Renewables
Charts
Chart 9.1 Range of global technical potentials of renewable sources. Source: Data from Moomaw, W., F. Yamba, M. Kamimoto, L. Maurice, J. Nyboer, K. Urama, T. Weir, 2011: Introduction. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C.von Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
Chart 9.2 Net generation of electricity by renewables 1985, 1995, 2009. Source: Data from United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, <http://www.eia.gov/countries/data.cfm>
Chart 9.3 Net generation of electricity from non-hydro renewables, top 20 nations, 2009. Source: Data from United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, <http://www.eia.gov/countries/data.cfm>
Chart 9.4 Net generation of electricity from non-hydro renewables, top 20 nations, by source of fuel, 2009. Source: Data from United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, <http://www.eia.gov/countries/data.cfm>
Chart 9.5 Thermal energy and electricity produced from renewable sources in the world, 2011. Source: Data from Weiss, Werner and Franz Mauthner. 2012. Solar Heat Worldwide, Markets and Contribution to the Energy Supply 2010, Edition 2012, (Gleisdorf, AEE - Institute for Sustainable Technologies; Paris, Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, International Energy Agency).
Chart 9.6 Global trends in renewable energy investment, by sector, 2004, 2007, 2011 (billion USD). WTE = waste-to-energy Source: Data from Frankfurt School of Finance and Management gGmbH. 2012. Global trends in renewable energy investment 2012, (Frankfurt, Frankfurt School of Finance and Management gGmbH).
Tables
Table 9.1
Estimates for renewable energy global technical potential (EJ/year)
• R.E.H. Sims, R.N. Schock, A. Adegbululgbe, J. Fenhann, I. Konstantinaviciute, W. Moomaw et al., Energy supply, B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (Eds.), Climate change 2007: mitigation, CUP, Cambridge, UK (2007), pp. 251–322.
• W. Hafele, Energy in a finite world: a global systems analysis, Ballinger, Cambridge, MA (1981).
• Lightfoot HD, Green C. An assessment of IPCC Working Group 111 findings in Climate Change 2001: mitigation of the potential contribution of renewable energies to atmospheric carbon dioxide stabilization. Centre for Climate and Global Change Research (C2GCR) C2GCR Report No. 2002–5, 2002.
• R. Gross, M. Leach, A. Bauen, Progress in renewable energy, Environ Int, 29 (2003), pp. 105–122.
• Johansson, Thomas B. J., Kes McCormick, Lena Neij, Wim Turkenburg. 2004.The Potentials of Renewable Energy: Thematic Background Paper for the International Conference for Renewable Energies, Bonn 2004.
• C.B. Field, J.E. Campbell, D.B. Lobell, Biomass energy: the scale of the potential resource, Trends Ecol Evol, 23 (2) (2008), pp. 65–72.
• G. Resch, A. Held, T. Faber, C. Panzer, F. Toro, R. Haas, Potentials and prospects for renewable energies at global scale, Energy Policy, 36 (2008), pp. 4048–4056.
• V.V. Klimenko, A.G. Tereshin, O.V. Mikushina, Global energy and climate of the planet in the XXI century in the context of historical trends, Russ J Gen Chem, 79 (11) (2009), pp. 2469–2476.
• A. Cho, Energy’s tricky tradeoffs, Science, 329 (2010), pp. 786–787.
• K. Tomabechi, Energy resources in the future, Energies, 3 (2010), pp. 686–695 doi:10.3390/en3040686
• World Energy Council (WEC), 2010 survey of energy resources, WEC, London (2010).
• Rogner, H.-H., F. Barthel, M. Cabrera, A. Faaij, M. Giroux, D. Hall, V. Kagramanian, S. Kononov, T. Lefevre, R. Moreira, R. Nötstaller, P. Odell, and M. Taylor (2000). Energy resources. In: World Energy Assessment. Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability. United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Energy Council, New York, USA, pp. 508.
• Krewitt, W., K. Nienhaus, C. Kleßmann, C. Capone, E. Stricker, W. Graus, M. Hoogwijk, N. Supersberger, U. von Winterfeld, and S. Samadi (2009). Role and Potential of Renewable Energy and Energy Effi ciency for Global Energy Supply. Climate Change 18/2009, ISSN 1862-4359, Federal Environment Agency, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany, pp. 336.
• Arvizu, D., T. Bruckner, H. Chum, O. Edenhofer, S. Estefen, A. Faaij, M. Fischedick, G. Hansen, G. Hiriart, O. Hohmeyer, K. G. T. Hollands, J. Huckerby, S. Kadner, Å. Killingtveit, A. Kumar, A. Lewis, O. Lucon, P. Matschoss, L. Maurice, M. Mirza, C. Mitchell, W. Moomaw, J. Moreira, L. J. Nilsson, J. Nyboer, R. Pichs-Madruga, J. Sathaye, J. Sawin, R. Schaeffer, T. Schei, S. Schlömer, K. Seyboth, R. Sims, G. Sinden, Y. Sokona, C. von Stechow, J. Steckel, A. Verbruggen, R. Wiser, F. Yamba, T. Zwickel, 2011: Technical Summary. In IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation [O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, K. Seyboth, P. Matschoss, S. Kadner, T. Zwickel, P. Eickemeier, G. Hansen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
cIncludes both electricity and direct heat.
ePrimary energy, i.e., energy before conversion to secondary or final energy
fGeothermal is estimated technically recoverable primary heat flow
Source: Adapated from Moriarty, Patrick, Damon Honnery. 2012. What is the global potential for renewable energy?, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Volume 16, Issue 1, Pages 244–252.