Note: Page numbers followed by “f”or “t”denote figures and tables, respectively
acceptable use policy (AUP), 75–78, 84–85
access. See Internet access and usage
Adams, Rick, 76–77, 154n35, 163
adaptation conundrum, 216–18, 242
adoption, factors in, 102, 266–67
Advanced Network Services (ANS), 77–81, 84, 87, 165, 231
advertising-supported media, 263–64, 371–86
Aironet, 403
Akamai, 294
Alcatel, 168
Allen, Paul, 303
Allison, Jeremy, 195
Alta Vista, 265
Amazon, 220, 254, 340, 354, 356
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 145
Ameritech, 90
Anderson Consulting (Accenture), 287
Andreessen, Marc, 99f, 108–18, 185, 321
ANS. See Advanced Network Services (ANS)
antitrust law, 33, 35, 36, 37, 81, 83, 148, 150, 151, 197, 304, 307, 323, 324, 325, 326, 328, 331, 361, 434–35, 436
AOL, 141, 222, 254, 340; ANS bought by, 165; content provision by, 236–37; and dot-com bust, 354; and electronic mail, 138; growth of, 268; as ISP, 231, 232, 412; marketing strategy of, 143; Microsoft’s relationship with, 142, 318–19; and pricing, 224, 225, 227–29; and Time Warner merger, 357–58
Apple Airport, 395
application programming interfaces (APIs), 177, 193, 196, 315
Applied Semantics, 385
assemblers, 317
AT&T, 8–9, 148, 231; carrier services offered by, 83n29, 297; divestiture agreement involving, 33, 35–38, 83; Internet investment by, 169; pricing by, 224–27
backbone providers, 38, 49–55, 55f, 69–82, 78f, 87–90, 128–29, 153–54, 156, 231, 297–98, 426
backward compatibility, 103
Baidu, 369n10
Barksdale, Jim, 114
Baxter, William F., Jr., 8–9, 33, 35–37
BBN. See Bolt, Beranek and Newman
BBNNET, 169
BBSs. See bulletin board services
Behlendorf, Brian, 120
Bell Atlantic, 298
benchmarking, 440
Berners-Lee, Tim, 61n45, 98f, 100, 102–6, 109, 154, 207–10, 220, 313, 371, 438
best-effort routing, 87
Bitnet, 48
Blockbuster, 362
Bluetooth, 403
Blumenthal, Marjory, 41
Boardwatch Magazine, 132, 139, 139t, 232
Boies, David, 327
Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN), 26, 45, 51n25, 218, 231
Booz-Allen, 287
border gateway protocol (BGP), 87n35
Brandt, Jan, 143
Brewer, Eric, 369n10
Brilliant, Larry, 144n18
Brin, Sergey, 9, 365–70, 366f, 390–91
browsers: development of, 16, 97–98, 100–111, 155; Microsoft’s, 122–25, 176–79, 221, 249, 304–23; Netscape’s, 100, 163, 176–79, 220
bulletin board services (BBSs), 16, 132–56; Internet compared to, 134–35, 142; and ISPs, 138–39, 143; ISPs and, 153–54; national online service providers, 141–43; overview of, 133; pornography supplied by, 145–47; specialized online service providers, 144–45; telephone companies’ relations with, 140–41, 148; types of, 141
Bush, George, Jr., 34f, 68–70, 330
businesses, adoption of Internet by, 268–70. See also electronic commerce
business process innovations, 282–87
Cailliau, Robert, 99f, 102, 105
capital deepening, 290–95, 291f, 298–300
capitalism, and creative destruction, 5–6
carpet bombing marketing strategy, 143, 229, 237
Case, Jeff, 45n
Case, Steve, 142n, 143, 228n, 319
catalog companies, 274–76, 285
cellular telephony, 224
Cerf, Vinton (Vint), 34f, 45, 56, 70n, 187, 187n
CERN, 100, 100n, 102–4, 106, 209
Champaign-Urbana metropolitan area, 54n30, 55f, 78f, 97, 100, 111, 113, 114, 115, 119
circular conundrum, 217–19, 242
Cisco, 51, 51n25, 164, 166, 167–68, 181, 254, 340, 354, 360
CIX. See Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX)
Clark, David, 41, 56, 188f, 202–3
Clark, James H. (Jim), 112–17, 159, 160f, 185
Clarke, Arthur C., 2001: A Space Odyssey, 97–98
CLECs. See competitive local exchange companies
click-through rates, 382
client-server computing, 165
coinvention, 219n, 284–90, 426
Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX), 80–82, 89, 436
commercialization: blossoming of, 16–19, 17t, 158t, 422–23; defined, 5; forecasting errors concerning, 170–81; hesitations in process of, 159–86; innovation in relation to, 5; misunderstandings about, 283–86; from non-profit sector, 116–19
Committee 802, 393, 396, 401, 407–8, 414
Communication Act, 397
Communications Decency Act, 152
competition: of carrier services, 83–85, 90; drawbacks of, 47, 85; innovation encouraged by, 440; in inventive specialization, 47; in the new economy, 251–52; of viewpoints, 428–29
competitive local exchange companies (CLECs), 296–97, 351–52
compliance, 59
CompuServe, 138, 163, 188, 222, 229, 237, 268, 360
Computers I, II, and III, 148–52, 433, 435, 437
copyright, 389
costs: of Internet for NSF, 28–29; nonmonetary, 285–86
creative destruction, 5–6, 331–34, 427–28, 430
Crocker, David, 46
Crocker, Stephen, 126
CSNET, 48
DARPA. See Department of Advanced Research Projects Agency
data carrier services, 291, 297
decentralization, 38–39, 50, 98, 200–205, 420–21
Dell, Michael, 315–16, 392, 395–96
Dell Computer, 315–16, 395–96, 408
Department of Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 24–26, 24n9, 28n16, 42, 49, 128n43
DePuy, Chris, 253
Dertouzos, Michael, 210
DFJ. See Draper, Fisher, and Jurvetson
dial-up access, 222, 226, 297–98
Digital Equipment Corporation, 47n19, 166n6
Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 152, 389
disintermediation, 254, 254n23
dispute resolution, 62
disruptive technology, 254, 254n21
divided technical leadership, 84–87
DOD. See US Defense Department
Doerr, L. John, 114
DOJ. See US Justice Department
domain name system, 48, 90–95, 250
dot-com boom: bust after, 249, 282, 350–56; cheerleaders of, 344–47; factors in, 340–44; financial missteps in, 348–50; and Internet participation, 249–53; IPOs in, 181; prevailing views underlying, 7, 339–64
DoubleClick, 373
Draper, Fisher, and Jurvetson (DFJ), 243–47
Draper, Tim, 243, 244f, 245–46
EarthLink, 231
Ebbers, Bernie, 361
e-commerce. See electronic commerce
economic archetypes, 10, 425–31
economic experiments, 392, 398, 403, 408–11, 415–16, 423–24
economic growth, lessons for, 440–42
electronic commerce: business process innovations and, 283–84; catalog companies and, 274–76; entrepreneurship in, 262–63
electronic data interchange (EDI), 165
electronic financial planning, 270
electronic mail: and business adoption, 270; for business enterprises, 171–73; development of, 43, 46–47, 46n16; early research on, 25, 27; ISPs offering, 268; percentage of Internet use represented by, 292; web-based, 244–47
e-mail. See electronic mail
Encarta, 197
Encyclopædia Britannica, 138, 220
end-to-end networks, 40–42, 202
enhanced service providers, 148
entrepreneurial entry, 257–65, 288, 439
E-rate program, 296
Estrada, Susan, 80
ethics, 303, 315–20, 323–25, 349, 360–62
exceptionalism. See Internet exceptionalism
Exchange server, 270
fair use, 388
FCC. See Federal Communications Commission
Federal Aviation Administration, 70
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 58, 148–52, 295, 297n46, 352, 392, 397–401, 435, 437, 439
Ferguson, Charles, 110, 182, 184, 185
file transfer, 25
Firefox, 323
FirePower Systems, 244
Fisher, John, 243
fixed-line access, 222
flat rate pricing, 224–25, 228, 230–31, 236
flexibility, 415
Fowler, Mark, 399
funded entrants, 259–62, 260–61f
Garcia-Molina, Hector, 9, 366–68
Gates, Bill, 19, 122, 123, 140, 142n, 160f, 172–79, 303–31, 440
Gauthier, Paul, 369n10
General Telephone and Electric (GTE), 83n29
Genuity, 298
geography: and enhancement, 290; and entrepreneurial entry, 258–59; of Internet access and usage, 233, 234f, 235; and Internet exceptionalism, 255; ISPs and, 231–36, 234f; mid-level networks and, 54–55; and network access points, 88–89, 89n; pornography and, 146–47
Gerstner, Lou, Jr., 166–67, 272–73, 273f, 277, 281
get big fast strategy, 251–52, 254, 359
go-it-alone myth, 286
gold rush, 9, 16, 159–63, 184, 259, 422
Google, 9, 19, 21, 365–91; and advertising, 372, 375–86; advertising-supported search services of, 14; ambiguity of incentives for, 388–89; factors in success of, 383–84, 390; origins of, 365–70; search strategy of, 265; virtuous cycle at, 387–88
Gore, Al, 51n26, 65, 66f, 67–70, 107, 296
Gore tax, 296
governance, 40, 49–64; economic consequences of, 63–64; groups responsible for, 49–50; IAB and, 56–59; mid-level networks and, 53–56; by NSF, 29, 38, 49–55, 69, 126–28
government policies and role, 10, 431–37; after privatization, 433–36; changes in (1990s), 295–98; Gore and, 68–70; government funding, 125–29; innovation fostered by, 12, 435; in Internet development, 6–7, 14–15, 22, 70–80; in technology development, 22, 72
Griliches, Zvi, 215–16, 218, 233
grocery delivery services, 335–38
Grove, Andy, 140, 249, 255, 338
Hancock, Ellen, 281n13
Hanson, Ward, 288
Harris Semiconductor, 403
Hickey, Fred, 344
High-Performance Computing Act, 69, 107
honest policy wonks, 73–74, 96
HoTMaiL, 243–48, 258, 268, 270, 292, 340
household service and home usage, 138, 143, 225–27, 265–68, 266f, 267t, 294. See also Internet access and usage
HTTP. See Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Hundt, Reed, 399
hypertext, 61n45, 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 208
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), 100, 104, 106, 119, 120, 208, 223
IAB. See Internet Architecture Board
IBM, 181; antitrust case against, 33, 35; carrier services offered by, 84, 297; and commercialization of the Internet, 164–67; competition for, 77; crisis at, 272–74, 280; Internet investment by, 169; Internet services provided by, 274–82, 424; and Internet upgrade, 51–53, 52n28; and local area networking, 47n19; networking equipment produced by, 51; and personal computers, 37; and privatization, 77–82, 86; rebirth of, 277–82; routers made by, 51n25
IBM Global Network, 231
ICANN. See Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
iconoclasts, 155–56. See also wild ducks
ICQ, 340
IE. See Internet Explorer
IEEE. See Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF. See Internet Engineering Task Force
ILECs. See incumbent local exchange companies
impatience, in investment/entrepreneurship, 18, 299–300, 335, 338, 356–62, 423–24, 439
incumbent local exchange companies (ILECs), 296
influential institutions, 10, 437–40
Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), 128
initial public offerings (IPOs), 180–81
innovation: commercialization in relation to, 5; competition as spur to, 440; defined, 5; government policies as aid to, 12; openness and, 205–7; wild ducks, 130–32
innovation from the edges, 419–42; browser wars and, 19; contributions of, 419–20; defined, 10–11; economic archetypes for, 425; end-to-end networks and, 42; Google as example of, 390; Microsoft’s hindrance of, 332–34; opposition to, 428; original meaning of, 10; policies encouraging, 435
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 392, 401, 438
institutions. See influential institutions
Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN), 136
Intel, 18, 47n19, 58, 140, 181, 405–8
interconnection, 80–81, 87–90, 432. See also routers
interest rates, 355
international communications, 137
International Telecommunications Union, 59
Internet: advantages of, 63–64; architecture of, 39–42; BBSs compared to, 134–35, 142; commercialization of, 5, 8–9; cost of, 126–28, 128n44; decentralization’s role in growth of, 37–39; deployment of, 4–8; duration of, 229; governance of, 14, 40, 49–64; government policies affecting, 14–15; growth of, 126; innovation of, 5; name of, 28; NSF governance of, 29, 38, 49–55; origins of, 22–30, 65, 67–68; OSI as rival of, 59–60; “packaging”of, 187–89; PCs compared to, 189–90; speeds of, 51, 51n26, 69; traffic on, 292–94, 293t; in United States, 6–7; upgrade of, 51–53, 69; value chain for, 189; value of, 12; World Wide Web in relation to, 15
Internet access and usage: duration of, 226; geography of, 233, 234f, 235; household, 266–68, 266f, 267t; pricing, 223–25; revenue from, 241–42, 242t. See also household service and home usage
Internet Activities Board (IAB), 50. See also Internet Architecture Board
Internet Architecture Board (IAB), 56–59, 61–62, 64, 85, 199, 203
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 95, 152
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), 198–99
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 57, 57n, 61–63, 73, 198–204, 203, 206–11, 213, 414, 421, 433, 436–38
Internet exceptionalism, 19, 253–57, 424–25; dot-com boom and, 338–64; factual basis for, 342–43; failure of, 282–83; forms of, 342; geography and, 255; as misconception, 7–8; premises of, 253–55; skepticism about, 255–57
Internet Explorer (IE), 123–24, 176, 307, 311, 316–19, 322–24
Internet participation, 249–50
Internet service providers (ISPs), 16, 218–42; BBSs and, 138–39, 143, 153–54; Boardwatch list of, 139t; differentiation of, 236–41; and geography, 231–36, 234f; home pages of, 236; importance of, 221–23; and pricing, 223–42; proliferation of, 232; revenue of, 242; services offered by, 240t, 410; small, 232–33; types of, 231–32; value chain for, 221–22
Internet Tax Freedom Act, 152, 296
“Internet Tidal Wave,”122, 176–77, 212, 258, 305
Intersil, 407
Intuit, 197
inventive specialization, 42–49, 101, 248, 384
investment. See capital deepening
IPO spinning, 349
irrational exuberance, 356–57, 360
ISPs. See Internet service providers
Jackson, Thomas Penfield, 303, 327–30
Johnson, Clarence “Kelly,”175n19
Joy, Bill, 117
Jurvetson, Steve, 243, 244f, 245–46
Kahn, Robert E. (Bob), 34f, 56, 70n, 187n
Kapor, Mitch, 81n
Karn, Phil, 45n
Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 29–30
Kierkegaard, Søren, 130
killer apps, 121, 250, 275, 287, 426
Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield, and Byers, 113–14
Krol, Ed, 55
laddering, 349
layers, 47n20
learning externalities, 411–16
Leno, Jay, 67
LexisNexis, 142
Li, Robin (Yanhong), 369n10
Linux, 233
local access providers, 231, 235
local area networking, 47n19, 48
local telephone service, 134
Lott, Trent, 67
Lotus, 292
Lycos, 264
Magaziner, Ira, 151
mainframes, 41n
Mansfield Amendment, 25, 25n12
market incentives, 409
Marshall, John, 162
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 106, 111, 210
McCool, Robert, 120
MCI, 51–53, 52n28, 81–82, 83n29, 86, 138, 164, 168–69, 181, 218, 231, 298, 361
MCImail, 270
McNealy, Scott, 197
meritocracy. See technical meritocracy
Merrill Lynch, 346
Metamor Worldwide, 358
Metropolitan Area Exchanges (MAEs), 89–90
Metropolitan Fiber Company, 360
Metropolitan Fiber Systems, 90
Microsoft, 18, 19, 58, 109, 232; antitrust suit against, 323–31; and antitrust trial, 307–8; AOL’s relationship with, 142, 318–19; attitudes toward, 191–97; browser of, 122–25, 176–79, 221, 249, 304–23; coercive actions by, 315–20, 323–25; and electronic mail, 270, 292; forecasting errors made by, 170–81; and HoTMaiL, 247; and Intel, 140; Internet strategy of, 310–14, 424; Netscape’s rivalry with, 211–12, 220, 304–23; online service of, 142–43; organization and leadership of, 305, 312–13; and portals, 264; proprietary processes of, 190–97, 206–7; and server software, 120, 121; and the World Wide Web, 211–14
Microsoft Network (MSN), 142–43, 170–71, 197, 225, 228n, 237, 319
MindSpring, 231
modems and modem banks, 223, 226–27, 239, 241
monopolies: and domain names, 93–94; and innovation, 6, 84; NAPs and, 88
Morgan Stanley, 252
Mosaic browser, 69, 97–98, 100, 105, 107–16, 118, 176, 187
Mosaic Communications Company, 112–15, 118
motherboards, 407
MSN. See Microsoft Network
NAPs. See network access points
NASDAQ, 353f
national access providers, 231–32, 235
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 70
National Cash Register (NCR), 402
National Center for Super Computing Applications (NCSA), 69, 107–11, 114, 119–21
National Science Foundation (NSF), 9, 13, 433; charter of, 74, 84–85, 436; and Google, 19, 365–68; governance of Internet by, 29, 38, 49–55, 69, 126–28; and growth of the Internet, 38; industry’s relation to, 74–75; network interconnection plan of, 87–90; and origins of the Internet, 24, 27–29; and privatization, 72–90, 220, 432
National Security Administration, 70
Netscape, 19, 249, 254, 268, 340; and antitrust trial, 307–8; browser of, 100, 163, 176–79, 220; decline of, 321–23; and electronic mail, 292; and gold rush, 159; IPO of, 180–81, 308; Microsoft’s rivalry with, 211–12, 220, 304–23; openness fostered by, 213; origins of, 111, 115–16; and portals, 264; pricing strategy of, 309; and server software, 121; University of Illinois’s relations with, 115–16, 118–19, 124
Netware, 137
network access points (NAPs), 88–90, 432
network administrators, 50
network effects, 18, 299, 423, 427
new economy, 251–52, 256–57, 353–54
Nokia, 403
norms, technical, 44, 44n13, 61
Nortel, 168
NSF. See National Science Foundation
NSFNET, 29, 52–53, 73–80, 78f, 82–84, 86, 272
Office suite, 305
open platforms, 190–91, 212–14, 333–34, 427
open systems interconnection (OSI) model, 7, 23, 59–60, 137, 172–73, 200, 203
original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), 317, 406–8
OS/2, 166
OSI. See open systems interconnection (OSI) model
Outlook, 270
overlays, 295
Ozzie, Ray, 172
Pacific Bell, 89
packet switching networks, 24–28, 25n12. See also TCP/IP
Page, Larry, 9, 365–70, 366f, 390–91
Page-Rank, 369
partnerships, 140
Partridge, Craig, 45
pay-for-placement advertising, 379
pay-per-click advertising, 381–82
pay-to-impression advertising, 381–82
pay-to-list strategy, 376
PCs. See personal computers
Peapod, 336
peering, 294
personal computers (PCs), 18, 189–90, 265–66
Peterschmidt, Dave, 369n10
piracy, 389
platforms: defined, 192; functions performed by, 40, 192; open, 190–91, 212–14, 333–34, 427; overview of, 39–40; proprietary, 190–97, 212–14, 333–34, 427
plugfests, 199
point-of-presence (POP), 226
point-to-point protocol (PPP), 154n35
policy. See government policies
POP. See point-of-presence
portals, 236–38, 264–65, 372, 376, 389
Postel, Jon, 58n, 91–92, 94–95
power, 11
prevailing views, 339–40, 363, 370–71
pricing: AOL and, 224, 225, 227–29; flat rate, 224–25, 228, 230–31, 236; Internet access and usage, 223–25; ISPs and, 223–42; Netscape and, 309; tensions in, 229–42; usage, 224, 228
pricing experiments, 410
privatization: complexity of, 185; of domain name system, 91–92; last mile problem and, 135–40; proposals for, 29–30; significance of, 12–13; transition to, 14–16, 15t, 32t, 72–90, 95–96, 421–22
productivity myth, 283
proof of concept, 43
property rights, 118
proprietary platforms, 190–97, 212–14, 333–34, 427
Protean, 51n25
protocols, 24
PSINet, 76–80, 79–81, 84, 153, 162, 181, 218, 222, 231, 358
pure play, 254, 254n22, 258, 263
Quarterman, John, 56
Quayle, Dan, 67
Rand Corporation, 22
RankDex, 369n10
Reiger, Bob, 154
Reno, Janet, 326
Request for Comments (RFCs), 57–58, 198, 201
returns on investment, 181–82, 183t
RIPE, 101
Rosenberg, Nathan, 392
rough consensus and running code, 202–3
routers, 51, 51n25. See also interconnection
Sandburg, Carl, 249n
San Francisco Bay Area, 258
SAP, 193
Schoffstall, Martin, 76–77, 81n, 162–63
Schrader, William (Bill), 76–77, 79–80, 162, 358
Schumpeter, Joseph, 5–6, 12, 427
search engines, 265, 368–69, 375–76, 379–80, 386, 425
second-price auction, 380–81, 385
self-publishing web pages, 154
Senate Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space, 69
September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 249, 302t, 330, 354
serial line Internet protocol (SLIP), 154n35
Sheehan, George, 335
Silicon Graphics, 112
Silicon Valley, 112, 258–59, 370
Silverberg, Brad, 175
Slivka, Ben, 176–77, 185; “The Web Is the Next Platform,”176
SMTP, 173
snowflake fallacy, 351, 353n33, 354
Sony, 220
specialization. See inventive specialization
spreadsheets, 270
Sprint, 77, 81, 83n29, 90, 169, 218, 231, 361
Spry Technologies, 187–88, 222
Spyglass, 111, 113–16, 118–19, 121, 123–25, 307
standards: BBS, 142; for browsers, 172–77; democratic development of, 437–38; IETF, 57–58; open, 201, 206, 212–13, 309; of platforms, 190–200; platforms and, 39–40; for TCP/IP, 47, 59; uniformity vs. diversity of, 440–41; for the web, 106, 119, 121–22, 155, 208–11; for Wi-Fi, 393, 401, 405, 408
Starbucks, 404
stealth strategy, 378
Stoll, Clifford, 243
Subcommittee 802.11, 393, 401–2
SUN Microsystems, 117, 166, 197, 324–25
supercomputers, 27
surfing, commercialization of, 386
Sutter, John, 161
Symbol Technologies, 403
taxation, 296
TCP/IP: BBSs and, 133; compatibility with, 28n16, 55, 64, 102, 171; explained, 27–28; fundamental nature of, 27–28, 40, 42, 59, 63; international use of, 101, 137; and local area networking, 48; military backing of, 27–28, 28n16; origins of, 187n; OSI in relation to, 60; spread of, 63n; standards of, 47; telephone service for, 136
technical meritocracy, 44–49, 59, 325–26
Telecommunications Act, 151, 295–96, 352
telephone companies and services: BBSs’ relations with, 140–41, 148; local, 134; rules and regulations for, 148–52, 296–97; TCP/IP and, 136
Texas Instruments, 407
third-party tracking, 373
3Com, 47n19, 51, 166, 168, 403
T-Mobile, 404
transparency, 438
Tupperware, 246
Turner, Fred, 44n13
Ungermann-Bass, 51
uniform resource locator (URL), 208, 208n27
unintended/unexpected consequences, 49, 118, 124
United Nations, International Telecommunications Union, 59
United Parcel Service (UPS), 279–80
United States: commercialization of Internet in, 83; Internet’s deployment in, 6–7
universal resource identifier (URI), 208, 208n27
University of California at Berkeley, 117
University of Illinois, 107, 111–12, 115, 117–25
University of Minnesota, 105
Unix, 58–59, 106, 121, 137, 171, 233, 304–23
Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII), 399
unlimited plans. See flat rate pricing
US Census Bureau, 70
US Commerce Department, 95
US Defense Department (DOD), 24, 56, 58–59, 70, 433
US Justice Department (DOJ), 33, 35–36, 197, 298, 326, 361
UUCP, 48
UUNET, 76–78, 80, 84, 145, 153, 162, 181, 218, 222, 231, 297, 298, 360
venture capitalists (VCs), 182, 184, 185, 243, 245, 246, 335, 344, 354, 370
Verizon, 298
Vermeer, 182, 184, 220, 258, 314, 340
virtuous cycles, 18, 40, 387–88, 423
Wall Street, and the dot-com boom, 344–50
Watson, Thomas J., Jr., 130–31
Watson, Thomas J., Sr., 130
web. See World Wide Web
WECA. See Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance
WELL. See Whole Earth ’Lectronic Link
Wellfleet, 51n25
whipsaw effect, 360
White House. See Executive Branch
Whole Earth ’Lectronic Link (WELL), 144, 144n18
wide area information servers (WAIS), 104
Wi-Fi, 13–14, 21, 392–416, 425; growth of, 403–9; lessons learned from, 409–16; for mass market, 394–96; name of, 404, 404n25; origins of, 397–401; rules for, 397–401; software for, 401–2
wild ducks, 130–32, 135, 175. See also iconoclasts
WIMP, 121
Windows 3.0/3.1, 154, 170, 193
Windows 95, 123, 124, 137, 170–71, 174, 179, 191–94, 207, 220, 305–8
Windows XP, 396
Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance (WECA), 403–4
wireless Internet access. See Wi-Fi
Wladawsky-Berger, Irving, 272, 273f, 275–81
Wolff, Stephen, 29, 34f, 38, 52n28, 53, 73, 79–80, 82, 162, 291
word processing, 270
working prototypes, 43–44, 62, 185
WorldCom, 81, 292, 297, 298, 350, 360–61
World Wide Web: development of, 102–6, 207–11; Internet in relation to, 15; Microsoft and, 211–14; proposal for, 61n45
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 102, 106, 210, 313, 414, 421, 438
X-400, 173
Yahoo, 220, 254, 258, 264, 265, 270, 340, 354, 373, 376–78
Yahoo Mail, 268