Index

A

3G (Third generation mobile communications technology), 213

Á là carte channels, 34

ABC-Disney, 207

Ad skipping, 35

Ad timeliness, 37

Ad-zapping, 199, 229

Adobe Systems, 29, 196

Advance Audio Coding (AAC), 96, 98, 213

Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC), 213

Advanced Video Coding (AVC), 97

Advertising servers, 124, 128–129, 134

AL Jazeera, 20

Alcatel Bell, 206

Alternative architectures, 66

Circuit technology, 67

Shared super head end, 67

Amdocs, 59

Amino AmiNET 110, 44

Analog RCA Jacks, 156

AOL, 12, 39, 208, 210

Apple Computer, 101, 117, 173, 178, 208, 211

Apple Video iPod, 25

Archive servers, 124

ASF file format, 179

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), 139–141, 198, 213

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), 146, 213

AT&T, 3, 28, 67, 210, 218

AT&T Broadband TV

and Internet Video, 28–29

and IPTV, 28

Audio Compression, 98

Audio/video synchronization see Lip sync

Avails, 35, 128, 214

B

B Frame, 92, 93, 94, 214

Bandwidth, 135, 214

Calculation, 145–147

Channel changing, 147–149

DSL technologies, 137–141

ADSL, 139–141

DSL deployment, 141

VDSL, 139–141

DSLAM, 142

Fiber-based future, 150–151

Home gateway, 142

CAT6, 143

coax, 143

home networking growth, 144

HPNA, 144

on-demand, network smashing future, 143

Installation and power issues, 151

Multiple televisions, 144–145

for Triple-play and HDTV future, 149–150

BBC, 20, 169, 197

Bernstein research, 209

Best Data 542 Four Port Ethernet switch/router, 44

Bit errors, 109, 112–113

Bit-for-bit file, 86

Bloomberg Television, 170

Broadband, 175, 214

Network growth, 87–88

BSkyB, 197

BT, 197

Business challenges, of IPTV

Permission, 68

Reaching existing homes, 68

Return on investments, 68

Business models, 31

Canby Telcom, 43–46

Internet Video System, 39–43

advertising supported, 42

cost element, 40

free and user-contributed content, 42–43

via IPTV, 39

pay-per-view, 40–41

rights purchase/podcasting, 41

subscription, 41

IPTV, 32

à là carte channels, 34

Canby Telcom, 43–46

interactive TV, 37–38

local Advertising, 35

quadruple play, 38

subscription service, 34

triple play, 38

VOD, 35–37

walled garden, 39

C

Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS), 77

Cable modems, 76–77

Cache, 214

Calix C7 Multiservice Access Platform, 44

Canby Telcom, 43–46

Investment, 45–46

Services offered, 44–45

System construction, 44

Capture, 214

CAT5 (Category5 Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable), 76, 214

CAT6 (Category6 Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable), 76, 143, 214

CATV (Community Antenna Television), 6, 10, 14, 35, 74, 77, 125, 214

NTL/Telewest, 15

CBS Digital Media, 205

Central Office (CO), 49, 54–55, 215

Centralized versus distributed servers, 126

Channel changing, 147–149, 163

China Telecom, 208

Circuit technology, 67

Closed Captioning, 215

CNBC, 202

CNN, 20, 33, 128, 170

Coax, 143, 144, 152

Coaxial, 215

Codec, 215

Commercial zapping, 132, 161

Component video, 157

Conditional Access, 113–117, 214

Hardware-based technologies, 160

Personal computers, 116–117

Smart cards, 114–115

Software-based technologies, 160

Watermarking, 115–116

Conditional Access System, 57, 214

Content delivery networks (CDN), 129, 215

Content preparation system, 60–61

Content processors, 44, 53

Content Scramble System (CSS), 215

Continuous content streams, 19–20

Corporate video, 187–188

D

Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS), 77

Decoder, 93–94, 97, 108, 215

Non-Microsoft, 179

RealNetwork, 180

Software-only decoders, 96

layer III, 99

in STB, 146

Deutsche Telekom, 12, 139

Dial-up connection, 5, 22, 25, 174

Digital head end, 45

Digital Media, 142, 176, 205, 207

Digital rights management (DRM), 10, 58, 66, 117, 130, 160, 215

for Free content, 118–119

Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM), 18, 54–55, 85, 138, 142, 216

Digital subscriber lines see DSL

Digital Television (DTV), 95, 216

Digital Turnaround, 102–103, 215

Transcoding, 102–103

Transrating, 103

Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), 103, 104, 199, 216

Digital video, 1

Digital Video Broadcasting – Handheld (DVB-H), 216

Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), 166, 216

Digital video recorder see Personal video recorder

Digital Visual Interface (DVI), 157–158, 216

Direct-to-Home (DTH), 216

Discrete content elements, 23–24

Dolby AC-3 Audio, 99

Domain Name System (DNS), 79, 215

Dotted decimal, 78–79

Download and play, 171, 172, 183, 189, 215

Downloading, 171–172

DSL, 18, 77–78, 137, 216

ADSL, 139–140

Deployment, 141

Home gateway, 142

CAT6, 143

coax, 143

home networking, 144

HPNA, 144

on-demand, network smashing future, 143

Modem, 55

Network components, 137–138

Service type options, 139

Splitter, 55

VDSL, 140

DSL deployment, 141

DSL modem, 55

DSL splitter, 55

E

EBay, 195

Electronic Program Guide (EPG), 20, 56–57, 163, 217

Elementary Stream, 217

Emergency Alert System (EAS), 59, 217

Encoder, 108, 109, 179, 217

Layer III, 98

Non-Microsoft, 179

RealNetwork, 180

Encryption, 10, 44, 58, 114, 217

Key, 220

and Rights management, 130

Entone Technologies, 144

ESPN, 20, 33

ESPN2, 33

Ethernet, 74, 75–76

Cabling, 5

Hubs, 79

Port, 6, 7

Switches, 7, 44, 54, 79

Everything-on-demand (EOD), 198–200, 217

Experts view

Business leaders view, 206–207

Geeks view, 209–210

Pundits view, 208–209

F

Fair Play DRM system, 117–118

FCC's Wireline Competition Bureau, 8

Feeder Plant, 138, 217

Fiber optic audio, 158–159

Fiber to the Home (FTTH), 67, 217

Fiber-based future

PON, 150–151

File servers, 123

Final Cut Pro, 178

Firewall, 173, 217

Forward Error Correction (FEC), 113, 217

Fox Sports, 33

Frames, 92, 93, 94

France Telecom, 3, 12, 14, 139, 210

Free video on demand (FVOD), 36

Future, of IP video, 193

Expectations, 198–201

channels for all, 200–201

EOD, 198–200

Final reflections, 205–212

History, 193

advanced technology, 197–198

business drivers, 195–197

Meat grinder or metamorphosis, 210–212

Portable media, 201

in 2021, 204–205

mobile, 203–204

network valuation, 202

G

Gigabit Ethernet (GigE), 218

Gigabit Ethernet interface cards, 7

Gigabit per second (Gbps), 218

Gigabyte (GB), 217

GigE, 75, 76, 78, 143, 151

Google, 4, 24, 169, 194, 196, 208

Graeme Packman, 12

Groups of Pictures (GOP), 92, 148, 218

Bit rate, 93

Channel change timing, 93–94

Error tolerance, 94

Frames, 92

Length, impact of, 92–93

H

HaiVision Systems, 145

Hard disk drive, of STB, 161–162

Push VOD, 161

PVR, 161

Hardware architecture, of IPTV

Client PC, 63

Content preparation system, 60–61

Live streaming server, 62–63

Video server, 62

Web server, 61–62

Head End, 218

Hearst Corporation, 29

Helix servers, 180

High Definition (HD), 63, 140, 218

High Definition Television (HDTV), 218

High-Bandwidth Digital Content Protection (HDCP), 158, 218

High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), 158, 218

Home gateway, 56, 142–144, 218

CAT6, 143

Coax, 143

Home networking growth, 144

HPNA, 144

On-demand, network smashing future, 143

Home Phoneline Networking Alliances (HPNA), 144, 155, 218

Homes passed (HP), 141

Hub, 79, 219

Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC), 218

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), 6, 75, 81, 218

I

I Frame, 92, 93, 94, 149, 219

IBM, 144, 193

IGMP see multicasting technology

Impulse PPV, 219

Ingest servers, 123

Installation and power issues, of PON, 151

Integrated Receiver/Decoder (IRD), 220

Intel, 144, 158

Interactive program guide, 56, 57

Interactive TV (iTV), 37–38, 219

Interactivity, 54, 163–164, 184

Intermix Media, 196

International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 220

Internet, 219

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority(IANA), 6

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 220

Internet Protocol see IP

Internet Service Provider (ISP), 12

Internet streaming, 169

Advantages and disadvantages, 183

and Downloading, 171–172

Content creation workflows, 184

Format selection, 181–182

and IPTV, 168, 170

Media players, 175–176

Server, 174–175

System architecture, 174–177

Types of, 171

technology, 174–177

webcasting, 173

Using scenarios, 186

Internet Video, 17, 22–25, 39–43, 68–69, 219

Consumer PCs, viewed on, 25

Content offerings, 24

Discrete content elements, 23–24

Internet delivery, 25

and IPTV, key differences, 26

Multiple content formats, 24–25

Network, 22–23

Uses, 25

Internet Video system construction, of IPTV, 59

Hardware architecture, 60

client PC, 63

content preparation system, 60–61

live streaming server, 62–63

video server, 62

web server, 61–62

Software architecture, 63

media player, 65–66

streaming engine, 64

web browsers, 65

web portals, 63–64

Internet video technologies, 167

Commercial players, 177

Apple computer, 178

Microsoft, 178–179

players and plug-ins, 182–183

RealNetworks, 179–181

streaming format selection, 181–182

Content creation workflows, 184

user scenarios, turning streams, 186–189

Internet streaming types, 171

streaming technology, 174–177

webcasting, 173,

Podcasting, 189–191

Video blogging, 191

ION Media Networks, 83

IP, 1, 219

Addresses, 78–79

Analogy, 72–73

Artifacts, 110

bit errors, 112–113

packet jitter, 111–112

packet loss, 110–111

Basic software, 7

Broadband network growth, 87–88

Cost advantages, 7

Definition, 3

IPTV, in France, 12–15

IPTV versus Internet Video, 17

Key system elements, 79–81

Market forecast, 12

Mechanism, 73–75

networking protocol layers, 74

Multicasting, 82

IP multicasting, 84–85

IP unicasting, 83–84

in IPTV, 85

issues with, 86

Network flexibility, 6

data, kinds of, 1

Network types, 75

cable modems, 76–77

digital subscriber lines (DSL), 77–78

ethernet, 75–76

optical fibers, 78

wireless ethernet, 76

Packet, 73

Transport protocols, 81

Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), 82

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 82

User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 81–82

Ubiquity, 7–8

Video application, 3–5

drawbacks, 9–11

IP address, 72, 78–79, 220

IP artifacts, 110

Bit errors, 112–113

Packet jitter, 111–112

Packet loss, 110–111

IP PRIME, 67

IP video, 3

Advantages, 5–8

cost advantages, 7

IP ubiquity, 7–8

network flexibility, 6

Drawbacks, 9–11

attitudes about payment, 9–10

network jitters, 10

pioneer syndrome, 11

prioritizing application, 11

viewing habits, 10,

Future of, 193–212

Markets for, 3–5

IPTV, 32, 220

À là Carte Channels, 34

ADSL Digital Television, 3

Centralized concept, 126

Characteristics, 18–22

consumer television via STB, 22

continuous content streams, 19–20

multiple channels, 20

network, 18–19

private network delivery, 21–22

uniform content format, 21

Decentralized concept, 126

In France, 12–15

success of, 14

Interactive TV (iTV), 37–38

and Internet video, 2, 39

versus Internet video, 17

Local advertising, 35

Market forecast, 12

Network construction, 48–59

Service providers, 126

and Streaming, 170

Subscription, 34

Triple/quadruple play, 38

Video on demand (VOD), 35–37

J

Joint stereo, 98

Joints Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), 100, 220

JPEG2000, 100

K

Key, 220

Kilobit per second (kbps), 220

Kilobyte (Kbyte), 220

L

Lip sync, 108, 221

Live streaming server, 62–63, 124, 129

Live Video Access, 41

Local Advertising, 35, 128

Local Area Networks (LAN), 75, 220

Local End Office (LEO), 18, 49, 220

M

Macroblocking, 109–110, 221

Macromedia, 196

Market forecast, 12

Media players, 65–66, 99, 175–176, 182

Media viewer, 23

Megabit per second (Mbps), 221

Megabyte (MB), 221

Metadata, 123, 127, 221

Metcalfe Law, 202–203, 221

Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN), 75

Microsoft, 65, 89, 99–100, 101, 178–179

Middleware, 44, 166, 221

Back office integration, 163

Channel changing, 163

Electronic program guide primitives and utilities, 163

Interactivity, 163–164

Screen navigation function, 163

Text and menu generation, 163

User identification, 162

MobiTV, 27–29, 202

Moore's Law, 209, 221

Motion Estimation, 221

Motion Vectors, 222

Movie maker, 178

Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG), 222

Audio compression, 98

Dolby AC-3 Audio, 99

Frame, 92

MPEG-1, 95–96

MPEG-2, 45, 89, 96, 102, 109, 140

MPEG-3, 95

MPEG-4, 89, 97–98, 102, 104

Transport stream (TS), 146

Mozilla®, 182

MPEG audio layers, 98

MPEG LA, 103–104, 222

, Advanced Video Coding (AVC), 97–99

MSN, 208

MTV, 33

Multicasting, 82–86, 188, 222

Technology, 55

versus Unicasting, 84

Multimedia Home Platform (MhP), 165–166, 221

Multimedia Research Group (MRG), 4

Multiple channels, 20, 45

Multiple content formats, 24–25

Multiple televisions, 144–145, 152, 198

Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), 222

Musicam, 222

Myrio, 44

N

NASA TV, 23–24

National Rural Telecommunication Cooperative (NRTC), 67

NBC, 20, 207, 208

Near video on demand (NVOD), 36, 222

Network construction, of IPTV, 48–59

Software capabilities, 56–60

conditional access system, 57

DRM system, 58

EAS, 59

EPG, 56–57

subscriber management and billing system, 58–59

VOD system, 57

System architecture, 49–56

CO/RT, 54–55

customer premises, 55–56

SHE, 50–52

VSO, 53–54

Network interface, 125, 154

of STB, 155

Network jitters, 10

Network overviews, 47

Alternative architectures, 66–67

challenges, 68

Internet video, low end of, 68–69

Internet Video system, construction, 59–69

hardware architecture, 60–63

software architecture, 63–66

IPTV network, construction, 48–59

software capabilities, 56–59

system architecture, 49–56

Network personal video recorder (NPVR), 36

Network valuation, of portable media, 202–203

News Corp., 196

Nickelodeon, 33

Nicolaus Co., 195

NTL/Telewest, 15

NTSC (National Television System Committee), 96, 110, 222

Frame, 92

O

OgilvyOne, 199

OpenCable Application Platform (OCAP), 165–166, 222

OpenTV, 169

Optical fibers, 78

Optical line termination (OTL), 150

Optical network termination (ONT), 150, 151

Orange, 12, 14

Over the air (OTA), 26, 34, 82, 128, 222

P

P Frame, 92, 223

Packet, 3, 21, 73, 129, 223

Packet Identifier (PID), 223

Packet jitter, 111–112

Packet loss, 110–111, 175

Packetized Elementary Stream, 223

PAL (Phase Alternating Line), 96, 223

Frame, 92

Palm, Inc., 28, 202

Passive Optical Networks (PONs), 150–151

Installation and power issues, 151

Pay-per-view (PPV), 36, 40–41, 223

Pay-TV, 32

PCCW, 31–32

Personal computers (PCs), 23, 25, 28, 63, 76, 99, 116–117, 223

Personal video recorder (PVR), 36, 132, 161, 224

Pioneer syndrome, 11

Placeshifting, 211, 223

Plain old telephone service (POTS), 142, 152

Player software, 176, 177, 182

Plug-ins, 65, 182

Podcasting, 41, 183, 189–191, 223

Publication and subscription, 190

Portable media, 201–205, 223

in 2021, 204–205

Mobile chasm, 203–204

Network valuation, 202–203

Post Office Protocol – Version 3 (pop3), 6

Pre-roll advertising, 132

Private network delivery, 21–22

Production or playout servers, 123–124

Program Clock Reference, 146

Program Stream (PS), 224

Progressive download and play, 171, 183, 223

Proprietary Codecs, 100–102

Advantages, 101–102

Disadvantages, 102

Push VOD, 133, 161, 224

Q

Quadruple Play, 38, 224

Quality of Service (QoS), 136, 224

QuickTime, 101, 178, 224

R

Radio Frequency (RF), 147, 224

Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP), 225

Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), 225

Real-time transport protocol (RTP), 82, 173, 177

RealAudio clip (.ra), 180

Reality check

Bandwidth, 150–151

Business models, 43–46

Internet Protocol (IP), 12, 86–88

Internet video technologies, 189–191

IPTV versus Internet video, 27

Network overviews, 66

Server Sizing, 130–133

STB, 165–166

Video compression, 103–104

Video quality and security, 117–119

Really Simple Syndication (RSS), 189

RealMedia clip (.rm), 180

RealNetwork, 101

Drawback, 180–181

File formats and extension, 180

Streaming-related products, 179–180

RealPlayer, 179

RealProducer, 180

RealVideo metafile (.ram or .rpm), 180

Reed-Solomon, 113

Remote Terminals (RT), 44, 49, 54–55, 224

Resolution, 25, 28, 110

Return path, 38, 77, 234

RGB, 157

RJ-45 (Registered Jack), 141, 224

Routers, 73, 79, 86, 112, 225

S

S-Video, 157, 227

SBC, 48

Scrolling program guide, 56

Seagate technology, 121, 122

Server Sizing

Advertising servers, 128–129

Centralised servers, 133

Encryption and rights management, 130

Live streaming servers, 129

Push VOD, 133

Server types, 134

Video on demand servers, 124–128

advertising supported, 131–132

selling space to advertisers, 131

server storage capacity, calculation, 127–128

Video servers, 122–124

Service Level Agreement (SLA), 225

SES Americom, 67

Session Announcement Protocol (SAP), 225

Set top box (STB), 18, 22, 44, 54, 56, 94, 153, 226

Basic functions, 154–162

conditional access hardware, 160

conditional access software, 160

hard disk drive, 161–162

network interface, 155

user interface, 159

video and audio outputs, 155–159

MhP and OACP, 165–166

Middleware, 162–164

back office integration, 163

channel changing, 163

electronic program guide primitives and utilities, 163

interactivity, 163–164

screen navigation function, 163

text and menu generation, 163

user identification, 162

Partitioned hard drive installation, 133

Selection issues, 165

VOD, 164

Shared super head end, 67

Showtime, 207

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), 6, 75

Skype, 211

Slingbox, 211, 226

Smart cards, 114–115, 160, 226

SMPTE 421M see VC-1 Social Networking, 226

Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), 99, 226

Soft Real Time, 226

Software architecture, of IPTV

Media player, 65–66

Streaming engine, 64

Web browsers, 65

Web portals, 63–64

Software capabilities, of IPTV, 56–60

Conditional access system, 57

DRM system, 58

EAS, 59

EPG, 56–57

Subscriber management and billing system, 58–59

VOD system, 57

SongBird, 182

SonicBlue, 132

Sony/Philips Digital Interface Format (S/PDIF), 158, 226

Source image quality, 109

Standard Definition (SD), 225

Streaming, 170, 171–172, 176, 226

Streaming engine, 64

Streaming media providers, 200

Streaming system architecture

Application, media players, 175–176

Player software, 176–177

Streaming server, 174–175

Transport network, 175

Subscriber management and billing system, 58–59

Subscription video on demand (SVOD), 36

Subtitles, 226

Super Head End (SHE), 49, 50–52, 225

Supertrunk, 226

Swisscom, 197

Switch, 227

System architecture, of IPTV, 49–56

CO/RT, 54–55

Customer premises, 55–56

SHE, 50–52

VSO, 53–54

T

T-Online, 12

Tandberg Television, 197

TBS, 33

Technology licensing, 103–104

Telecom Italia subsidiary Alice, 12

Telefonica, 139

Telephony, 73, 145

Terabyte, 227

TF1, 20

The International Organization for Standardization and the International

Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC), 220

The Office, 207

Thomson, 212

Timeshifting, 227

Tiscali, 206

TiVo, 36, 161, 227

TNT, 33

TOSLINK see Fiber optic audio

Transcoding, 21, 51, 102–103, 227

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 82, 173, 227

Transport protocol

Hierarchy, 80

Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), 82

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 82

User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 81–82

Transport Stream (TS), 227

Transrating, 21, 103, 227

Treo and Palm, 28

Triple Play, 38, 227

Bandwidth for, 149–150

True streaming, 171, 172, 173, 183, 227

User datagram protocol (UDP), 173

versus Downloading and play, 172

True video on demand, 36

Tut Systems Astria CP, 44

U

Unicasting, 83, 84, 129, 228

Uniform content format, 21

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), 228

Upconvert, 94, 228

User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 81–82, 173, 227

User interaction support, 125

User interface, of STB, 159

V

VC-1, 99–100, 228

Verimatrix, 44

Very high-speed Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL), 140, 198, 228

Video and audio outputs, of STB, 155–159

Analog RCA Jacks, 156–157

Component video, 157

Connector style for, 156

Digital Visual Interface (DVI), 157–158

Fiber optic audio, 158–159

High-bandwidth digital content protection (HDCP), 158

High-definition multimedia interface, 158

S-Video, 157

Sony/Philips Digital Interface format audio (S/PDIF), 158

Video blogging, 183, 191, 228

Video compression, 25, 89

Benefits of, 91

Compression technologies

JPEG, 100

JPEG2000, 100

proprietary codecs, 100–102

Digital Turnaround, 102–103

Groups of Pictures (GOP)bit rate, 93

channel change timing, 93–94

error tolerance, 94

length, impact of, 92–93

MPEG

audio compression, 98

Dolby AC-3 Audio, 99

MPEG-1, 95–96

MPEG-2, 96

MPEG-4, 97–98

Need for, 90–91

Technology licensing, 103–104

VC-1, 99–100

Windows Media Player, 99–100

Video content storage, 125

Video Library Access, 41

Video on demand (VOD), 14, 35–37, 45, 46, 52, 57–58, 228

Argument regarding, 132

Content, 131–132

Functions, 125

Servers, 53, 124–128

Types, 36

Vendors, 130

Video quality

Affecting factors

IP artifacts, 110–113

lip sync, 108

macroblocking, 109–110

resolution, 110

signal availability, 113

source image quality, 109

Video security

Conditional Access, 113–117

personal computers (PCs), 116–117

smart cards, 114–115

watermarking, 115–116

DRM, 117

for free content, 118–119

Video servers, 40, 62, 122–124

Video Serving Office (VSO), 18, 49, 53–54, 228

Video streaming, 171

Corporate video, 187–188

Entertainment, 186–187

Internet radio and TV, 188–189

Investor relations, 188

Videoconferencing, 5

Virtual private network (VPN), 142

Visible World, 200

Vlogging see video blogging Voice Over IP (VoIP), 145, 228

W

Walled Garden, 39, 228

Watermarking, 115–116

Web 2.0, 194, 211, 228

Web browser, 65

Web portals, 63–64

Web server, 23, 61–62

Webcams, 5

Webcasting, 173, 185–186

Wi Fi, 76, 228

Wide Area Networks (WAN), 75, 228

WinAmp, 182

Windows Advanced Systems Format File (.asf), 179

Windows Media Audio File (.wma), 179

Windows Media Player, 99–100

Windows Media Video File (.wmv), 179

Wireless ethernet, 76

Y

Y signal, 157

Yahoo, 167, 170, 201, 208, 210

YouTube, 4, 201, 207