Index

adjacency matrix, 52, 234

advertising, 7, 139, 211, 212, 215, 217

social media, 140, 211, 212, 215, 226

analog models, 93

approximations, 63, 64, 66, 67

assumptions, 63, 66, 67, 93

environmental, 63

operational, 63

people, 63

balanced relationships, 38, 234

basic reproductive number, 90, 101

boundary value problem, 215, 225

Brownian motion, 130

campaigning, 7, 207, 213

optimal control, 195, 208

social marketing, 212

social media, 140, 208

case studies, 156–158, 161–168, 170, 171, 173–178

selection of, 154

centrality, 46

closeness, 48

degree, 47

network, 47

cliques, 51

clusters, 50, 234

co-state equations, 214, 224

cohesion, 51

compensator, 192

conceptual model, 66

connectedness, 86

connectedness factor, 94

context-aware modeling, 108

control, 9, 64, 205, 207, 234, 235

optimal, 193

control action, 69, 185, 190, 207, 213, 216, 223

in social media, 207

optimal, 213, 214

control objective, 189, 190, 223–227

control systems, 183, 184

applications, 183

closed-loop, 184, 185, 190–192

continuous-time, 186, 187

designing, 187, 190–192

discrete-time, 186, 187

MIMO, 184–186

open-loop, 184

SISO, 184, 185

control theory, 184, 189, 190

controller, 192

derivative, 193

integral, 193

PID, 192, 193

proportional, 193

COVID-19, 6

curve flattening, 91

data acquisition, 61, 67, 158, 164, 168, 174, 234, 235

decay, 106, 171, 212, 216, 226

density, 43, 234

diffusion, 80

diffusion effect, 80

directionality, 34, 52, 54

disinformation, 8, 222, 223, 225–227

distance, 48

geodesic, 48

dyads, 37, 234

dynamic programming, 195, 197

electrical system, 74

epidemic models, 85, 86, 89, 93

curve flattening, 91

epidemics, 74, 75

immunity, 75, 223

error, 67, 185, 191, 193

evaluation tests, 66

event triggers, 157, 167

external subsystems, 204

fake news, 8, 222, 223, 225–227

feedback, 64, 185, 192, 202

control, 190

full-state controller, 190

filter bubbles, 36, 41, 51, 234

Golden Globe Awards, 167, 168, 170, 171

Google Trends, 154

Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation, 195–197, 202, 213, 214

Hamiltonian, 196, 213, 214, 224

herd immunity, 90–92, 101–103, 222

history of information spread

ancient, 26

contemporary, 28

early modern, 27

medieval, 26

homogeneous groups, 65

homophily, 30, 36, 51, 234

hybrid ISCR model, 115

infected, 75

infection constant, 75

infectious, 86

information

categories, 2

contentious, 4

controllable, 9

diffusion, 29, 30

factual, 3

opinion-based, 3

social exchange theory, 29

theory of spread, 29

information epidemic threshold, 225

information spread

analog models, 93

contentious, 107–109, 113, 117, 119

model conventions, 94

parameters, 94

scenarios, 5

variables, 94

interdisciplinary approach, 28

intermediary relationships, 34

IS model, 95

ISCR model, 107–109, 113, 117, 119, 174, 176

ISI model, 97

ISR model, 99, 103, 106, 171, 222, 223

ISSRR model, 121, 123, 124

linear independence, 69

linear parameterization, 159

linear systems theory, 184

Maki-Thomson model, 99

marketing, 139, 140

mass communication, 6

mass panic, 6

mass shootings, 156–159, 161, 162

matrix

feedthrough or feedforward, 69

input, 69

output, 69

system, 69

mechanical system, 74

misinformation, 4, 8, 222, 223, 225–227, 236

modeling, 66, 234

key steps, 66

objectives, 66

models, 236

agent-based, 64

analog, 61, 74, 93

Bass, 142

Daley-Kendall, 30

data and learning based, 61

definition, 59

engineering, 61

epidemic, 74, 75, 85, 86, 89, 93, 234, 235

event-triggered social media chatter, 144–146, 207, 208, 212

Greenshield, 77, 80

hybrid ISCR, 115

in decision making, 60

information spread, 94, 235

IS, 95

ISCR, 107–109, 113, 117, 119, 174, 176

ISI, 97, 133

ISR, 99, 103, 106, 135, 171, 222, 223

ISSRR, 121, 123, 124

Lighthill-Whitham-Richards, 77

macroscopic, 65, 146, 205, 235

Maki-Thompson, 3, 30, 99

marketing, 30, 141–143, 234

mathematical, 61, 64, 66, 234

microscopic, 64, 235

physical, 61

schematic, 61

science, 61

Sethi, 142–144

stochastic, 132, 133, 135, 234

usage, 59, 60

Vidale-Wolfe, 141, 144, 145

multidisciplinary approach, 28

necessary conditions, 214

network

dense, 43, 234

sparse, 43, 234

observer, 191, 192, 201

Luenberger, 191, 201

optimal control, 193–197, 202, 213

in social media, 208

theory, 197

output equation, 69

parameter estimation, 159, 160, 165, 170, 176

performance measure, 194, 208

philosophy

deductive reasoning, 26

inductive reasoning, 26

polarization, 51, 113, 234

Pontryagin’s minimization principle, 195, 196, 202, 213, 214, 224

predator-prey model, 71, 72

reciprocity, 37, 234

reconstruction algorithm, 168, 170

recovered, 75, 86

recovery constant, 75

recovery rate, 86

regulation problem, 190

reproduction number R₀, 89, 90

RLC circuit, 73, 74

rumors, 8

scientific method, 26

scraper, 159

scraping, 158

SEIR model, 89, 90

sensitivity tests, 66

SIR model, 86

small world networks, 48–50, 234

social campaigns, 164, 165

social craze, 212, 213, 215

social exchange theory, 29–31

social media

blogs, 19

discussion forums, 19

games and music, 21

hybrid, 21

memes, 22

shopping, 20

social sharing, 18

social media chatter, 144–146, 212, 213

social media models

hybrid ISCR, 115

ISCR, 107–109, 113, 117, 119

ISR, 103, 106, 222, 223

ISSRR, 121, 123, 124

social media network theory

social exchange theory, 30, 31

social movements, 163–167, 212

social network relationships

complex networks, 35

core relationships, 34

social networks, 17, 30, 234

Facebook, 17

LinkedIn, 18

Twitter, 17, 29

social reinforcement, 30

social subsystems, 203

social theory, 29

and social networks, 29, 234

qualitative, 30

socio-equilibrium threshold, 146, 147, 213, 215, 217

socio-techincal systems, 203–206, 236

socio-technical systems, 204

sociogram, 34, 234

of a club, 53

software, 39

Sorger approximation, 143

spreading rate, 86

spring-mass system, 70, 71, 186

stability, 190, 193

state equation, 69

state equations, 214, 224

state variables, 190

state-space representation, 68, 69

stochastic ISI model, 133, 134

stochastic ISR model, 135

stochastic modeling, 132

stochastic models, 131

stochastic processes, 130, 131

stochastic realization, 131

strong ties, 46, 234

structural holes, 45

susceptible, 75, 86

symmetry, 34

systems, 183

balanced, 76

behavior, 183

dynamics, 69

mathematical, 67

modeling of, 64

social media, 64, 234

socio-technical, 203–206, 236

technical subsystems, 203

tracking problem, 191

traffic models, 76, 77

trends, 154

triads, 38, 234

Twitter, 30, 157, 158, 160

validation, 66, 67

variables

output, 69

state, 68, 69

vector

control, 69

output, 69

state, 69

viral internet debates, 173–178

weak ties, 46, 234

Wiener process, 133, 135