Coffee
Every day, more than two billion
cups of coffee are drunk by people
all around the world. It is valued
for its stimulant properties,
and for its complex flavors
and aromas.
From berry to bean
Coffee is an infusion of ground, roasted
beans that come from inside the berries
of shrubs belonging to the Coffea group of
plants. Once the berries have ripened on
the bush, they are picked and the pulpy
flesh must be removed from the beans
within. Sometimes they are left to dry and
ferment in the sun before the pulp is
removed; another method is to remove
most of the pulp first and then ferment the
bean. They are then washed and dried.
COFFEE
PLANT
Processing
The ripe berries are processed
to remove the outer skin, pulp, and
parchment. The end result is raw
green beans.
2
DRUM ROASTING
BEANS PROCESSED
Harvesting
When a coffee plant is five
years old or more, its berries can be
harvested. They are picked when
they have ripened from green to red.
1
Roasting
The green beans are roasted
(typically in a large drum) to bring
out the characteristic coffee aroma
and taste.
3
Pulp
Parchment
Bean
WHAT’S THE
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN ARABICA AND
ROBUSTA COFFEE?
Arabica has a more delicate,
sweeter flavor and is slower
growing—and so, more
expensive—than robusta,
which has twice
the caffeine.
US_154-155_Coffee.indd 154 18/01/2017 09:46
154
DRINKS
Coffee
155
Freeze-dried coffee
All types of instant coffee lose
flavor and caffeine during
manufacture, but freeze-
drying preserves more of
the aroma compounds.
Caffeine on the menu
The longer coffee is brewed, the more
caffeine is extracted. The espresso
method forces hot water through
grounds at high pressure, mobilizing
the volatile, flavorful oils without
extracting as much caffeine.
Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive
substance (one that alters mental processes) in the
world. The most notable effects of caffeine occur
after consumption of low-to-moderate amounts
(50–300mg—the recommended daily limit is 400mg).
They include increased alertness, energy, and ability
to concentrate. Large amounts can lead to negative
effects, such as anxiety and insomnia.
HOW CAFFEINE AFFECTS THE BODY
How instant
coffee is made
Instant coffee is coffee that
has been brewed and then
dried to a powder so that it
can be reconstituted simply
by adding water. There are
two methods for doing this:
either the liquid coffee is
sprayed into a hot, dry
atmosphere through a tiny
nozzle to give a superfine
mist, which quickly dries into
powder, or liquid coffee is
frozen and then freeze-dried,
with the water turning
directly from ice to gas.
How much caffeine?
Although tea leaves contain
more caffeine than coffee beans
(2–3 percent against 1–2 percent),
in brewing, much more caffeine is
extracted from coffee than from tea.
A typical cup of coffee may contain
about 50–100mg of caffeine, compared
to 20–50mg for a cup of tea. Different
methods of brewing can radically
alter the amount of caffeine that
is extracted from ground coffee.
LOW
Brain
Relieves fatigue;
can lead to
anxiety or
insomnia
Heart and
circulation
Raises blood
pressure;
increased risk
of irregular
heartbeat
Stomach
Excessive
consumption
linked to
heartburn
HIGH
Water
drawn out
of frozen
coffee
granules
2–12mg
8fl oz
(240ml)
B
r
e
w
e
d
d
e
c
a
f
f
e
i
n
a
t
e
d
0–15mg
1fl oz
(30ml)
E
s
p
r
e
s
s
o
d
e
c
a
f
f
e
i
n
a
t
e
d
2–12mg
8fl oz
(240ml)
I
n
s
t
a
n
t
d
e
c
a
f
f
e
i
n
a
t
e
d
47–75mg
1fl oz
(30ml)
E
s
p
r
e
s
s
o
47–75mg
8fl oz
(240ml)
O
n
e
-
s
h
o
t
c
a
p
p
u
c
c
i
n
o
95–200mg
8fl oz
(240ml)
B
r
e
w
e
d
27–173mg
8fl oz
(240ml)
I
n
s
t
a
n
t
CAFFEINE
10 MILLION TONS
OF COFFEE WERE
PRODUCED IN 2015
Kidneys
Diuretic;
increases risk
of kidney
stones
BREWED
COFFEE
FREEZER AND
GRANULATOR
VACUUM
CHAMBER
INSTANT
COFFEE
GRANULES
US_154-155_Coffee.indd 155 23/02/2017 11:34
154
DRINKS
Coffee
155
Freeze-dried coffee
All types of instant coffee lose
flavor and caffeine during
manufacture, but freeze-
drying preserves more of
the aroma compounds.
Caffeine on the menu
The longer coffee is brewed, the more
caffeine is extracted. The espresso
method forces hot water through
grounds at high pressure, mobilizing
the volatile, flavorful oils without
extracting as much caffeine.
Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive
substance (one that alters mental processes) in the
world. The most notable effects of caffeine occur
after consumption of low-to-moderate amounts
(50–300mg—the recommended daily limit is 400mg).
They include increased alertness, energy, and ability
to concentrate. Large amounts can lead to negative
effects, such as anxiety and insomnia.
HOW CAFFEINE AFFECTS THE BODY
How instant
coffee is made
Instant coffee is coffee that
has been brewed and then
dried to a powder so that it
can be reconstituted simply
by adding water. There are
two methods for doing this:
either the liquid coffee is
sprayed into a hot, dry
atmosphere through a tiny
nozzle to give a superfine
mist, which quickly dries into
powder, or liquid coffee is
frozen and then freeze-dried,
with the water turning
directly from ice to gas.
How much caffeine?
Although tea leaves contain
more caffeine than coffee beans
(2–3 percent against 1–2 percent),
in brewing, much more caffeine is
extracted from coffee than from tea.
A typical cup of coffee may contain
about 50–100mg of caffeine, compared
to 20–50mg for a cup of tea. Different
methods of brewing can radically
alter the amount of caffeine that
is extracted from ground coffee.
LOW
Brain
Relieves fatigue;
can lead to
anxiety or
insomnia
Heart and
circulation
Raises blood
pressure;
increased risk
of irregular
heartbeat
Stomach
Excessive
consumption
linked to
heartburn
HIGH
Water
drawn out
of frozen
coffee
granules
2–12mg
8fl oz
(240ml)
B
r
e
w
e
d
d
e
c
a
f
f
e
i
n
a
t
e
d
0–15mg
1fl oz
(30ml)
E
s
p
r
e
s
s
o
d
e
c
a
f
f
e
i
n
a
t
e
d
2–12mg
8fl oz
(240ml)
I
n
s
t
a
n
t
d
e
c
a
f
f
e
i
n
a
t
e
d
47–75mg
1fl oz
(30ml)
E
s
p
r
e
s
s
o
47–75mg
8fl oz
(240ml)
O
n
e
-
s
h
o
t
c
a
p
p
u
c
c
i
n
o
95–200mg
8fl oz
(240ml)
B
r
e
w
e
d
27–173mg
8fl oz
(240ml)
I
n
s
t
a
n
t
CAFFEINE
10 MILLION TONS
OF COFFEE WERE
PRODUCED IN 2015
Kidneys
Diuretic;
increases risk
of kidney
stones
BREWED
COFFEE
FREEZER AND
GRANULATOR
VACUUM
CHAMBER
INSTANT
COFFEE
GRANULES
US_154-155_Coffee.indd 155 23/02/2017 11:34
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