One of the biggest improvements introduced in Groovy 2.0 is the support for the invokedynamic instruction. The invokedynamic is a new JVM instruction available in Java 7, which allows easier implementation and promises increased speed and efficiency of dynamic languages (for example, Groovy).
Dynamic languages generate a bytecode that often necessitates a number of JVM method invocations to perform a single operation. Furthermore, reflection and dynamic proxies are used extensively, which comes with a costly performance toll. Also, the JIT (Just-In-Time) compiler that helps to improve the runtime performance of a JVM, cannot work its magic by applying optimization to the bytecode because it lacks information and patterns, which are normally possible to optimize. The new bytecode instruction, invokedynamic, is able to mitigate partially these issues, including support for better JIT optimization.
In this recipe, we will show how to run Groovy with the invokedynamic (also known as indy) support and Java 7.
The invokedynamic support is a compile-time and runtime feature only. In other words, a developer cannot use it from within the source code. What invokedynamic brings to Groovy 2.0 (and even more to 2.1) is basically improved runtime performance.
As explained in the introduction, Java 7 is the required version of the JVM to compile Groovy code that leverages the invokedynamic instruction:
- Make sure that Java 7 is your current JVM. Type
java -versionand confirm that the output mentions Version 7:java version "1.7.0_25" - The following steps will let us fully enable the
indysupport in your Groovy distribution. First of all rename or remove all the JAR files starting withgroovy-in thelibdirectory of your Groovy 2.xhomedirectory. - Replace them with the files in the
indydirectory located in the root of the Groovy distribution folder. - Remove the
-indyclassifier from the JAR names. - Finally, invoke either
groovyor thegroovyccompiler with the--indyflag to execute your code:groovy --indy my_script.groovy
It is important to note that if the --indy flag is omitted, the code will be compiled without the invokedynamic support, even if Java 7 is used and the Groovy JAR files have been replaced.
The performance gain introduced by the new JVM instruction greatly varies depending on a numbers of factors, including the actual JVM version and the type of code that is optimized. JVM support for the invokedynamic instruction improves at each version. The upcoming Java 8 will use invokedynamic to support lambda functions, so it is very likely that newer JVMs will offer even greater optimization. Given the current state of things, some benchmarks that we have run have shown an improvement of around 20 percent when given the same code compiled with the invokedynamic instruction enabled.
- The InvokeDynamic support documentation at http://groovy.codehaus.org/InvokeDynamic+support