a Confrontation’s Recipient, Source, Message, and Context,” Journal of Social Issues 70, no. 4 (2014): 653–667; Benjamin J. Drury and Cheryl R. Kaiser, “Allies against Sexism: The Role of Men in Confronting Sexism,” Journal of Social Issues 70, no. 4 (2014): 637–652; Alexander M. Czopp and Margo J. Monteith, “Confronting Prejudice (Literally): Reactions to Confrontations of Racial and Gender Bias,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 29, no. 4 (2003): 532–544.

  9. David M. Mayer, “How Men Get Penalized for Straying from Masculine Norms,” Harvard Business Review, October 8, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/10/how-men-get-penalized-for-straying-from-masculine-norms.

10. Michael S. Kimmel, “What Do Men Want?,” Harvard Business Review, December 1993, 50–63.

11. Claire Cain Miller, “Millennial Men Aren’t the Dads They Thought They’d Be,” New York Times, July 15, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/31/upshot/millennial-men-find-work-and-family-hard-to-balance.html.

12. Jeff Green, “Dads Say They Deserve Parental Leave, but Only in Theory,” Bloomberg, April 18, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-04-18/dads-say-they-deserve-parental-leave-even-if-they-don-t-take-it.

13. Emily Peck, “Big Bank Settles Claims That It Discriminated against Men,” Huffington Post, May 30, 2019, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/jpmorgan-chase-parental-leave-discrimination_n_5ceee71ce4b0888f89d06ab8?ncid=engmodushpmg00000004&guccounter=1.

14. Noam Scheiber, “Couple’s Suit over Parental Leave Is New Challenge to Big Law Firm,” New York Times, August 14, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/14/business/economy/jones-day-lawsuit.html.

15. Noam Scheiber, “Attitudes Shift on Paid Leave: Dads Sue, Too,” New York Times, September 15, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/16/business/attitudes-shift-on-paid-leave-dads-sue-too.html.

16. Isabella Jibilian and Kate Taylor, “SoulCycle’s Ex-CEO Said ‘Paternity Leave Is for Pussies,’ a New Lawsuit Filed by an Exec Who Was Fired 32 Days after Giving Birth Alleges,” Business Insider, August 12, 2020, https://www.businessinsider.com/soulcycle-fired-pregnancy-discrimination-exec-lawsuit-2020-8.

17. Michelle Obama, Becoming (New York: Crown, 2018).

18. Max Abelson and Rebecca Greenfield, “Wall Street Dads Find Parental Leave Easier to Get Than to Take,” Bloomberg, June 13, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-06-13/wall-street-dads-find-parental-leave-easier-to-get-than-to-take.

19. “Parental Leave Survey,” Deloitte, 2016, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/about-deloitte/us-about-deloitte-paternal-leave-survey.pdf.

20. Sarah Thébaud and David S. Pedulla, “Masculinity and the Stalled Revolution: How Gender Ideologies and Norms Shape Young Men’s Responses to Work–Family Policies,” Gender & Society 30, no. 4 (2016): 590–617.

21. Michelle Peluso, Carolyn Heller Baird, and Lynn Kesterson-Townes, Women, Leadership, and the Priority Paradox, IBM, 2019, https://www.ibm.com/thought-leadership/institute-business-value/report/womeninleadership.

22. Rachel Thomas, Marianne Cooper, Ellen Konar, et al., Women in the Workplace 2017, https://womenintheworkplace.com/2017.

23. Hannah Fingerhut, “In Both Parties, Men and Women Differ over Whether Women Still Face Obstacles to Progress,” FACTANK: News in the Numbers, August 16, 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/08/16/in-both-parties-men-and-women-differ-over-whether-women-still-face-obstacles-to-progress/.

24. Jillesa Gebhardt, “On Equal Pay Day 2019, Lack of Awareness Persists,” Survey Monkey, https://www.surveymonkey.com/curiosity/equal-pay-day-2019/#.

25. Ellen Wulfhorst, “Men Still Don’t Grasp the Depth of Gender Inequality at Work,” Huffington Post, August 13, 2020, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/gender-inequality-work-politics_l_5f353430c5b6fc009a62674a.

26. William J. Scarborough, Danny L. Lambouths, and Allyson L. Holbrook, “Support of Workplace Diversity Policies: The Role of Race, Gender, and Beliefs about Inequality,” Social Science Research 79 (2019): 194–210.

27. Diana C. Mutz, “Status Threat, Not Economic Hardship, Explains the 2016 Presidential Vote,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 19 (2019): E4330–E4339; Robert Schrank, “Two Women, Three Men on a Raft,” Harvard Business Review, May–June 1994, 68–76.

28. Juliana Menasce Horowitz and Ruth Igielnik, “A Century after Women Gained the Right to Vote, Majority of Americans See Work to Do on Gender Equality,” Pew Research Center, July 7, 2020, https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2020/07/07/a-century-after-women-gained-the-right-to-vote-majority-of-americans-see-work-to-do-on-gender-equality/.

29. “The WSA and Manbassadors Team Up to Survey Student Views on Gender Inequity,” The Harbus, March 2, 2019, http://www.harbus.org/2019/the-wsa-and-manbassadors-team-up-to-survey-student-views-on-gender-inequity/.

30. Robin J. Ely, Pamela Stone, Laurie Shannon, and Colleen Ammerman, Life & Leadership after HBS, Harvard Business School, May 2015, https://www.hbs.edu/gender/faculty-research/life-and-leadership-after-hbs/Pages/default.aspx.

31. Elad N. Sherf, Subrahmaniam Tangirala, and Katy Connealy Weber, “It Is Not My Place! Psychological Standing and Men’s Voice and Participation in Gender-Parity Initiatives,” Organization Science 28, no. 2 (2017): 193–210.

32. Adam M. Grant, “Why So Many Men Don’t Stand Up for Their Female Colleagues,” The Atlantic, April 29, 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/04/why-men-dont-stand-up-for-women-to-lead/361231/.

33. W. Brad Johnson and David G. Smith, “How Men Can Become Better Allies to Women,” Harvard Business Review, October 12, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/10/how-men-can-become-better-allies-to-women.

34. Jeanine Prime and Corinne A. Moss-Racusin, Engaging Men in Gender Initiatives: What Change Agents Need to Know, Catalyst, 2009, https://www.catalyst.org/research/engaging-men-in-gender-initiatives-what-change-agents-need-to-know/.

35. Boris Groysberg and Katherine Connolly, “Great Leaders Who Make the Mix Work,” Harvard Business Review, September 2013, 68–76.

36. Paul A. Gompers, Vladimir Mukharlyamov, Emily Weisburst, and Yuhai Xuan, “Gender Effects in Venture Capital,” SSRN, June 4, 2014, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2445497; Paul Gompers and Silpa Kovvali, “The Other Diversity Dividend,” Harvard Business Review, July–August 2018, 72.

37. Bennhold, “Another Side of #MeToo”; Gillian Tan and Katia Porzecanski, “Wall Street Rule for the #MeToo Era: Avoid Women at All Cost,” Bloomberg, December 3, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-12-03/a-wall-street-rule-for-the-metoo-era-avoid-women-at-all-cost.

38. Promundo-US, So, You Want to Be a Male Ally for Gender Equality (and You Should): Results from a National Survey and a Few Things You Should Know, 2019, https://promundoglobal.org/resources/male-allyship/.

39. Chio Verastegui, Freek Jorna, Jenny Boddington, and Sue Morphet, “Better Together: Increasing Male Engagement in Gender Equality Efforts in Australia,” Bain, March 19, 2019, https://www.bain.com/insights/better-together-increasing-male-engagement-in-gender-equality-efforts-in-australia/.

40. Emily Shaffer, Negin Sattari, and Alixandra Pollack, Interrupting Sexism at Work: How Men Respond in a Climate of Silence, Catalyst, 2020, https://www.catalyst.org/research/interrupting-sexism-silence/.

41. Mary King, Malin Ortenblad, and Jamie J. Ladge, “What Will It Take to Make Finance More Gender-Balanced?,” Harvard Business Review, December 10, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/12/what-will-it-take-to-make-finance-more-gender-balanced; Katie Abouzahr, Jennifer Garcia-Alonso, Matt Krentz, Michael Tan, and Frances Brooks Taplet, “How Millennial Men Can Help Break the Glass Ceiling,” Boston Consulting Group, November 01, 2017, https://www.bcg.com/en-us/publications/2017/people-organization-behavior-culture-how-millennial-men-can-help-break-glass-ceiling.aspx.

42. Robin J. Ely, Pamela Stone, Laurie Shannon, and Colleen Ammerman, Life & Leadership after HBS, Harvard Business School, 2015, https://www.hbs.edu/gender/faculty-research/life-and-leadership-after-hbs/Pages/default.aspx.

43. Valentin Bolotnyy and Natalia Emanuel, “Why Do Women Earn Less Than Men? Evidence from Bus and Train Operators,” Working paper, Harvard University, July 5, 2019, https://scholar.harvard.edu/bolotnyy/publications/why-do-women-earn-less-men-evidence-bus-and-train-operators-job-market-paper.

44. Anne-Marie Slaughter, Unfinished Business: Women Men Work Family (New York: Random House, 2015); Lisa Belkin, “Huggies Pulls Ads after Insulting Dads,” Huffington Post, March 12, 2012, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/huggies-pulls-diaper-ads_b_1339074?guccounter=1.

45. Gretchen Livingston and Kim Parker, “8 Facts about American Dads,” Pew Research Center, June 23, 2019, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/12/fathers-day-facts/.

46. Scheiber, “Couple’s Suit over Parental Leave Is New Challenge to Big Law Firm.”

47. Brad Harrington, Fred Van Deusen, Jennifer Sabatini Fraone, and Samantha Eddy, The New Dad: Take Your Leave Perspectives on Paternity Leave from Fathers, Leading Organizations, and Global Policies, The New Dad, 2014, https://www.fatherhood.gov/sites/default/files/resource_files/e000003047.pdf.

48. Jennifer Petriglieri, Couples That Work: How Dual-Career Couples Thrive in Love and Work (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2019).

49. Alexis Ohanian, “Alexis Ohanian: Paternity Leave Was Crucial after the Birth of My Child, and Every Father Deserves It,” New York Times, August 12, 2019, https://parenting.nytimes.com/work-money/alexis-ohanian-paternity-leave.

50. Yoon Min-sik, “Korean Fathers Can Get Longest Paid Leave in OECD,” Korea Herald, December 2, 2015, http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20151202001017.

51. Ben Waber, “Why I Require New Fathers Who Work for Me to Take Paternity Leave,” Quartz, May 22, 2018, https://qz.com/work/1284912/paid-parental-leave-why-i-require-new-fathers-who-work-for-me-to-take-it/.

52. John West, “Japan Is a Poor Performer on Gender Equality. Can the ‘Womenomics’ Initiative Help?,” Brink, August 1, 2019, https://www.brinknews.com/japan-is-a-poor-performer-on-gender-equality-can-the-womenomics-initiative-help/; Brook Larmer, “Why Does Japan Make It So Hard for Working Women to Succeed?,” New York Times, October 17, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/17/magazine/why-does-japan-make-it-so-hard-for-working-women-to-succeed.html.

53. Mokoto Rich, “Japan’s Working Mothers: Record Responsibilities, Little Help from Dads,” New York Times, February 2, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/02/world/asia/japan-working-mothers.html.

54. Mokoto Rich, “A Japanese Politician Is Taking Paternity Leave. It’s a Big Deal,” New York Times, January 15, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/15/world/asia/japan-koizumi-paternity-leave.html.

55. This profile draws on Siri Chilazi, Aneeta Rattan, and Oriane Georgeac, “Ros Atkins and the 50:50 Project at the BBC,” London Business School Case Study 20-010, March 2020.

56. The 50:50 Project, Impact Report 2019, http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/reports/reports/5050-may-2019.pdf.

57. 50:50: The Equality Project, Impact Report 2020, http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc/reports/reports/5050-april-2020.pdf.

58. Ibid.

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  2. J. Yo-Jud Cheng and Boris Groysberg, “Innovation Should Be a Top Priority for Boards. So Why Isn’t It?,” Harvard Business Review, September 21, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/09/innovation-should-be-a-top-priority-for-boards-so-why-isnt-it.

  3. Tina Lee and Julie Sweet, Advancing Women as Leaders in the Private Sector, 2018, https://advancingwomeninbusiness.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Advancing-women-as-leaders-in-the-private-sector_report.pdf.

  4. Sheryl Estrada, “Leaders Say Gender Equity Is Important, but Less Than 50% Have Multi-year Strategy, HR Dive, March 9, 2020, https://www.hrdive.com/news/leaders-say-gender-equity-is-important-but-less-than-50-have-multi-year-s-1/573741/.

  5. Herminia Ibarra, Robin J. Ely, and Deborah M. Kolb, “Women Rising: The Unseen Barriers,” Harvard Business Review, September 2013, 60–67.

  6. Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks,” Annual Review of Sociology 27, no. 1 (2001): 415–444.

  7. Paul A. Gompers, Kevin Huang, and Sophie Calder-Wang, Homophily in Entrepreneurial Team Formation, Harvard Business School Working Papers, May 16, 2017, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2973329.

  8. Matt L. Huffman and Lisa Torres, “It’s Not Only ‘Who You Know’ That Matters: Gender, Personal Contacts, and Job Lead Quality, Gender & Society 16, no. 6 (2002): 793–813.9

  9. LinkedIn Talent Solutions, “LinkedIn’s Former Head of Global Solutions on Hiring Diverse Teams,” YouTube, January 30, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUpogdpzaqM&feature=youtu.be.

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13. Katherine B. Coffman, Manuela Collis, and Leena Kulkarni, When to Apply?, Harvard Business School Working Paper, February 2019, https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=57230.

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16. Corinne A. Moss-Racusin, John F. Dovidio, Victoria L. Brescoll, Mark J. Graham, and Jo Handelsman, “Science Faculty’s Subtle Gender Biases Favor Male Students,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109, no. 41 (2012): 16474–16479; András Tilcsik, “Pride and Prejudice: Employment Discrimination against Openly Gay Men in the United States,” American Journal of Sociology 117, no. 2 (2011): 586–626; Marianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan, “Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination,” American Economic Review 94, no. 4 (2004): 991–1013; Claudia Goldin and Cecilia Rouse, “Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of ‘Blind’ Auditions on Female Musicians,” American Economic Review 90, no. 4 (2000): 715–741.

17. Boris Groysberg and Katherine Connolly, “BlackRock: Diversity as a Driver for Success,” Harvard Business School Case 415-047, February 2015, https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/pages/item.aspx?num=48640.

18. Isabelle Régner, Catherine Thinus-Blanc, Agnès Netter, Toni Schmader, and Pascal Huguet, “Committees with Implicit Biases Promote Fewer Women When They Do Not Believe Gender Bias Exists,” Nature Human Behaviour 3 (2019): 1171–1179.

19. Eric Luis Uhlmann and Geoffrey L. Cohen, “Constructed Criteria: Redefining Merit to Justify Discrimination,” Psychological Science 16, no. 6 (2005): 474–480.

20. Heather Sarsons, “Recognition for Group Work: Gender Differences in Academia,” American Economic Review 107, no. 5 (2017): 141–145.

21. Katherine B. Coffman, Christine L. Exley, and Muriel Niederle, “The Role of Beliefs in Driving Gender Discrimination,” Harvard Business School Working Paper No. 18-054, December 2017 (revised January 2020), https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=53686.

22. Shelley J. Correll, Stephen Benard, and In Paik, “Getting a Job: Is There a Motherhood Penalty?,” American Journal of Sociology 112, no. 5 (2007): 1297–1339.

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24. Boris Groysberg, Chasing Stars: The Myth of Talent and the Portability of Performance (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010); Ashish Nanda, Boris Groysberg, and Lauren Prusiner, “Lehman Brothers (A): Rise of the Equity Research Department,” Harvard Business School Case 906-034, January 2006 (revised June 2008), https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/pages/item.aspx?num=32959.

25. Jordan Siegel, Mimi Xi, and Christopher Poliquin, “Talent Edge Initiative,” Harvard Business Review, October 21, 2010, https://store.hbr.org/product/baxter-s-asia-pacific-talent-edge-initiative/711408?sku=711408-PDF-ENG.

26. Iris Bohnet, Alexandra van Geen, and Max Bazerman, “When Performance Trumps Gender Bias: Joint vs. Separate Evaluation,” Management Science 62, no. 5 (2015): 1225–1234.

27. Frank L. Schmidt and John E. Hunter, “The Validity and Utility of Selection Methods in Personnel Psychology: Practical and Theoretical Implications of 85 Years of Research Findings,” Psychological Bulletin 124, no. 2 (1998): 262–274.

28. Stephanie K. Johnson and Jessica F. Kirk, “Dual-Anonymization Yields Promising Results for Reducing Gender Bias: A Naturalistic Field Experiment of Applications for Hubble Space Telescope Time,” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 132, no. 1009 (2020), https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/ab6ce0/pdf; Goldin and Rouse, “Orchestrating Impartiality.”

29. Jeanna Smialek, “How the Fed Is Trying to Fix Its White Male Problem,” New York Times, October 2, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/business/economy/federal-reserve-diversity-hiring.html.

30. Anne Sraders, “Goldman Sachs Removed This One Word from Some Recruiting Materials—and Saw Female Hires Soar,” Fortune, December 10, 2019, https://fortune.com/2019/12/10/goldman-sachs-removed-this-one-word-from-some-recruiting-materials-and-saw-female-hires-soar/.

31. Groysberg, Chasing Stars.

32. Louise Marie Roth, Selling Women Short: Gender and Money on Wall Street (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).

33. Boris Groysberg and Deborah Bell, “Dysfunction in the Boardroom,” Harvard Business Review, June 3, 88–95.

34. Herminia Ibarra, “Homophily and Differential Returns: Sex Differences in Network Structure and Access in an Advertising Firm,” Administrative Science Quarterly 37, no. 3 (1992): 422–447.

35. Alexandra Kalev, “Cracking the Glass Cages? Restructuring and Ascriptive Inequality at Work,” American Journal of Sociology 114, no. 6 (2009): 1591–1643.

36. David A. Thomas, “Truth about Mentoring Minorities: Race Matters,” Harvard Business Review April 1, 2001, 98–107; David A. Thomas and John A. Gabarro, Breaking Through: The Making of Minority Executives in Corporate America (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999).

37. Irene E. De Pater, Annelies E. M. Van Vianen, and Myriam N. Bechtoldt, “Gender Differences in Job Challenge: A Matter of Task Allocation,” Gender, Work & Organization 17, no. 4 (2010): 433–453.

38. Christine L. Nittrouer, Michelle R. Hebl, Leslie Ashburn-Nardo, Rachel C. E. Trump-Steele, David M. Lane, and Virginia Valian, “Gender Disparities in Colloquium Speakers at Top Universities,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 1 (2018): 104–108.

39. Eden B. King, Whitney Botsford, Michelle R. Hebl, Stephanie Kazama, Jeremy F. Dawson, and Andrew Perkins, “Benevolent Sexism at Work: Gender Differences in the Distribution of Challenging Developmental Experiences,” Journal of Management 38, no. 6 (2012): 1835–1866.

40. Curtis K. Chan and Michel Anteby, “Task Segregation as a Mechanism for Within-Job Inequality: Women and Men of the Transportation Security Administration,” Administrative Science Quarterly 61, no. 2 (2016): 184–216.

41. Linda Babcock, Maria P. Recalde, Lise Vesterlund, and Laurie Weingart, “Gender Differences in Accepting and Receiving Requests for Tasks with Low Promotability,” American Economic Review 107, no. 3 (2017): 714–747.

42. Madeline E. Heilman and Julie J. Chen, “Same Behavior, Different Consequences: Reactions to Men’s and Women’s Altruistic Citizenship Behavior,” Journal of Applied Psychology 90, no. 3 (2005): 431–441.

43. Ibarra, Ely, and Kolb, “Women Rising.”

44. Herminia Ibarra, Nancy M. Carter, and Christine Silva, “Why Men Still Get More Promotions Than Women,” Harvard Business Review, September 2010, 80–126.

45. Rachel Thomas, Marianne Cooper, Ellen Konar, et al., Women in the Workplace 2017, https://womenintheworkplace.com/2017.

46. Francine D. Blau, Janet M. Currie, Rachel T. A. Croson, and Donna K. Ginther, “Can Mentoring Help Female Assistant Professors? Interim Results from a Randomized Trial,” American Economic Review 100, no. 2 (2010): 348–352.

47. Jennifer L. Berdahl, Marianne Cooper, Peter Glick, Robert W. Livingston, and Joan C. Williams, “Work as a Masculinity Contest,” Journal of Social Issues 74, no. 3 (2018): 422–448.

48. Amy J. C. Cuddy, Peter Glick, and Anna Beningera, “The Dynamics of Warmth and Competence Judgments, and Their Outcomes in Organizations,” Research in Organizational Behavior 31 (2011): 73–98; Alice H. Eagly and Steven J. Karau, “Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice toward Female Leaders,” Psychological Review 109, no. 3 (2002): 573–598.

49. Victoria L. Brescoll and Eric Luis Uhlmann, “Can an Angry Woman Get Ahead? Status Conferral, Gender, and Expression of Emotion in the Workplace,” Psychological Science 19, no. 3 (2008): 268–275.

50. Victoria L. Brescoll, “Who Takes the Floor and Why: Gender, Power, and Volubility in Organizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly 56, no. 4 (2011): 622–641.

51. David G. Smith, Judith E. Rosenstein, Margaret C. Nikolov, and Darby A. Chaney, “The Power of Language: Gender, Status, and Agency in Performance Evaluations,” Sex Roles 80 (2019): 159–171.

52. Anne Morriss and Frances X. Frei, Unleashed: The Unapologetic Leader’s Guide to Empowering Everyone around You (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2020).

53. Martha Foschi, “Double Standards in the Evaluation of Men and Women,” Social Psychology Quarterly 59, no. 3 (1996): 237–254.

54. Monica Biernat, M. J. Tocci, and Joan C. Williams, “The Language of Performance Evaluations: Gender-Based Shifts in Content and Consistency of Judgment,” Social Psychological and Personality Science 3, no. 2 (2012): 186–192.

55. Paola Cecchi-Dimeglio, “How Gender Bias Corrupts Performance Reviews, and What to Do about It,” Harvard Business Review, April 12, 2017, from https://hbr.org/2017/04/how-gender-bias-corrupts-performance-reviews-and-what-to-do-about-it.

56. Herman Aguinis, Young Hun Ji, and Harry Joo, “Gender Productivity Gap among Star Performers in STEM and Other Scientific Fields,” Journal of Applied Psychology 102, no. 12 (2018): 1283–1306.

57. M. Ena Inesi and Daniel M. Cable, “When Accomplishments Come Back to Haunt You: The Negative Effect of Competence Signals on Women’s Performance Evaluations,” Personnel Psychology 68, no. 3 (2015): 615–657.

58. Janice Fanning Madden, “Performance-Support Bias and the Gender Pay Gap among Stockbrokers,” Gender & Society 26, no. 3 (2012): 488–518.

59. John T. Jost et al., “The Existence of Implicit Bias Is beyond Reasonable Doubt: A Refutation of Ideological and Methodological Objections and Executive Summary of Ten Studies That No Manager Should Ignore,” Research in Organizational Behavior 29 (2009): 39–69; Mahzarin Banaji and Anthony Greenwald, “Implicit Gender Stereotyping in Judgments of Fame,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68, no. 2 (2009): 181–198.

60. Michelle M. Duguid and Melissa C. Thomas-Hunt, “Condoning Stereotyping? How Awareness of Stereotyping Prevalence Impacts Expression of Stereotypes,” Journal of Applied Psychology 100, no. 2 (2015): 343–359.

61. Aguinis, Ji, and Joo, “Gender Productivity Gap among Star Performers in STEM and Other Scientific Fields.”

62. Cecchi-Dimeglio, “How Gender Bias Corrupts Performance Reviews”; Shelley J. Correll and Caroline Simard, “Research: Vague Feedback Is Holding Women Back,” Harvard Business Review, April 29, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/04/research-vague-feedback-is-holding-women-back.

63. Lily Jampol and Vivian Zayas, “Gendered White Lies: Women Are Given Inflated Performance Feedback Compared with Men,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, doi:10.1177/0146167220916622.

64. Shelley J. Correll, “SWS 2016 Feminist Lecture: Reducing Gender Biases in Modern Workplaces; A Small Wins Approach to Organizational Change,” Gender & Society 31, no. 6 (2017): 725–750.

65. Emilio J. Castilla, “Gender, Race, and Meritocracy in Organizational Careers,” American Journal of Sociology 113, no. 6 (2008): 1479–1526.

66. Karen Lyness and Madeline Heilman, “When Fit Is Fundamental: Performance Evaluations and Promotions of Upper-Level Female and Male Managers, Journal of Applied Psychology 91, no. 4 (2006): 777–785.

67. Alexia Fernández Campbell, “They Did Everything Right—and Still Hit the Glass Ceiling. Now, These Women Are Suing America’s Top Companies for Equal Pay,” Vox, December 29, 2019, https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/2019/12/3/20948425/equal-pay-lawsuits-pay-gap-glass-ceiling; Michael Sainato, “Walmart Facing Gender Discrimination Lawsuits from Female Employees,” The Guardian, February 18, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/feb/18/walmart-gender-discrimination-supreme-court; Anastasia Tsioulcas, “Top Flutist Settles Gender Pay-Gap Suit with Boston Symphony Orchestra,” National Public Radio, February 21, 2019, https://www.npr.org/2019/02/21/696574690/top-flutist-settles-gender-pay-gap-suit-with-boston-symphony-orchestra.

68. Samantha Schmidt, “ ‘Victory for Equal Pay’: Judge Rules Trump Administration Must Require Companies to Report Pay by Gender, Race,” Washington Post, March 5, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2019/03/05/victory-equal-pay-judge-rules-trump-administration-must-require-companies-report-pay-by-gender-race/?utm_term=.7e18bb0dd295.

69. Lisa Nagele-Piazza, “EEOC Reduces Employee Pay Data Requirements,” Society for Human Resource Management, September 11, 2019, https://www.shrm.org/ResourcesAndTools/legal-and-compliance/employment-law/Pages/Employers-Should-Review-EEO-1-Guidance-Before-Pay-Data-Reporting-Deadline.aspx.

70. “Senate Bill 973 (Jackson), California Women’s Law Center, 2020, https://www.cwlc.org/2020/03/senate-bill-973-jackson/.

71. Rebecca Greenfield, “Citigroup Reveals Female Employees Earn 29% Less Than Men Do,” Fortune, January 16, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-16/citigroup-reveals-its-female-employees-earn-29-less-than-men-do.

72. Hannah Riley Bowles, Linda Babcock, and Kathleen L. McGinn, “Constraints and Triggers: Situational Mechanics of Gender in Negotiation,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89, no. 6 (2005): 951–965.

73. Andreas Leibbrandt and John A. List, “Do Women Avoid Salary Negotiations? Evidence from a Large-Scale Natural Field Experiment,” Management Science 61, no. 9 (2015): 2016–2024.

74. Nina Rousille, The Central Role of the Ask Gap in Gender Pay Inequality, University of California, 2020, https://ninaroussille.github.io/files/Roussille_askgap.pdf.

75. Boris Groysberg, Paul Healy, and Eric Lin, “Determinants of Gender Differences in Change in Pay among Job-Switching Executives,” Industrial & Labor Relations Review, doi:10.1177/0019793920930712.

76. Cecilia Kang, “Google Data-Mines Its Approach to Promoting Women,” Washington Post, April 2, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2014/04/02/google-data-mines-its-women-problem/.

77. Cristian L. Dezső, David Gaddis Ross, and Jose Uribe, “Is There an Implicit Quota on Women in Top Management? A Large Sample Statistical Analysis,” Strategic Management Journal 37, no. 1 (2015): 98–115.

78. Michelle K. Ryan, Alexander Haslam, Thekla Morgenroth, Floor Rink, Jank Stoker, and Kim Peters, “Getting on Top of the Glass Cliff: Reviewing a Decade of Evidence, Explanations, and Impact,” Leadership Quarterly 27, no. 3 (2016): 446–455.

79. Kathleen L. McGinn, Deborah M. Kolb, and Cailin B. Hammer. “Cathy Benko: WINning at Deloitte,” Harvard Business School Case 907-026, September 2006, https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=33577.

80. Trond Petersen, Ishak Saporta, and Marc-David L. Seidel, “Offering a Job: Meritocracy and Social Networks,” American Journal of Sociology 106, no. 3 (2000): 763–816.

81. Jane Giacobbe Miller and Kenneth G. Wheeler, “Unraveling the Mysteries of Gender Differences in Intentions to Leave the Organization,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 12, no. 5 (1992): 465–478.

82. Rita Mano-Negrin, “Gender-Related Opportunities and Turnover: The Case of Medical Sector Employees,” Gender, Work & Organization 10, no. 3 (2003): 342–360.

83. Kathleen L. McGinn and Katherine L. Milkman, “Looking Up and Looking Out: Career Mobility Effects of Demographic Similarity among Professionals,” Organization Science 24, no. 4 (2013): 1041–1060.

84. Frank Dobbin and Alexandra Kalev, “Training Programs and Reporting Systems Won’t End Sexual Harassment. Promoting More Women Will,” Harvard Business Review, November 15, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/11/training-programs-and-reporting-systems-wont-end-sexual-harassment-promoting-more-women-will.

85. Marianne Cooper, “The 3 Things That Make Organizations More Prone to Sexual Harassment,” The Atlantic, November 27, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2017/11/organizations-sexual-harassment/546707/.

86. Robin J. Ely, Pamela Stone, and Colleen Ammerman, “Rethink What You ‘Know’ about High-Achieving Women,” Harvard Business Review, December 2014, 101.

87. Correll, Benard, and Paik, “Getting a Job.”

88. Pamela Stone, Opting Out? Why Women Really Quit Careers and Head Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).

89. Sara A. Rogier and Margaret Y. Padgett, “The Impact of Utilizing a Flexible Work Schedule on the Perceived Career Advancement Potential of Women,” Human Resource Development Quarterly 15, no. 1 (2004): 89–106.

90. Leslie A. Perlow and Erin L. Kelly, “Toward a Model of Work Redesign for Better Work and Better Life,” Work and Occupations 41, no. 1 (2014): 111–134.

91. Boris Groysberg and Sarah L. Abbott, “Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation: ‘One CMHC’ and Version 3.0,” Harvard Business School Case 9-419-068, May 2019, https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=56155.

92. Nick Bastone, “Salesforce’s Chief People Office Explains How and Why the Company Has Spent $8.7 Million to Close Its Gender Pay Gap,” Business Insider, December 15, 2018, https://www.businessinsider.com/cindy-robbins-salesforce-equal-pay-2018-11.

93. Tina Lee and Julie Sweet, Advancing Women as Leaders in the Private Sector, Canada–United States Council for Advancement of Women Entrepreneurs & Business Leaders, 2018, https://advancingwomeninbusiness.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Advancing-women-as-leaders-in-the-private-sector_report.pdf.

94. Melonie Parker, “How Retention Helps Make Google More Representative,” Google Blog, February 28, 2019, https://blog.google/perspectives/melonie-parker/how-retention-helps-make-google-more-representative/.

95. Rebecca Glasman, Tina Shah Paikeday, Harsonal Sachar, Alix Stuart, and Cissy Young, A Leader’s Guide: Finding and Keeping Your Next Chief Diversity Officer, Russell Reynolds, 2019, https://www.russellreynolds.com/en/Insights/thought-leadership/Documents/Chief%20Diversity%20Officer_1218_FINAL.pdf.

96. Rosabeth Moss Kanter, “The Interplay of Structure and Behavior: How System Dynamics Can Explain or Change Outcomes by Gender or Social Category” (presentation at Gender & Work: Challenging Conventional Wisdom, Harvard Business School, Boston, February 28 and March 1, 2013).

97. Dandan Pan, Carrie Haluza, Carolina Dealy, Laura Paquin, Wei Shi, Blanche Matulich and Connie Jacobson on Behalf of Themselves and All Others Similarly Situated v. Qualcomm Incorporated & Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., No. 3:16-cv-01885-JLS-DHB (United States District Court Southern District of California 2016).

98. “Equal Pay Act Charges (Charges Filed with EEOC) (Includes Concurrent Charges with Title VII, ADEA, ADA, and GINA) FY 1997–FY 2019,” Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 2018, https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics/enforcement/epa.cfm.

99. Dandan Pan et al. v. Qualcomm Incorporated & Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

100. “Sanford Heisler and Tech Giant Qualcomm Agree to $19.5 Million Gender Discrimination Settlement.” Sanford Heisler Sharp, July 26, 2016, https://sanfordheisler.com/press-release/qualcomm-gender-discrimination-settlement/.

101. Dandan Pan et al. v. Qualcomm Incorporated & Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

102. Sara Randazzo, “Qualcomm to Pay $19.5 Million to Settle Claims of Bias against Women,” Wall Street Journal, July 26, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/qualcomm-to-pay-19-5-million-to-settle-claims-of-bias-against-women-1469571756; Qualcomm, 2019 Corporate Responsibility Report, https://www.qualcomm.com/documents/2019-qualcomm-corporate-responsibility-report.

  1. Boris Groysberg and Katherine Connolly, “JPMorgan Chase: Tapping an Overlooked Talent Pool,” Harvard Business School Case 415-066, May 2015 (revised May 2018), https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/pages/item.aspx?num=48876.

  2. Frank Dobbin and Alexandra Kalev, “Why Diversity Programs Fail,” Harvard Business Review, July–August 2016, 52–60.

  3. Klea Faniko, Naomi Ellemers, Belle Derks, and Fabio Lorenzi-Cioldi, “Nothing Changes, Really: Why Women Who Break through the Glass Ceiling End Up Reinforcing It,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, no. 5 (2017): 638–651; Belle Derks, Naomi Ellemers, Colette van Laar, and Kim de Groot, “Do Sexist Organizational Cultures Create the Queen Bee?,” British Journal of Social Psychology 50, no. 3 (2011): 519–535; Robin J. Ely, “The Effects of Organizational Demographics and Social Identity on Relationships among Professional Women,” Administrative Science Quarterly 39, no. 2 (1994): 203–238; Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books, 1977).

  4. Rachel Thomas, Marianne Cooper, Ellen Konar, et al., Women in the Workplace 2019, https://wiw-report.s3.amazonaws.com/Women_in_the_Workplace_2019.pdf.

  5. Terry Stone, Becky Miller, Elizabeth Southerlan, and Alex Raun, Women in Healthcare Leadership 2019, Oliver Wyman, 2019, https://www.oliverwyman.com/content/dam/oliver-wyman/v2/publications/2019/January/WiHC/WiHCL-Report-Final.pdf.

  6. John T. Josta, Laurie A. Rudmanb, Irene V. Blair, et al. “The Existence of Implicit Bias Is beyond Reasonable Doubt: A Refutation of Ideological and Methodological Objections and Executive Summary of Ten Studies That No Manager Should Ignore,” Research in Organizational Behavior 29 (2009): 39–69.

  7. Michelle M. Duguid and Melissa C. Thomas-Hunt, “Condoning Stereotyping? How Awareness of Stereotyping Prevalence Impacts Expression of Stereotypes,” Journal of Applied Psychology 100, no. 2 (March 2015): 343–359.8

  8. Stefanie K. Johnson and Jessica F. Kirk, “Dual-Anonymization Yields Promising Results for Reducing Gender Bias: A Naturalistic Field Experiment of Applications for Hubble Space Telescope Time,” Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 132, no. 1009 (2020): 034503.

  9. Jeff Green, “Managers Pick Mini-Me Proteges of Same Race, Gender,” Bloomberg, January 8, 2019, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-08/managers-pick-mini-me-proteges-of-same-gender-race-in-new-study.

10. Catherine H. Tinsley and Robin J. Ely, “What Most People Get Wrong about Men and Women: Research Shows the Sexes Aren’t So Different,” Harvard Business Review, May–June 2018, 114–120.

11. Ibid.

12. Thomas et al., Women in the Workplace 2019.

13. Zoë B. Cullen and Ricardo Perez-Truglia, The Old Boys’ Club: Schmoozing and the Gender Gap, Working Paper No. w26530, National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2020, https://www.nber.org/papers/w26530.

14. Ashish Nanda, Boris Groysberg, and Lauren Prusiner, “Lehman Brothers (B): Exit Jack Rivkin,” Harvard Business School Case, 906-035, January 2006 (revised January 2007), https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=32960.

15. Robin J. Ely, Debra Meyerson, and Martin N. Davidson, “Rethinking Political Correctness,” Harvard Business Review, September 2006, 78–87.

16. John F. Dovidio, Erin L. Thomas, Corinne A. Moss-Racusin, Victoria L. Brescoll, Mark J. Graham, and Jo Handelsman, “Included but Invisible? The Benefits and Costs of Inclusion,” paper presented at Gender & Work: Challenging Conventional Wisdom, Harvard Business School, 2013.

17. Audrey Gelman, “ ‘Where I Got It Wrong’: The Wing’s Audrey Gelman Confronts the Realities of Rapid Growth,” Fast Company, February 26, 2020, fastcompany.com website: https://www.fastcompany.com/90466019/where-i-got-it-wrong-the-wings-audrey-gelman-confronts-the-realities-of-rapid-growth.

18. Anna T. Mayo, Anita Williams Woolley, and Rosalind M. Chow, “Unpacking Participation and Influence: Diversity’s Countervailing Effects on Expertise Use in Groups,” Academy of Management Discoveries 6, no. 2 (2020): 300–319.

19. Thomas et al., Women in the Workplace 2019.

20. David A. Garvin, Alison Berkley Wagonfeld, and Liz Kind, “Google’s Project Oxygen: Do Managers Matter?,” Harvard Business School, Case 313-110, April 2013 (revised October 2013), https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=44657.

21. Melissa Harrell and Lauren Barbato, “Great Managers Still Matter: The Evolution of Google’s Project Oxygen,” re: Work, February 27, 2018, https://rework.withgoogle.com/blog/the-evolution-of-project-oxygen/.

22. This profile draws on the following Harvard Business School cases: Ashish Nanda, Boris Groysberg, and Lauren Prusiner, “Lehman Brothers (A): Rise of the Equity Research Department,” Harvard Business School Case 906-034, January 2006 (revised June 2008), https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/pages/item.aspx?num=32959; Nanda, Groysberg, and Prusiner, “Lehman Brothers (B)”; Ashish Nanda and Boris Groysberg, “Lehman Brothers (C): Decline of the Equity Research Department,” Harvard Business School Case 902-003, July 2001 (revised January 2007), https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=28331; Boris Groysberg and Laura Morgan Roberts, “Leading the Josie Esquivel Franchise (A),” Harvard Business School Case 404-054, November 2003 (revised October 2005), https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=30567.

23. Boris Groysberg, Chasing Stars: The Myth of Talent and the Portability of Performance (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010); Boris Groysberg and Linda-Eling Lee, “Star Power: Colleague Quality and Turnover,” Industrial and Corporate Change 19, no. 3 (2010): 741–765.

24. Nanda, Groysberg, and Prusiner, “Lehman Brothers (A).”

25. Groysberg and Morgan Roberts, “Leading the Josie Esquivel Franchise (A).”

26. Nanda, Groysberg, and Prusiner, “Lehman Brothers (A).”

27. Groysberg and Morgan Roberts, “Leading the Josie Esquivel Franchise (A).”

28. Nanda, Groysberg, and Prusiner, “Lehman Brothers (A).”

29. Groysberg, Chasing Stars.

30. Groysberg and Morgan Roberts, “Leading the Josie Esquivel Franchise (A).”

31. Groysberg, Chasing Stars.

32. Nanda, Groysberg, and Prusiner, “Lehman Brothers (B).”

33. Nanda and Groysberg, “Lehman Brothers (C).”

34. Ibid.

  1. “Domestic Box Office for 1980,” Box Office Mojo, n.d., https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/1980/.

  2. Kim Borjorquez, “Put People of Color on California Boards or Pay $100K, Proposed Law Says,” Sacramento Bee, July 23, 2020, https://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article244255597.html; Heidrick & Struggles, “Board Monitor US 2020,” September 9, 2020, https://www.heidrick.com/Knowledge-Center/Publication/Board_Monitor_US_2020; Sir John Parker and the Parker Review Committee, Ethnic Diversity Enriching Business Leadership: An Update Report from the Parker Review, February 5, 2020, https://assets.ey.com/content/dam/ey-sites/ey-com/en_uk/news/2020/02/ey-parker-review-2020-report-final.pdf.

  3. Eshe Nelson, “In Britain, an Idea to Reduce Racial Inequality Gains Momentum,” New York Times, August 26, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/26/business/britain-pay-gaps-racial-inequality.html.

  4. Kristen Bellstrom and Emma Hinchcliffe, “Black Women Are Bearing the Economic Brunt of the Pandemic,” Fortune, June 3, 2020, https://fortune.com/2020/06/03/black-women-coronavirus-economy/; Michelle Miller and Vidya Singh, “Gender Pay Gap May Not Close ‘for More Than 100 Years’ for Black and Latina Women, and Pandemic Could Make It Worse,” CBS News, August 8, 2020, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/gender-pay-gap-covid-pandemic-black-latina-women/.

  5. Matthew S. Schwartz, “Trump Tells Agencies to End Trainings on “White Privilege” and “Critical Race Theory,” National Public Radio, September 5, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/09/05/910053496/trump-tells-agencies-to-end-trainings-on-white-privilege-and-critical-race-theor.

  6. Abby Ohlheiser, “How James Damore Went from Google Employee to Right-Wing Internet Hero,” Washington Post, August 12, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/08/12/how-james-damore-went-from-google-employee-to-right-wing-internet-hero/.

  7. Titan Alon, Matthias Doepke, Jane Olmstead-Rumsey, and Michèle Tertilt, “The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Equality,” Northwestern University, March 2020, http://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/~mdo738/research/COVID19_Gender_March_2020.pdf; Jessica Bennett, “ ‘I Feel Like I Have Five Jobs’: Moms Navigate the Pandemic,” New York Times, March 20, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/20/parenting/childcare-coronavirus-moms.html; Caitlyn Collins, Liana Christin Landivar, Leah Ruppanner, and William J. Scarborough, “COVID-19 and the Gender Gap in Work Hours,” Gender, Work & Organization, 2020: 1–12, doi:10.1111/gwao.12506; Lucia Graves, “Women’s Domestic Burden Just Got Heavier with the Coronavirus,” The Guardian, March 16, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/mar/16/womens-coronavirus-domestic-burden; Liz Hamel, Lunna Lopes, Cailey Muñana, Jennifer Kates, Josh Michaud, and Mollyann Brodie, “KFF Coronavirus Poll: March 2020,” Kaiser Family Foundation, March 17, 2020, https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/poll-finding/kff-coronavirus-poll-march-2020/; Scott Keeter, “People Financially Affected by COVID-19 Outbreak Are Experiencing More Psychological Distress Than Others,” Pew Research Center, March 30, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/03/30/people-financially-affected-by-covid-19-outbreak-are-experiencing-more-psychological-distress-than-others/; Itika Sharma Punit, “Social Distancing from House Helps Is Exposing the Indian Family’s Unspoken Sexism,” Quartz India, March 26, 2020, https://qz.com/india/1823823/with-coronavirus-lockdown-working-indian-women-face-family-sexism/; Laura M. Giurge, Ayse Yemiscigil, Joseph Sherlock, and Ashley V. Whillans, “Uncovering Inequalities in Time-Use and Well-Being during COVID-19: A Multi-Country Investigation,” Harvard Business School Working Paper No. 21-037, September 2020, https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=58886.

  8. “Coronavirus Lockdown: Sierra Leone ‘Role Model’ Minister Carries Baby and Holds Zoom Meeting,” BBC News, April 30, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52487213.

  9. Jordan Siegel, Lynn Pyun, and B. Y. Cheon, “Multinational Firms, Labor Market Discrimination, and the Capture of Outsider’s Advantage by Exploiting the Social Divide,” Administrative Science Quarterly 64, no. 2 (2019): 370–397.

10. Michelle K. Ryan and S. Alexander Haslam, “The Glass Cliff: Exploring the Dynamics Surrounding the Appointment of Women to Precarious Leadership Positions,” Academy of Management Review 32, no. 2 (2007): 549–572; Michelle K. Ryan and S. Alexander Haslam, “The Glass Cliff: Evidence that Women Are Over-represented in Precarious Leadership Positions,” British Journal of Management 16, no. 2 (2005): 81–90.

11. Boris Groysberg, “How Star Women Build Portable Skills,” Harvard Business Review, February 2008, 74–81.

12. Laura Morgan Roberts, Anthony J. Mayo, Robin J. Ely, and David A. Thomas, “Beating the Odds,” Harvard Business Review, April 2018, 126–131.

13. Rachel Thomas, Marianne Cooper, Ellen Konar, et al., Women in the Workplace 2019, https://wiw-report.s3.amazonaws.com/Women_in_the_Workplace_2019.pdf.

14. Robin J. Ely, “The Effects of Organizational Demographics and Social Identity on Relationships among Professional Women,” Administrative Science Quarterly 39, no. 2 (June 1994): 203–238.

15. Colleen Walsh, “Hard-Earned Gains for Women at Harvard,” Harvard Gazette, April 26, 2012, https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/04/hard-earned-gains-for-women-at-harvard/.

16. Eileen Shanahan, “AT&T to Grant 15,000 Back Pay in Job Inequities,” New York Times, January 19, 1973, https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/19/archives/att-to-grant-15000-back-pay-in-job-ineouities-women-and-minority.html.

  1. This chapter draws upon the following Harvard Business School teaching materials: Boris Groysberg, Kerry Herman, and Annelena Lobb, “Women MBAs at Harvard Business School: 1962–2012,” Harvard Business School Case 413-013, February 2013 (revised May 2014), https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=44334; Boris Groysberg, Kerry Herman, Matthew Preble, “Women MBAs in the Workplace,” Harvard Business School Industry and Background Note 413-089, February 2013 (revised May 2014).

  2. “Black Faculty Members at Harvard Business School, 1954–Present,” Harvard Business School, 2018, https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/AASU/thought-leadership/hbs-faculty-members/.

  3. Letty Cottin Pogrebin, How to Make It in a Man’s World (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970).

  4. John A. Byrne, “HBS Dean Makes an Unusual Public Apology,” Poets and Quants, January 28, 2014, https://poetsandquants.com/2014/01/28/hbs-dean-makes-an-unusual-public-apology/.

  5. “MBA Class of 2020 Baker Scholars,” Harvard Business School, Commencement 2020, https://www.hbs.edu/commencement/awards/Pages/baker-scholars.aspx, accessed November 30, 2020.

  6. Denise Lu, Jon Huang, Ashwin Seshagiri, Haeyoun Park, and Troy Griggs, “Faces of Power: 80% Are White, Even as U.S. Becomes More Diverse,” New York Times, September 9, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/09/09/us/powerful-people-race-us.html?.

  7. “Building the Foundation: Business Education for Women at Harvard University: 1937–1970,” Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School, 2013, https://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/wbe/index.html.

  8. Philip Galanes, “Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Gloria Steinem on the Unending Fight for Women’s Rights,” New York Times, November 14, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/15/fashion/ruth-bader-ginsburg-and-gloria-steinem-on-the-unending-fight-for-womens-rights.html.

  9. Catherine Cerach, “The History of Women at Harvard Business School.” WSA Newsletter, Summer 1989.

10. Ellen Marram, “Female B-Schoolers Get Screw-tinized, The Harbus, September 12, 1969.

11. Groysberg, Herman, and Lobb, “Women MBAs at Harvard Business School: 1962–2012.”

12. Anthony J. Mayo and Laura Morgan Roberts, “Spheres of Influence: A Portrait of Black MBA Program Alumni,” Paper presented at the Conference on African American Business Leadership, Harvard Business School, 2018.

13. Groysberg, Herman, and Lobb, “Women MBAs at Harvard Business School: 1962–2012.”

14. Ilene Lang, “Women at HBS: A Woman’s View,” The Harbus, February 10, 1972.

15. “Harvard Business Women Organize New Association,” The Harbus, April 1, 1971.

16. “Harvard Business Women,” The Harbus, April 1, 1971.

17. Judith. Gehrke, “Women in Management: Some Gains Being Made,” The Harbus, May 11, 1972.

18. Karen Passage, “Discrimination Guidelines Presented,” The Harbus, January 20, 1972.

19. “Women’s Student Association,” WSA Newsletter, October 11, 1975.

20. Women’s Student Association, “WSA Case Editing Committee Report,” December 1980.

21. Barbara Jackson v. Harvard University and John McArthur, No. Civil Action No. 84-4101-WD (US District Court for the District of Massachusetts 1989).

22. Nancy Chandler, “President’s Summary 1981–1982,” WSA Newsletter, April 1982.

23. Women’s Student Association, “Help Needed for New Admit Brochures,” WSA Newsletter, January 1981; Women’s Student Association, “Phone-a-thon for 1989–1990 Women Admits,” WSA Newsletter, March 13, 1989.

24. Karen Cmar, “WSA Targets Participation,” The Harbus, May 20, 1985.

25. Robert J. Dolan, “Heading down the Stretch,” e-mail message to students, March 24, 1997; Steven C. Wheelwright and Janice McCormick, letter to students. May 6, 1997.

26. Peter Howley and Andrew Farquharson, “Harassment Case Explodes One Year Later,” The Harbus, April 13, 1998; Wheelwright and McCormick, letter to students.

27. Faculty and Staff Standards Committee to HBS Community, memorandum, April 9, 1998; Steven Wheelwright, “Community Standards Case Update,” e-mail message to students, November 26, 1997.

28. Groysberg, Herman, and Lobb, “Women MBAs at Harvard Business School: 1962–2012.”

29. Julia Brau, Paayal Desai, Alex Germain, and Akmaral Omarova, “Gender Discrepancies in Academic Performance,” The Harbus, May 2010; Ruhana Hafiz, “WSA Academic Initiative Survey,” The Harbus, December 7, 2009, https://harbus.org/2009/wsa-academic-initiative-survey-4737/.

30. “As Academic Gender Gap Declines, There Is Still Work to Be Done,” The Harbus, April 25, 2011, http://www.harbus.org/2011/gender-gap/.

31. Monisha Kapila, “Three Ways Harvard Business School Can Change the World for Women,” Quartz, April 6, 2013, https://qz.com/71684/three-ways-harvard-business-school-can-change-the-world-for-women/.

32. Katherine Baldiga Coffman, “Evidence on Self-Stereotyping and the Contribution of Ideas,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 129, no. 4 (2014): 1625–1660.

33. Jodi Kantor, “Harvard Business School Case Study: Gender Equity,” New York Times, September 7, 2013; Anne Morriss and Frances X. Frei, Unleashed: The Unapologetic Leader’s Guide to Empowering Everyone around You (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2020).

34. Poorvi Vijay and Anoothi, “Record-Breaking Women Class Presidents: Is the World Ready for This Change,” The Harbus, December 5, 2019, https://harbus.org/2019/record-breaking-women-class-presidents-is-the-world-ready-for-this-change/.

35. “MBA Profile and RC Case Protagonists,” Harvard Business School, 2020, https://www.hbs.edu/racialequity/data/Pages/mba.aspx.

36. Ioana M. Latu, Marianne Schmid Mast, Joris Lammers, and Dario Bombari, “Successful Female Leaders Empower Women’s Behavior in Leadership Tasks,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49, no. 3 (2013): 444–448; Penelope Lockwood, “Someone Like Me Can Be Successful: Do College Students Need Same-Gender Role Models?,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 30, no. 1 (2006): 36–46.

37. Lesley Symons, “Only 11% of Top Business School Case Studies Have a Female Protagonist,” Harvard Business Review, March 9, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/03/only-11-of-top-business-school-case-studies-have-a-female-protagonist.

38. Colleen Sharen and Rosemary McGowan, “Invisible or Clichéd: How Are Women Represented in Business Cases?,” Journal of Management Education 43, no. 2 (2019): 129–173.

39. Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, Business School Data Guide 2018, 2018; Shelby Colby and Paula Burggeman, What Women Want: A Blueprint for Change in Business Education, Graduate Management Admission Council, 2017, https://www.gmac.com/-/media/files/gmac/research/research-report-series/2017-gmac-white-paper_what-women-want-web.pdf.

40. Ilana Kowarski, “U.S. News Data: A Portrait of the Typical MBA Student,” U.S. News, March 14, 2017, https://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/top-business-schools/articles/2017-03-14/us-news-data-a-portrait-of-the-typical-mba-student; Elizabeth Olson, “Women Make Up Majority of U.S. Law Students for First Time,” New York Times, December 16, 2016.

41. Robin J. Ely, Pamela Stone, Laurie Shannon, and Colleen Ammerman, Life & Leadership after HBS, Harvard Business School, 2015, https://www.hbs.edu/gender/faculty-research/life-and-leadership-after-hbs/Pages/default.aspx.

42. Mayo and Roberts, “Spheres of Influence.”

43. Nancy M. Carter and Christine Silva, Pipeline’s Broken Promise, Catalyst, 2010, http://www.catalyst.org/system/files/Pipeline’s_Broken_Promise_Final_021710.pdf.

44. Marianne Bertrand, Claudia Goldin, and Lawrence F. Katz, “Dynamics of the Gender Gap for Young Professionals in the Financial and Corporate Sectors,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, no. 3 (2010): 228–255.

45. Andrew Garthwaite, “Masters in Management Data Highlights Gender Pay Gap,” Financial Times, October 20, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/794ee6a8-ea4b-11e9-85f4-d00e5018f061.

46. Mayo and Roberts, “Spheres of Influence.”

47. “Community Conversation on Race: June 11, 2020,” Harvard Business School, 2020, https://www.hbs.edu/news/articles/Pages/community-conversation-on-race-june-2020.aspx.

48. “The First Tenured Women Professors at Harvard University,” https://hwpi.harvard.edu/files/faculty-diversity/files/timeline-final_32.pdf.

49. Regina Herzlinger and Joel Klein, “The IRS Can Save American Health Care,” Wall Street Journal, July 1, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-irs-can-save-american-health-care-1530477705; “Health Reimbursement Arrangements and Other Account-Based Group Health Plans,” Federal Register 84, no. 119 (June 20, 2019), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/06/20/2019-12571/health-reimbursement-arrangements-and-other-account-based-group-health-plans; Alexander Acosta, Steven Mnuchin and Alex Azar, “New Health Options for Small-Business Employees,” Wall Street Journal, October 22, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-health-options-for-small-business-employees-1540249941.