Index
Symbols
- != (inequality operator), Compare with if, elif, and else
- # (hash character), Comment with #
- % (modulus (remainder) operator), Numbers, Integers
- & (set intersection operator), Combinations and Operators
- () (parentheses), Create a Tuple by Using ()
- * (asterisk), Python versus Language X, Duplicate with *, Gather Positional Arguments with *
- * (multiplication operator), Numbers
- ** (exponentiation operator), Numbers, Gather Keyword Arguments with **
- + (addition operator), Numbers, Combine with +
- + (plus sign), Integers
- += (merge operator), Combine Lists by Using extend() or +=
- - (subtraction operator), Numbers, Combinations and Operators
- -i flag, Debug with pdb
- . (full stop), Exact match with match()
- .bat files, Python versus Language X
- / (floating point division operator), Numbers, Integers
- // (integer (truncating) division, Numbers, Integers
- 2D graphics, 2-D Graphics
- 3D graphics, 3-D Graphics and Animation
- <= operator, Combinations and Operators
- = (assignment operator), Variables, Names, and Objects
- == (equality operator), Compare with if, elif, and else
- >= operator, Combinations and Operators
- >>> prompt, Things to Do, Py Ingredients: Numbers, Strings, and Variables
- [ key ], Add or Change an Item by [ key ], Get an Item by [ key ]
- [ offset ], Get an Item by Using [ offset ], Change an Item by [ offset ]
- [ ] (square brackets), A Taste of Py, Extract a Character with [], Create with [] or list()
- (backslash), Escape with
- (continuation character), Continue Lines with
- " (literal double quote), Escape with
- ' (literal single quote), Escape with
- (new line), Escape with
- (tab), Escape with
- _ (underscores), Variables, Names, and Objects, Uses of _ and __ in Names
- __init__(), Define a Class with class
- { } (curly brackets), A Taste of Py, Create with {}, Create with set(), New style formatting with {} and format
- | operator, Combinations and Operators
A
- abspath() function, Get a Pathname with abspath()
- accumulate() function, Iterate over Code Structures with itertools
- activestate, More Batteries: Get Other Python Code
- addition, Integers
- addition operator (+), Numbers
- aggregation, Aggregation and Composition
- algebra, Linear Algebra
- algorithms
- data structures and, Algorithms and Data Structures
- definition of, When Not to Use Python, Debug with pdb
- alias, Import a Module with Another Name
- Amazon Web Services, Amazon
- ampersand (&), Combinations and Operators
- Anaconda
- installing, Install Anaconda
- listing packages, Install Anaconda
- anchors, Patterns: using specifiers
- animation, 3-D Graphics and Animation
- anonymous functions, Anonymous Functions: the lambda() Function
- Apache web server, Apache
- API (application programming interface)
- definition of, DB-API
- mashups and, Web Services and APIs
- vs. web pages, Web APIs and Representational State Transfer
- append() function, Add an Item to the End with append(), Combine Lists by Using extend() or +=
- arange() function, Make an Array with arange()
- arguments
- default values for, Specify Default Parameter Values
- definition of, Functions
- keyword, Keyword Arguments, Gather Keyword Arguments with **
- positional, Positional Arguments
- self argument, In self Defense, Method Types
- arithmetic calculations, Numbers, Perform Rational Arithmetic with fractions
- array() function, Make an Array with array()
- arrays
- changing with reshape(), Change an Array’s Shape with reshape()
- getting elements from, Get an Element with []
- making with arange(), Make an Array with arange()
- making with array(), Make an Array with array()
- making with zeros()/ones()/random(), Make an Array with zeros(), ones(), or random()
- math functions and, Array Math
- ASCII standard, Unicode
- assertions, Test with unittest
- assignment
- assignment operator (=), Variables, Names, and Objects
- vs. copying, Variables, Names, and Objects, Assign with =, Copy with copy(), Assign with =, Copy with copy()
- associative arrays (see dictionaries)
- asterisk (*), Python versus Language X, Duplicate with *, Gather Positional Arguments with *
- asynchronous vs. synchronous, Concurrency
- asyncio module, asyncio
- attributes
- accessing, Get and Set Attribute Values with Properties
- definition of, What Are Objects?
- finding, In self Defense
- in XML markup format, XML
- private, Name Mangling for Privacy
- audio, Audio and Music
- authentication, Web Clients
- automatic echoing, Create with Quotes
- Avro, Other Interchange Formats
B
- back pressure, Beyond Queues
- background programs, Redis
- backslash (), Escape with , Continue Lines with
- base classes, Inheritance
- bases, Bases
- bash shell, definition of, Python versus Language X
- basic multilingual planes, Unicode
- batch files, definition of, Python versus Language X
- batch operations, Queues
- Berners-Lee, Tim, The Web, Untangled
- best practices
- code, debugging, Debugging Python Code-Debug with pdb
- code, finding, Find Python Code
- code, optimizing, Optimize Your Code-PyPy
- code, source control for, Source Control-Git
- code, testing, Testing Your Code-Continuous Integration
- integrated development environments (IDEs), Integrated Development Environments
- logging, Logging Error Messages-Logging Error Messages
- naming and documenting, Name and Document
- packages, installing, Install Packages
- resources, Clone This Book-Coming Attractions
- big data, Big Fat Data and MapReduce
- big endian format, Convert Binary Data with struct
- binary (base2), Bases
- binary data
- bit-level integer operators, Bit Operators
- bytes and bytearrays, bytes and bytearray
- converting bytes/strings, Convert Bytes/Strings with binascii()
- converting with struct, Convert Binary Data with struct
- endianness and sign bits, Binary Data
- interchange formats for, Other Interchange Formats
- practice exercise answers, Chapter 7, Mangle Data Like a Pro
- practice exercises, Things to Do
- reading binary files, Read a Binary File with read()
- structured binary files, Structured Binary Files
- third-party tools for, Other Binary Data Tools
- writing binary files, Write a Binary File with write()
- binascii module, Convert Bytes/Strings with binascii()
- binio, Other Binary Data Tools
- bit-level integer operators, Bit Operators
- bits
- bitstring, Other Binary Data Tools
- Blender, 3-D Graphics and Animation
- blocking pop operations, Redis
- bokeh, bokeh
- boolean operators, Compare with if, elif, and else, Functions
- booleans
- conversion to integers, Type Conversions
- definition of, Py Ingredients: Numbers, Strings, and Variables
- object type and, Variables, Names, and Objects
- Bottle framework, Bottle
- break checkers, Check break Use with else, Check break Use with else
- break statements, Cancel with break, Cancel with break
- breakpoints, Debug with pdb
- broadcasts, The Publish-Subscribe Model
- browsers, The Web, Untangled, Web Clients
- business applications
- benefits of Python for, Py at Work
- business tasks, Carrying Out Business Tasks
- challenges of, Py at Work
- data security, Business Data Security
- financial, Python in Finance
- maps, Maps
- Microsoft Office Suite, The Microsoft Office Suite
- processing business data, Processing Business Data
- bytecode, PyPy
- bytes
- bytearrays and, bytes and bytearray
- converting to strings, Convert Bytes/Strings with binascii()
- definition of, Unicode
C
- C Extensions, Cython, NumPy, and C Extensions
- C libraries, Install and Use conda
- cache servers, Memcached
- caches, in Redis, Caches and expiration
- caching, Web Clients
- calculations, Numbers
- calendars/clocks
- alternative modules for, Alternative Modules
- challenges of date representation, Calendars and Clocks
- datetime module, The datetime Module
- reading/writing dates and times, Read and Write Dates and Times
- time module, Using the time Module
- call() function, Create a Process with subprocess
- callback design, twisted
- callback functions, Anonymous Functions: the lambda() Function
- capitalization, Case and Alignment
- case, Case and Alignment
- case sensitivity/insensitivity, SQL
- Central Processing Unit (see CPU)
- CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), The Web, Untangled
- chain() function, Iterate over Code Structures with itertools
- characters
- counting, Get Length with len()
- delimiter, Structured Text Files
- escape, Escape with , Patterns: using specifiers
- extracting, Extract a Character with []
- fill character, New style formatting with {} and format
- special characters, Patterns: special characters
- Unicode table of, Unicode
- chdir() function, Change Current Directory with chdir()
- check_output() function, Create a Process with subprocess
- Cheese Shop, More Batteries: Get Other Python Code, Find Python Code
- child classes, Inheritance
- chip (see CPU (Central Processing Unit))
- chmod() command, Change Permissions with chmod()
- chown() command, Change Ownership with chown()
- classes
- adding methods, Add a Method
- calling parent methods, Get Help from Your Parent with super
- class methods, Method Types
- composition and, Aggregation and Composition
- creating new from existing, Inheritance
- defining, Define a Class with class
- defining empty, Define a Class with class
- definition of term, Define a Class with class
- finding attributes/methods, In self Defense
- getter/setter methods, Get and Set Attribute Values with Properties
- method types, Method Types
- named tuples, Named Tuples
- overriding methods, Override a Method
- polymorphism and, Duck Typing
- practice exercise answers, Chapter 6, Oh Oh: Objects and Classes
- practice exercises, Things to Do
- private attributes, Name Mangling for Privacy
- self argument, In self Defense
- special methods, Special Methods
- vs. modules, When to Use Classes and Objects versus Modules
- vs. type, Variables, Names, and Objects
- clear() function, Delete All Items by Using clear()
- client-server patterns, Patterns
- client-server systems, Web Clients, Sockets
- (see also World Wide Web)
- closures, Closures
- cloud computing, Working in the Clouds
- cmd shell, definition of, Python versus Language X
- code
- code counts, Measure Timing
- debugging, Debugging Python Code-Debug with pdb
- finding, Find Python Code
- optimizing, Optimize Your Code-PyPy
- pseudocode, Debug with pdb
- source control for, Source Control-Git
- testing, Testing Your Code-Continuous Integration
- code structures
- commenting, Comment with #
- comparative statements, Compare with if, elif, and else
- comprehensions, Comprehensions-Generator Comprehensions
- continuing lines, Continue Lines with
- decorators, Decorators, Get and Set Attribute Values with Properties
- exceptions, Handle Errors with try and except
- for loops, Iterate with for-Other Iterators
- functions, Functions-Anonymous Functions: the lambda() Function
- generators, Generators
- hierarchical arrangement of, Modules and the import Statement
- iterating over, Iterate over Code Structures with itertools
- namespaces, Namespaces and Scope
- PEP-8 style, Compare with if, elif, and else
- practice exercise answers, Chapter 4, Py Crust: Code Structures
- practice exercises, Things to Do
- scope, Namespaces and Scope
- while loops, Repeat with while
- white space and, Py Crust: Code Structures
- command-line arguments, Command-Line Arguments
- comments, definition of, Comment with #
- Common Gateway Interface (CGI), Web Server Gateway Interface
- communication, Concurrency and Networks
- (see also concurrency; networking)
- comparisons
- conditional, Compare with if, elif, and else
- exceptions during, Compare with if, elif, and else
- making multiple, Compare with if, elif, and else
- operators for, Compare with if, elif, and else
- statements for, Compare with if, elif, and else
- testing equality, Compare with if, elif, and else
- compilation, definition of, Python versus Language X
- completed lists, Beyond Queues
- complex numbers, Working with Complex Numbers
- composition, Aggregation and Composition
- comprehensions
- definition of, Comprehensions
- dictionary comprehensions, Dictionary Comprehensions
- generator comprehensions, Generator Comprehensions
- list comprehensions, List Comprehensions
- set comprehensions, Set Comprehensions
- computed values, Get and Set Attribute Values with Properties
- computer graphics, 2-D Graphics
- concurrency
- additional techniques for, Beyond Queues
- asyncio module, asyncio
- definition of, Concurrency and Networks
- documentation on, Concurrency
- green threads, Green Threads and gevent
- practice exercise answers, Chapter 11, Concurrency and Networks
- practice exercises, Things to Do
- processes and, Processes
- processes requiring, Concurrency
- queues and, Concurrency
- Redis, Redis
- threads and, Threads
- twisted framework, twisted
- conda, installing, Install and Use conda
- conditional comparisons, Compare with if, elif, and else
- configuration files, Configuration Files
- connect() function, DB-API, Sockets
- connection pools, SQLAlchemy, The engine layer
- constraints, Relational Databases
- construct, Other Binary Data Tools
- context managers, Close Files Automatically by Using with
- continuation character (), Continue Lines with
- continue statement, Skip Ahead with continue, Skip with continue
- continuous integration, Continuous Integration
- cookies
- definition of, Web Clients
- http package for, Python’s Standard Web Libraries
- copy() function, Assign with =, Copy with copy(), Assign with =, Copy with copy(), Copy with copy()
- coroutines, Green Threads and gevent
- count() function, Count Occurrences of a Value by Using count()
- count/count prefix, Convert Binary Data with struct
- counter() function, Count Items with Counter()
- CPU (Central Processing Unit)
- CPU-bound programs, When Not to Use Python, Concurrency
- static vs. dynamic programs and, When Not to Use Python
- CRUD (create, replace, update, delete), DB-API
- CSV (comma-separated values) format, CSV
- csv module, CSV
- ctime() function, Using the time Module
- curly brackets ({ }), A Taste of Py, Create with {}, Create with set(), New style formatting with {} and format
- cursor() function, DB-API
- cycle() function, Iterate over Code Structures with itertools
- Cython, Cython, NumPy, and C Extensions
D
- daemon mode, Apache
- data feed, XML format for, XML
- data munging, Extracting, Transforming, and Loading
- data science, Pandas
- data storage
- disk vs. RAM, Data Has to Go Somewhere
- file input/output, File Input/Output-Change Position with seek()
- full-text databases, Full-Text Databases
- NoSQL data stores, NoSQL Data Stores-Other NoSQL
- practice exercise answers, Chapter 8, Data Has to Go Somewhere
- practice exercises, Things to Do
- relational databases, Relational Databases-The Object-Relational Mapper
- structured binary files, Structured Binary Files
- structured text files, Structured Text Files-Serialize by Using pickle
- data streams, Iterate with for
- data structure servers, Redis
- data structures
- algorithms and, Algorithms and Data Structures
- comparing, Compare Data Structures
- converting binary data to, Convert Binary Data with struct
- creating complex, Make Bigger Data Structures
- creating from one or more iterators, Comprehensions
- custom (see objects)
- definition of, A Taste of Py
- dictionaries
- adding/changing items, Add or Change an Item by [ key ]
- assignment vs. copying, Assign with =, Copy with copy()
- combining, Combine Dictionaries with update()
- conversion to, Convert by Using dict()
- creating, Create with {}
- definition of, A Taste of Py, Dictionaries
- deleting all items, Delete All Items by Using clear()
- deleting individual items, Delete an Item by Key with del
- getting all key-value pairs, Get All Key-Value Pairs by Using items()
- getting all keys, Get All Keys by Using keys()
- getting all values, Get All Values by Using values()
- getting items by [ key ], Get an Item by [ key ]
- mutability of, Dictionaries
- square and curly brackets in, A Taste of Py
- testing for keys, Test for a Key by Using in
- vs. sets, Sets
- FIFO (first-in, first-out) queue, Get an Item by Offset and Delete It by Using pop(), Queues
- iterating unknown sizes, Iterate with for-Check break Use with else
- LIFO (last- in, first-out) queue, Get an Item by Offset and Delete It by Using pop()
- lists
- adding items to end of, Add an Item to the End with append()
- assigning to multiple variables, Assign with =, Copy with copy()
- benefits of, Lists
- changing values, Change an Item by [ offset ]
- conversion to, Convert Other Data Types to Lists with list()
- converting to strings, Convert to a String with join()
- counting occurrences of values, Count Occurrences of a Value by Using count()
- creating, Create with [] or list()
- deleting items by offset, Delete an Item by Offset with del
- deleting items by value, Delete an Item by Value with remove()
- determining length of, Get Length by Using len()
- elements in, Lists and Tuples, Combine Lists by Using extend() or +=
- extracting items by offset range, Get a Slice to Extract Items by Offset Range
- extracting values from, Get an Item by Using [ offset ]
- finding item’s offset by value, Find an Item’s Offset by Value with index()
- getting/deleting items, Get an Item by Offset and Delete It by Using pop()
- inserting items, Add an Item by Offset with insert()
- list order, Create with [] or list()
- merging, Combine Lists by Using extend() or +=
- mutability of, Lists and Tuples
- of lists, Lists of Lists
- reordering items, Reorder Items with sort()
- testing for values, Test for a Value with in
- vs. tuples, Tuples versus Lists
- objects (see objects)
- practice exercise answers, Chapter 3, Py Filling: Lists, Tuples, Dictionaries, and Sets
- practice exercises, Things to Do
- sets
- checking for set values, Combinations and Operators
- conversion to, Convert from Other Data Types with set()
- creating, Create with set()
- null/empty, Sets
- testing for values, Test for Value by Using in
- vs. dictionaries, Sets
- tuples
- advantages of, Tuples versus Lists
- conversion to lists, Convert Other Data Types to Lists with list()
- creating, Create a Tuple by Using ()
- elements in, Lists and Tuples
- immutability of, Lists and Tuples, Tuples
- tuple unpacking, Create a Tuple by Using ()
- vs. lists, Tuples versus Lists
- data types
- binary (see binary data)
- booleans
- conversion to integers, Type Conversions
- definition of, Py Ingredients: Numbers, Strings, and Variables
- object type and, Variables, Names, and Objects
- converting to lists, Convert Other Data Types to Lists with list()
- floats
- definition of, Py Ingredients: Numbers, Strings, and Variables
- example of, Numbers
- integers
- arithmetic operations, Integers
- bases, Bases
- conversion to float, Floats
- definition of, Py Ingredients: Numbers, Strings, and Variables, Numbers
- int() function, Type Conversions
- integer overflow, How Big Is an int?
- literal, Integers, Integers
- negative, Integers
- positive, Integers
- precedence rules, Precedence
- type conversion to, Type Conversions
- math operators for, Numbers
- mutable vs. immutable values, Variables, Names, and Objects, Strings
- practice exercise answers, Chapter 2, Py Ingredients: Numbers, Strings, and Variables
- practice exercises, Things to Do
- strings
- breaking into smaller strings, Split with split()
- combining, Combine with +, Combine with join()
- conversion to, Convert Data Types by Using str(), Convert to a String with join()
- conversion to integers, Type Conversions
- counting characters in, Get Length with len()
- creating with quotes, Create with Quotes
- definition of, Py Ingredients: Numbers, Strings, and Variables, Strings
- documentation on, More String Things
- duplicating, Duplicate with *
- empty strings, Create with Quotes
- escape characters, Escape with
- extracting characters from, Extract a Character with []
- extracting substrings, Slice with [ start : end : step ]
- handling case and alignment, Case and Alignment
- immutability of, Strings, Change an Item by [ offset ]
- literal, Combine with +
- manipulating, Playing with Strings, Text Strings
- (see also text strings)
- multiline, Create with Quotes
- substitutions, Substitute with replace()
- vs. lists and tuples, Lists and Tuples
- variables, names and objects, Variables, Names, and Objects-Variables, Names, and Objects
- data wrangling, Extracting, Transforming, and Loading
- databases
- full-text, Full-Text Databases
- multiple meanings of, Relational Databases
- NoSQL data stores, NoSQL Data Stores-Other NoSQL
- relational, Relational Databases-The Object-Relational Mapper
- web framework support for, Other Frameworks
- dates/times, Calendars and Clocks
- (see also calendars/clocks)
- datetime module, The datetime Module
- DB-API, DB-API
- DDL (data definition language), SQL
- debugging
- best practices and, Debugging Python Code
- with pdb, Debug with pdb
- decimal (base 10), Bases
- decimal point numbers (see floats)
- deck (see deque)
- declarative languages, SQL
- decoding, definition of, A Taste of Py
- decorators, Decorators, Get and Set Attribute Values with Properties
- defaultdict() function, Handle Missing Keys with setdefault() and defaultdict()
- Defused XML, A Security Note
- del statement, Delete an Item by Offset with del, Delete an Item by Key with del
- delimiters, Structured Text Files
- deque, Stack + Queue == deque
- derived classes, Inheritance
- dialects, SQL, SQLAlchemy
- dict (see dictionaries)
- dict() function, Convert by Using dict(), Handle Missing Keys with setdefault() and defaultdict()
- dictionaries
- adding/changing items, Add or Change an Item by [ key ]
- assignment vs. copying, Assign with =, Copy with copy()
- building with comprehensions, Dictionary Comprehensions
- combining, Combine Dictionaries with update()
- conversion to, Convert by Using dict()
- creating, Create with {}
- definition of, A Taste of Py, Dictionaries
- deleting all items, Delete All Items by Using clear()
- deleting individual items, Delete an Item by Key with del
- empty, What Is True?
- gathering keyword arguments into, Gather Keyword Arguments with **
- getting all key-value pairs, Get All Key-Value Pairs by Using items()
- getting all keys, Get All Keys by Using keys()
- getting all values, Get All Values by Using values()
- getting items by [ key ], Get an Item by [ key ]
- iteration and, Iterate with for
- mutability of, Dictionaries
- square and curly brackets in, A Taste of Py, Create with set()
- testing for keys, Test for a Key by Using in
- vs. sets, Sets
- dict_keys objects, Get All Keys by Using keys()
- difference() function, Combinations and Operators
- directories
- changing current, Change Current Directory with chdir()
- creating, Create with mkdir()
- creating subdirectories, List Contents with listdir()
- definition of, Directories
- deleting, Delete with rmdir()
- displaying current working, Programs and Processes
- listing contents of, List Contents with listdir()
- listing matching files, List Matching Files with glob()
- distributed computing
- definition of, Concurrency and Networks
- fallacies of, Working in the Clouds
- MapReduce and, Big Fat Data and MapReduce
- version control systems, Source Control
- division, Integers
- DML (data manipulation language), SQL
- docstrings, Docstrings, Check with pylint, pyflakes, and pep8
- doctest, Test with doctest
- documentation, Docstrings, Name and Document
- Domain Name System (DNS), Domain Name System
- duck typing, Duck Typing
- dynamic languages, definition of, Python versus Language X
E
- echoing, Create with Quotes
- elements, in tuples and lists, Lists and Tuples, Combine Lists by Using extend() or +=
- ElementTree library, XML
- elif (else if) statements, Compare with if, elif, and else
- else statement, Compare with if, elif, and else, Check break Use with else
- email modules, Python Email Modules
- embedded mode, Apache
- empty sets, Sets
- empty values, What Is True?
- encode() function, Encoding
- encoding, Remote Procedure Calls
- end tags, XML
- endian specifiers, Convert Binary Data with struct
- endianness, Binary Data
- enumerate() function, Packages
- epoch values, Sorted sets, Using the time Module
- equality operator (==), Compare with if, elif, and else
- error handling, Integers
- (see also exceptions)
- escape characters, Escape with , Patterns: using specifiers
- escape sequences, CSV
- ETL (extract, transform, load), Extracting, Transforming, and Loading
- event loops, Green Threads and gevent
- event-based programming, Green Threads and gevent
- exceptions
- after string copy/paste, Encode and decode with UTF-8
- creating your own, Make Your Own Exceptions
- definition of, Integers, Handle Errors with try and except
- during comparisons, Compare with if, elif, and else
- during type conversion, Type Conversions
- exception handlers, Handle Errors with try and except
- logging error messages, Logging Error Messages
- logic errors, Debug with pdb
- (see also debugging)
- while extracting values, Get an Item by Using [ offset ]
- execute permissions, Change Permissions with chmod()
- execute() function, DB-API
- executemany() function, DB-API
- exists() function, Check Existence with exists()
- expiration dates, Caches and expiration
- exponentiation operator (**), Numbers, Gather Keyword Arguments with **
- expression language, SQLAlchemy, The SQL Expression Language
- extend() function, Combine Lists by Using extend() or +=
F
- fabric package, fabric
- false values, What Is True?, Functions
- fanin pattern, Patterns
- fanout pattern, Patterns
- FastCGI, Web Server Gateway Interface
- feeds, XML format for, XML
- fetchall() function, DB-API
- fetchmany() function, DB-API
- fetchone() function, DB-API
- FIFO (first-in, first-out) queue, Get an Item by Offset and Delete It by Using pop(), Queues
- file handling
- changing file names, Change Name with rename()
- changing ownership, Change Ownership with chown()
- changing permissions, Change Permissions with chmod()
- checking for existence of files, Check Existence with exists()
- checking type of, Check Type with isfile()
- copying files, Copy with copy()
- creating files, Create with open()
- deleting files, Delete a File with remove()
- getting pathnames, Get a Pathname with abspath()
- getting symlink pathnames, Get a symlink Pathname with realpath()
- linking files, Link with link() or symlink()
- file input/output
- basics of, File Input/Output
- changing positions in file, Change Position with seek()
- closing files automatically, Close Files Automatically by Using with
- reading binary files, Read a Binary File with read()
- reading text files, Read a Text File with read(), readline(), or readlines()
- writing binary files, Write a Binary File with write()
- writing text files, Write a Text File with write()
- file system, definition of, Directories
- File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Other protocols
- files
- .bat, Python versus Language X
- configuration, Configuration Files
- creating, List Contents with listdir()
- fabric files, fabric
- flat, File Input/Output
- listing matching, List Matching Files with glob()
- log files, Logging Error Messages
- opening, File Input/Output
- structured text files, Structured Text Files-Serialize by Using pickle
- fill character, New style formatting with {} and format
- financial applications, Python in Finance
- findall() function, All matches with findall()
- fire and forget technique, Beyond Queues
- Flask framework, Flask
- flat files, File Input/Output
- float() function, Floats
- floating point division operator (/), Numbers, Integers
- floats (floating point numbers)
- calculating, Calculate Accurate Floating Point with decimal
- conversion to integers, Type Conversions
- definition of, Py Ingredients: Numbers, Strings, and Variables
- example of, Numbers
- type conversion to, Floats
- folders, definition of, Directories
- for loops
- benefits of, Iterate with for
- canceling, Cancel with break
- check break, Check break Use with else
- continuing, Skip with continue
- generating number sequences, Generate Number Sequences with range()
- iterating over multiple sequences, Iterate Multiple Sequences with zip()
- itertools and, Iterate over Code Structures with itertools
- foreground programs, Redis
- foreign keys, Relational Databases
- formatting
- curly brackets/format, New style formatting with {} and format
- old and new styles, Format
- string % data, Old style with %
- frameworks, Web Servers, Frameworks
- full-text search, Full-Text Databases
- functions
- anonymous, Anonymous Functions: the lambda() Function
- arguments and, Functions
- as first-class citizens, Functions Are First-Class Citizens
- callback functions, Anonymous Functions: the lambda() Function
- closures, Closures
- default parameter values, Specify Default Parameter Values
- defining, Functions
- definition of term, A Taste of Py, Get Length with len(), Functions
- docstrings, Docstrings
- inner functions, Inner Functions
- keyword arguments and, Keyword Arguments, Gather Keyword Arguments with **
- math, Py Sci
- monkey-patching functions, Green Threads and gevent
- positional arguments and, Positional Arguments, Gather Positional Arguments with *
- running as separate process, Create a Process with multiprocessing
G
- games, Games
- generator comprehensions, Generator Comprehensions
- generators, Generators
- GET command, Test with telnet
- get() function, Get an Item by [ key ]
- gethostbyname() function, Domain Name System
- getoutput() function, Create a Process with subprocess
- getstatusoutput() function, Create a Process with subprocess
- getter methods, Get and Set Attribute Values with Properties
- get_description() function, Import a Module
- gevent library, Other Python Web Servers, Green Threads and gevent
- Git, Git
- github, More Batteries: Get Other Python Code
- glob() function, List Matching Files with glob()
- Global Interpreter Lock (GIL), Threads
- global namespace, Namespaces and Scope
- global variables, Namespaces and Scope
- glue code, Python versus Language X
- Google, Google
- graphical user interfaces (GUIs), Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
- graphics
- graphs, Plots, Graphs, and Visualization
- green threads, Green Threads and gevent
- group ids, Programs and Processes
- GTK+ user interface, Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
H
- h5py module, HDF5
- hachoir, Other Binary Data Tools
- Hadoop streaming, Big Fat Data and MapReduce
- hard links, Link with link() or symlink()
- hash character (#), Comment with #
- hashes (see dictionaries)
- hashmaps (see dictionaries)
- HDF5 format, HDF5
- HEAD command, Test with telnet
- hex (base 16), Bases
- Houdini, 3-D Graphics and Animation
- HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), HTML, The Web, Untangled
- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
- client-server communication via, The Web, Untangled, Web Clients
- GET command, Test with telnet
- HEAD command, Test with telnet
- POST command, Test with telnet
- response headers, Test with telnet
- statelessness of, Web Clients
- status codes, Python’s Standard Web Libraries
- text-based protocol of, Test with telnet
- verbs in, Test with telnet
- http package, Python’s Standard Web Libraries
- human-readable code, Py Crust: Code Structures, Docstrings
I
- I/O bound, Concurrency
- IDLE, IDLE
- if statement, Compare with if, elif, and else
- ImageMagick, ImageMagick
- images, PIL and Pillow
- (see also graphics)
- immutable, definition of, Variables, Names, and Objects
- import alias, The engine layer
- import statement, Modules and the import Statement
- in statement, Test for a Value with in, Test for a Key by Using in, Test for Value by Using in, Compare with if, elif, and else
- indentation, Py Crust: Code Structures, Compare with if, elif, and else
- index() function, Find an Item’s Offset by Value with index()
- indexing, Relational Databases
- inequality operator (!=), Compare with if, elif, and else
- inheritance, Inheritance, Aggregation and Composition
- inner functions, Inner Functions
- input() function, Cancel with break
- insert() function, Add an Item by Offset with insert()
- installation
- Anaconda, Install Anaconda
- conda, Install and Use conda
- Linux/Unix, Linux or Unix
- Mac OS X, Mac OS X
- overview of, Install Python 3
- pip, Install and Use pip and virtualenv
- standard Python, Install Standard Python
- standard vs. scientific libraries, Install Python 3
- Windows, Windows
- instance method, Method Types
- instantiation, Define a Class with class
- int() function, Handle Missing Keys with setdefault() and defaultdict()
- size of int, How Big Is an int?
- type conversion with, Type Conversions
- integer (truncating) division (//), Numbers, Integers
- integers
- arithmetic operations, Integers
- bases, Bases
- bit-level operators, Bit Operators
- definition of, Py Ingredients: Numbers, Strings, and Variables, Numbers
- int() function, Type Conversions
- integer overflow, How Big Is an int?
- literal, Integers, Integers
- negative, Integers
- object type and, Variables, Names, and Objects
- positive, Integers
- precedence rules, Precedence
- type conversion to, Type Conversions
- integrated development environments (IDEs), Integrated Development Environments
- interactive interpreter
- automatic value printing feature, Running Python
- debugging and, Debug with pdb
- string echoes by, Create with Quotes
- internationalization, Read and Write Dates and Times
- Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), Python Email Modules
- interpreters, definition of, Python versus Language X
- intersection() function, Combinations and Operators
- IP (Internet Protocol) layer, TCP/IP
- IP addresses, Sockets
- IPython, IPython, The IPython Library
- is operator, Functions
- isfile() function, Check Type with isfile()
- islink() function, Link with link() or symlink()
- isoformat() function, The datetime Module
- issubset() function, Combinations and Operators
- issuperset() function, Combinations and Operators
- items
- adding to end of lists, Add an Item to the End with append()
- adding/changing in dictionaries, Add or Change an Item by [ key ]
- adding/deleting, Stack + Queue == deque
- changing by [ offset ], Change an Item by [ offset ]
- counting, Count Items with Counter()
- deleting all items, Delete All Items by Using clear()
- deleting by offset, Delete an Item by Offset with del
- deleting by value, Delete an Item by Value with remove()
- deleting individual, Delete an Item by Key with del
- extracting by offset range, Get a Slice to Extract Items by Offset Range
- finding offset of by value, Find an Item’s Offset by Value with index()
- getting by using [ offset ], Get an Item by Using [ offset ]
- getting items by [ key ], Get an Item by [ key ]
- getting/deleting, Get an Item by Offset and Delete It by Using pop()
- inserting by offset, Add an Item by Offset with insert()
- reordering, Reorder Items with sort()
- returning number of, Get Length by Using len()
- items() function, Get All Key-Value Pairs by Using items(), Iterate with for
- iteration
- creating data structures with, Comprehensions
- for statement, Iterate with for
- of text files, Read a Text File with read(), readline(), or readlines()
- over code structures, Iterate over Code Structures with itertools
- over keys, Iterate with for
- over multiple sequences, Iterate Multiple Sequences with zip()
- over values, Iterate with for
- tuples vs. strings, Iterate with for
- itertools, Iterate over Code Structures with itertools
J
- job queues, Queues
- join() function, Combine with join(), Convert to a String with join()
- joins, Relational Databases
- JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), A Taste of Py, JSON
- justification, Case and Alignment
K
- kernel, definition of, Programs and Processes
- key-value pairs, Create with {}, Get All Key-Value Pairs by Using items(), The dbm Family
- keys
- copying, Combine Dictionaries with update()
- definition of, A Taste of Py, Dictionaries
- deleting, Delete All Items by Using clear()
- expiration of, Caches and expiration
- foreign, Relational Databases
- getting all, Get All Keys by Using keys()
- handling missing, Handle Missing Keys with setdefault() and defaultdict()
- iterating over, Iterate with for
- ordering, Order by Key with OrderedDict()
- primary, Relational Databases
- requirements for, Add or Change an Item by [ key ], Sets
- testing for, Test for a Key by Using in
- keys() function, Get All Keys by Using keys(), Iterate with for
- keyword arguments, Keyword Arguments, Gather Keyword Arguments with **
- Kivy user interface, Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
L
- lambda function, Anonymous Functions: the lambda() Function
- language interpreters, Web Server Gateway Interface
- languages
- declarative, SQL
- expression, SQLAlchemy, The SQL Expression Language
- web server interpreters, Web Server Gateway Interface
- layers, TCP/IP
- layout, Case and Alignment
- left justification, Case and Alignment
- len() function, Get Length with len(), Get Length by Using len()
- libraries
- C libraries, Install and Use conda
- ElementTree, XML
- gevent, Other Python Web Servers, Green Threads and gevent
- installation of, Install Python 3
- installing third-party, Install Anaconda, Install and Use pip and virtualenv
- IPython library, The IPython Library
- message passing, ZeroMQ
- Python standard library, The Python Standard Library-Print Nicely with pprint()
- Python’s standard web libraries, Python’s Standard Web Libraries
- scapy library, Scapy
- SciKit library, The SciKit Library
- SciPy library, The SciPy Library
- security issues with, A Security Note
- special-purpose scientific, Python and Scientific Areas
- third-party, More Batteries: Get Other Python Code
- xml.dom, XML
- xml.sax, XML
- yaml library, YAML
- ZeroMQ library, ZeroMQ
- LIFO (last-in, first-out) queue, Get an Item by Offset and Delete It by Using pop()
- link() function, Link with link() or symlink()
- list() function, Create with [] or list(), Get All Keys by Using keys(), Handle Missing Keys with setdefault() and defaultdict()
- listdir() function, List Contents with listdir()
- lists
- adding items to end of, Add an Item to the End with append()
- assigning to multiple variables, Assign with =, Copy with copy()
- benefits of, Lists
- building with list comprehensions, List Comprehensions
- changing values, Change an Item by [ offset ]
- concurrency and, Beyond Queues
- conversion to, Convert Other Data Types to Lists with list()
- converting to strings, Convert to a String with join()
- counting occurrences of values, Count Occurrences of a Value by Using count()
- creating, Create with [] or list()
- definition of, A Taste of Py, Split with split()
- deleting items by offset, Delete an Item by Offset with del
- deleting items by value, Delete an Item by Value with remove()
- determining length of, Get Length by Using len()
- elements in, Lists and Tuples, Combine Lists by Using extend() or +=
- empty, What Is True?
- extracting items by offset range, Get a Slice to Extract Items by Offset Range
- extracting values from, Get an Item by Using [ offset ]
- finding item’s offset by value, Find an Item’s Offset by Value with index()
- getting/deleting items, Get an Item by Offset and Delete It by Using pop()
- in Redis, Lists
- inserting items, Add an Item by Offset with insert()
- list order, Create with [] or list()
- merging, Combine Lists by Using extend() or +=
- of lists, Lists of Lists
- reordering items, Reorder Items with sort()
- testing for values, Test for a Value with in
- vs. tuples, Tuples versus Lists
- literal double quote ("), Escape with
- literal integers, Integers, Integers
- literal single quote ('), Escape with
- localhost, The Simplest Python Web Server
- locks, Threads
- logging, Logging Error Messages-Logging Error Messages
- log files, Logging Error Messages
- root loggers, Logging Error Messages
- logic errors, Debug with pdb
- loopback interface, TCP/IP
- loops
- definition of, A Taste of Py
- event loops, Green Threads and gevent
- for loops, Iterate with for, Iterate over Code Structures with itertools
- infinite loops, Cancel with break
- optional else statement, Check break Use with else, Check break Use with else
- skipping ahead, Skip Ahead with continue
- while, Repeat with while
- lowercase, Case and Alignment
M
- machine languages, definition of, Python versus Language X
- Mac’s Activity Monitor (OS X), Programs and Processes
- magic methods, Special Methods
- make() function, Create with mkdir()
- mangling, Name Mangling for Privacy
- MapReduce, Big Fat Data and MapReduce
- maps, Maps
- markup formats, XML
- marshalling, Remote Procedure Calls
- mashups, Web Services and APIs
- match() function, Exact match with match()
- math functions, Py Sci
- math operators, Numbers
- matplotlib, matplotlib
- matrix multiplication, Matrix Multiplication
- Maya, 3-D Graphics and Animation
- Mercurial, Mercurial
- merge operator (+=), Combine Lists by Using extend() or +=
- messages
- methods
- adding, Add a Method
- calling, Get Help from Your Parent with super
- class methods, Method Types
- definition of, What Are Objects?
- finding, In self Defense
- getter/setter, Get and Set Attribute Values with Properties
- instance methods, Method Types
- magic, Special Methods
- method types, Method Types
- overriding, Override a Method
- special, Special Methods
- static methods, Method Types
- Microsoft Excel, Structured Binary Files
- Microsoft Office Suite, The Microsoft Office Suite
- microthreads, Green Threads and gevent
- MIME types, Python’s Standard Web Libraries
- modules
- asyncio, asyncio
- binascii module, Convert Bytes/Strings with binascii()
- csv module, CSV
- date/time modules, Alternative Modules
- datetime module, The datetime Module
- definition of, Modules and the import Statement
- email modules, Python Email Modules
- for business tasks, Carrying Out Business Tasks
- graphics-related, 2-D Graphics
- h5py, HDF5
- importing, Import a Module
- importing individual parts of, Import Only What You Want from a Module
- importing with another name, Import a Module with Another Name
- json module, JSON
- locating standard, The Python Standard Library
- multiprocessing module, Create a Process with multiprocessing, Processes
- os module, Programs and Processes
- pickle module, Serialize by Using pickle
- PyTables, HDF5
- referring to other modules, Modules and the import Statement
- requests modules, Beyond the Standard Library: Requests
- search path, Module Search Path
- statistics module, Handling Simple Stats by Using statistics
- struct module, Convert Binary Data with struct
- subprocess module, Create a Process with subprocess
- threading module, Threads
- time module, Using the time Module
- unicodedata module, Python 3 Unicode strings
- vs. classes and objects, When to Use Classes and Objects versus Modules
- modulus (remainder) operator (%), Numbers, Integers
- monkey-patching functions, Green Threads and gevent
- MsgPack, Other Interchange Formats
- multiline strings, Create with Quotes
- multiplication, Integers, Matrix Multiplication
- multiplication operator (*), Numbers
- multiprocessing module, Create a Process with multiprocessing, Processes
- multitasking, Concurrency
- music, Audio and Music
- mutable, definition of, Variables, Names, and Objects
- MySQL, MySQL
N
- N-dimensional arrays, NumPy
- named tuples, Named Tuples
- names/naming
- avoiding conflicts, Import a Module
- best practices, Name and Document
- hidden attributes, Name Mangling for Privacy
- mangling, Name Mangling for Privacy
- of variables, Variables, Names, and Objects
- purpose of, Variables, Names, and Objects
- (see also variables)
- reserved words to avoid, Variables, Names, and Objects
- namespaces, Namespaces and Scope
- negative integers, Integers
- nesting, XML
- networking
- cloud computing, Working in the Clouds
- definition of, Concurrency and Networks
- Domain Name System (DNS) and, Domain Name System
- email modules, Python Email Modules
- File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Other protocols
- for big data, Big Fat Data and MapReduce
- Internet services, Internet Services
- message passing libraries for, ZeroMQ
- patterns and, Patterns
- practice exercise answers, Chapter 11, Concurrency and Networks
- practice exercises, Things to Do
- publish-subscribe model, The Publish-Subscribe Model
- remote processing, Remote Processing
- scapy library, Scapy
- sockets and, Sockets
- Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), TCP/IP
- web services/APIs, Web Services and APIs
- ZeroMQ library, ZeroMQ
- new line ( ), Escape with
- nginx web server, The nginx Web Server
- None value, Functions
- nose, Test with nose
- NoSQL data stores
- additional servers/APIs, Other NoSQL
- benefits of, NoSQL Data Stores
- dbm family, The dbm Family
- memcached, Memcached
- Redis, Redis-Caches and expiration
- null sets, Sets, What Is True?
- nulls, definition of term, Relational Databases
- number crunching, Concurrency
- number sequences, generating, Generate Number Sequences with range()
- NumPy, Cython, NumPy, and C Extensions, NumPy
O
- objects
- accessing attributes, Get and Set Attribute Values with Properties
- adding methods, Add a Method
- calling parent methods, Get Help from Your Parent with super
- composition and, Aggregation and Composition
- contents of, What Are Objects?
- creating custom, Define a Class with class
- date/time objects, The datetime Module
- definition of, Variables, Names, and Objects, Functions Are First-Class Citizens, What Are Objects?
- finding attributes/methods, In self Defense
- inheritance and, Inheritance
- method types, Method Types
- named tuples, Named Tuples
- overriding methods, Override a Method
- polymorphism in, Duck Typing
- practice exercise answers, Chapter 6, Oh Oh: Objects and Classes
- practice exercises, Things to Do
- private attributes, Name Mangling for Privacy
- restoring in binary format, Serialize by Using pickle
- self argument, In self Defense
- special methods, Special Methods
- type and, Variables, Names, and Objects
- vs. classes, Define a Class with class
- vs. modules, When to Use Classes and Objects versus Modules
- octal (base 8), Bases
- octothorpe character (#), Comment with #
- offset
- accessing values by, A Taste of Py
- adding items by, Add an Item by Offset with insert()
- adding items by with insert(), Add an Item by Offset with insert()
- changing items by [ offset ], Change an Item by [ offset ]
- deleting items by, Delete an Item by Offset with del
- extracting items by offset range, Get a Slice to Extract Items by Offset Range
- extracting values by [ offset ], Get an Item by Using [ offset ]
- getting items by, Get an Item by Offset and Delete It by Using pop()
- specifying, Extract a Character with []
- ones() function, Make an Array with zeros(), ones(), or random()
- open() function, Create with open()
- OpenStack, OpenStack
- operators
- for comparisons, Compare with if, elif, and else
- math, Numbers
- precedence of, Operator Precedence
- optional else statement, Check break Use with else, Check break Use with else
- options, Configuration Files
- OrderedDict() function, Order by Key with OrderedDict()
- ORM (Object Relational Model) layer, SQLAlchemy, The Object-Relational Mapper
- os module, Programs and Processes
- out of band communication, Redis
P
- p-code, PyPy
- pack() function, Convert Binary Data with struct
- packages
- definition of, Packages
- fabric package, fabric
- http package, Python’s Standard Web Libraries
- in Python 3, Python’s Standard Web Libraries, Concurrency and Networks
- installing, Install Packages
- installing from source, Install from Source
- package managers, Use a Package Manager
- third-party for science and math, Scientific Python
- urllib package, Python’s Standard Web Libraries
- xlrd package, Spreadsheets
- packed sequences, Use Packed Sequences with array
- packets, TCP/IP
- Panda3D, 3-D Graphics and Animation
- Pandas, Pandas
- parameters
- default values, Specify Default Parameter Values
- definition of, Functions
- parent classes, Inheritance
- parentheses (), Create a Tuple by Using ()
- parsers, Configuration Files
- pathnames, Check Type with isfile(), Get a Pathname with abspath()
- pattern specifiers, Patterns: using specifiers
- patterns, Patterns, ZeroMQ
- pending lists, Beyond Queues
- PEP-8, Compare with if, elif, and else, Check with pylint, pyflakes, and pep8
- performance, Concurrency and Networks
- (see also concurrency; networking)
- permissions, Change Permissions with chmod()
- persistence, Data Has to Go Somewhere, Memcached
- PHP language, Python versus Language X
- pickle module, Serialize by Using pickle
- Pike, Rob, Encode and decode with UTF-8
- Pillow, PIL and Pillow
- pip
- installing, Install and Use pip and virtualenv
- using, Use pip
- placeholders, SQLite
- planes, Unicode
- plots, Plots, Graphs, and Visualization
- plus sign (+), Integers, Combine with +
- pointers, lack of, Gather Positional Arguments with *
- polymorphism, Duck Typing
- pools, SQLAlchemy, The engine layer
- pop() function, Get an Item by Offset and Delete It by Using pop(), Stack + Queue == deque
- popleft() function, Stack + Queue == deque
- poplib library, Python Email Modules
- ports, Sockets, Domain Name System
- positional arguments, Positional Arguments, Gather Positional Arguments with *
- positive integers, Integers
- POST command, Test with telnet
- Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3), Python Email Modules
- PostgreSQL, PostgreSQL
- pound character (#), Comment with #
- pprint() function, Print Nicely with pprint()
- precedence, Compare with if, elif, and else
- precedence rules, Precedence
- precision value, New style formatting with {} and format
- pretty printer, Print Nicely with pprint()
- primary keys, Relational Databases
- print() function
- alternative to, Print Nicely with pprint()
- testing code and, Testing Your Code
- vs. automatic echoing, Create with Quotes
- within interactive interpreter, Using the Interactive Interpreter
- process ids, Programs and Processes
- processes
- concurrency and, Processes
- creating with multiprocessing module, Create a Process with multiprocessing
- creating with subprocess module, Create a Process with subprocess
- definition of, Programs and Processes
- killing, Kill a Process with terminate()
- viewing current, Programs and Processes
- programs
- background programs, Redis
- basic development of, What’s Next?
- basic features of, A Taste of Py
- command-line arguments, Command-Line Arguments
- CPU-bound, When Not to Use Python, Concurrency
- event-based, Green Threads and gevent
- exceptions, Integers
- (see also exceptions)
- foreground programs, Redis
- I/O bound, Concurrency
- modules, Modules and the import Statement-Module Search Path
- packages, Packages
- practice exercise answers, Chapter 5, Py Boxes: Modules, Packages, and Programs
- practice exercises, Things to Do
- processes and, Programs and Processes
- readability and writability of, So, Why Python?, Docstrings
- sequential, Concurrency and Networks
- standalone, Standalone Programs
- static vs. dynamic, When Not to Use Python
- thread-safe, Threads
- prompts
- >>> prompt, Things to Do, Py Ingredients: Numbers, Strings, and Variables
- definition of, Using the Interactive Interpreter
- proper subsets, Combinations and Operators
- properties
- computed values and, Get and Set Attribute Values with Properties
- defining, Get and Set Attribute Values with Properties
- getting/setting attribute values, Get and Set Attribute Values with Properties
- Protocol Buffers, Other Interchange Formats
- protocols
- definition of term, Web Clients
- layers and, TCP/IP
- UDP/TCP, TCP/IP
- pseudocode, Debug with pdb
- public IP addresses, TCP/IP
- publish-subscribe (pub-sub) pattern, Lists, Patterns
- pull pattern, Patterns
- push pattern, Patterns
- PyCharm, PyCharm
- pyflakes, Check with pylint, pyflakes, and pep8
- pylint, Check with pylint, pyflakes, and pep8
- PyPI, More Batteries: Get Other Python Code, Find Python Code
- PyPy, PyPy
- PyTables module, HDF5
- Python 3
- applications in business, Py at Work-Applications and Data
- applications in math and statistics, Py Sci-Python and Scientific Areas
- applications in the arts and music, Py Art-Audio and Music
- benefits of, So, Why Python?
- drawbacks of, When Not to Use Python
- installation
- Anaconda, Install Anaconda
- conda, Install and Use conda
- Linux/Unix, Linux or Unix
- Mac OS X, Mac OS X
- overview of, Install Python 3
- pip, Install and Use pip and virtualenv
- standard Python, Install Standard Python
- standard vs. scientific libraries, Install Python 3
- virtualenv, Install and Use pip and virtualenv
- Windows, Windows
- introduction to
- basic program features, A Taste of Py
- data structures, A Taste of Py
- dictionaries, A Taste of Py
- lists, A Taste of Py
- practice exercise answers, Chapter 1, A Taste of Py
- practice exercises, Things to Do
- syntax, A Taste of Py
- operator precedence in, Operator Precedence
- packages in, Python’s Standard Web Libraries, Concurrency and Networks
- philosophy of, Your Moment of Zen
- real-world uses of, Python in the Real World
- resources for learning, Clone This Book-Coming Attractions
- running
- interactive interpreter, Running Python
- main methods of, Running Python
- using Python files, Use Python Files
- versions in use, Install Python 3
- vs. other languages, Python versus Language X
- vs. Python 2, Python 2 versus Python 3, Strings
- Python debugger (pdb), Debug with pdb
- Python Image Library (PIL), PIL and Pillow
- Python standard library
- adding/deleting items, Stack + Queue == deque
- alternatives to, More Batteries: Get Other Python Code
- benefits of, The Python Standard Library
- counting items, Count Items with Counter()
- finding code, Find Python Code
- graphics-related modules, 2-D Graphics
- handling missing keys, Handle Missing Keys with setdefault() and defaultdict()
- importing code from, A Taste of Py
- iterating over code structures, Iterate over Code Structures with itertools
- math and statistics in, Math and Statistics in the Standard Library
- order by key, Order by Key with OrderedDict()
- pretty printer, Print Nicely with pprint()
Q
- Qt user interface, Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
- queries, SQL
- queues, Concurrency
- quotes
- literal single or double, Escape with
- single vs. double vs. triple, Create with Quotes
R
- random() function, Make an Array with zeros(), ones(), or random()
- range() function, Generate Number Sequences with range()
- raw strings, Patterns: using specifiers
- read() function, Read a Text File with read(), readline(), or readlines(), Read a Binary File with read()
- read, definition of, File Input/Output
- Read-Evaluate-Print Loop (REPL), Testing Your Code
- read/write permissions, Change Permissions with chmod()
- readline() function, Read a Text File with read(), readline(), or readlines()
- readlines() function, Read a Text File with read(), readline(), or readlines()
- readthedocs, More Batteries: Get Other Python Code
- realpath() function, Get a symlink Pathname with realpath()
- Redis
- references, definition of, Variables, Names, and Objects
- regressions, Test with unittest
- regular expressions
- all matches, All matches with findall()
- basics of, Match with Regular Expressions
- exact matches, Exact match with match()
- first match, First match with search()
- pattern specifiers, Patterns: using specifiers
- replace at match, Replace at matches with sub()
- special characters, Patterns: special characters
- specifying match output, Patterns: specifying match output
- split at matches, Split at matches with split()
- relational databases
- benefits of, Relational Databases
- DB-API, DB-API
- keys and indexing in, Relational Databases
- MySQL, MySQL
- PostgreSQL, PostgreSQL
- SQL (structured query language), SQL
- SQLAlchemy, SQLAlchemy
- SQLite, SQLite
- tables in, Relational Databases
- remote processing
- alternative products for, Salt
- benefits of, Remote Processing
- fabric package for, fabric
- Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs), Remote Procedure Calls
- Salt, Salt
- remove() function, Delete an Item by Value with remove(), Delete a File with remove()
- rename() function, Change Name with rename()
- replace() function, Extract a Character with [], Substitute with replace()
- Representational State Transfer (REST), Web APIs and Representational State Transfer
- request-reply patterns, Patterns
- request-reply technique, Beyond Queues
- requests module, Beyond the Standard Library: Requests
- requests, definition of, Web Clients
- reserved words, Variables, Names, and Objects
- reshape() function, Change an Array’s Shape with reshape()
- resources, Clone This Book-Coming Attractions
- response headers, Test with telnet
- responses, definition of, Web Clients
- Respresentational State Transfer (REST), Remote Procedure Calls
- results, definition of, Functions
- reverse() function, Stack + Queue == deque
- right justification, Case and Alignment
- rmdir() function, Delete with rmdir()
- robustness, Concurrency and Networks
- (see also concurrency; networking)
- Ronacher, Armin, Flask
- root loggers, Logging Error Messages
- Ruby language, Python versus Language X
S
- Salt, Salt
- scapy library, Scapy
- SCGI, Web Server Gateway Interface
- schemas, Relational Databases
- SciKit library, The SciKit Library
- SciPy library, The SciPy Library
- scope, Namespaces and Scope
- scripting languages (see dynamic languages)
- scripts
- definition of, Python in the Real World
- dynamic languages and, Python versus Language X
- shell scripts, Python versus Language X
- search() function, First match with search()
- Secure Shell (SSH), fabric
- security issues
- business data, Business Data Security
- debug in production web servers, Flask
- passwords, fabric
- pickle module, Serialize by Using pickle
- Python libraries vulnerability, A Security Note
- SQL injection, SQLite
- seek() function, Change Position with seek()
- seeking, drawbacks of, Big Fat Data and MapReduce
- self argument, In self Defense, Method Types
- sentinel values, Redis, Debug with pdb
- separators, Split with split(), Structured Text Files
- sequences
- adding/deleting items, Stack + Queue == deque
- creating with generators, Generators
- escape sequences, CSV
- generating number sequences, Generate Number Sequences with range()
- iterating over multiple, Iterate Multiple Sequences with zip()
- lists (see lists)
- packed, Use Packed Sequences with array
- strings as, Strings
- tuples (see tuples)
- sequential programs, Concurrency and Networks
- serialization, Serialize by Using pickle, Remote Procedure Calls
- sessions, Web Clients
- set intersection operator (&), Combinations and Operators
- set() function, Create with set()
- setdefault() function, Handle Missing Keys with setdefault() and defaultdict()
- setlocale() function, Read and Write Dates and Times
- sets
- building with set comprehensions, Set Comprehensions
- checking for combinations of set values, Combinations and Operators
- conversion to, Convert from Other Data Types with set()
- creating, Create with set()
- empty, What Is True?
- in Redis, Sets
- null/empty, Sets
- sorted, Sorted sets
- testing for values, Test for Value by Using in
- vs. dictionaries, Sets
- setter methods, Get and Set Attribute Values with Properties
- settings, Configuration Files
- sh (see bash shell)
- sharp character (#), Comment with #
- shell programs
- definition of, Python versus Language X
- for Linux/Unix, Python versus Language X
- for Windows, Python versus Language X
- shell scripts, drawbacks of, Python versus Language X
- sign bits, Binary Data
- Simple API for XML (SAX), XML
- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Python Email Modules
- simplicity, Concurrency and Networks
- (see also concurrency; networking)
- singletons, When to Use Classes and Objects versus Modules
- slice, Slice with [ start : end : step ], Get a Slice to Extract Items by Offset Range
- slices
- extracting items by offset range, Get a Slice to Extract Items by Offset Range
- reversing a string with, Stack + Queue == deque
- social media sites, Web Services and APIs
- sockets
- software locks, Threads
- sort() function, Reorder Items with sort()
- sorted() function, Reorder Items with sort()
- source control systems
- Git, Git
- importance of, Source Control
- Mercurial, Mercurial
- spaces, Combine with +
- Spark, Big Fat Data and MapReduce
- special characters, Patterns: special characters
- special methods, Special Methods
- split() function, Split with split(), Convert Other Data Types to Lists with list(), Convert to a String with join(), Split at matches with split()
- spreadsheets, Structured Binary Files
- SQL (structured query language), SQL
- SQL expression language, SQLAlchemy
- SQL injection, SQLite
- SQLAlchemy
- applicable levels for, SQLAlchemy
- engine layer, The engine layer
- Expression Language, The SQL Expression Language
- initial connection string, SQLAlchemy
- installing, SQLAlchemy
- ORM (Object Relational Model) layer, The Object-Relational Mapper
- SQLite, SQLite
- square brackets ([ ]), A Taste of Py, Extract a Character with [], Create with [] or list(), Create with set()
- stack, definition of, Get an Item by Offset and Delete It by Using pop()
- standalone programs, Standalone Programs
- start tags, XML
- statelessness, Web Clients
- statements, SQL
- static languages, definition of, Python versus Language X
- static methods, Method Types
- statistics module, Handling Simple Stats by Using statistics
- status codes, Python’s Standard Web Libraries
- str() function, Convert Data Types by Using str()
- streaming
- benefits of, Big Fat Data and MapReduce
- Hadoop streaming, Big Fat Data and MapReduce
- iterators and, Iterate with for
- Spark, Big Fat Data and MapReduce
- TCP for, TCP/IP
- strftime() function, The datetime Module, Read and Write Dates and Times
- string % data conversion types, Old style with %
- strings
- breaking into smaller strings, Split with split()
- combining, Combine with +, Combine with join()
- conversion to, Convert Data Types by Using str(), Convert to a String with join()
- conversion to integers, Type Conversions
- converting to binary data, Convert Bytes/Strings with binascii()
- counting characters in, Get Length with len()
- creating multiline, Create with Quotes
- creating with quotes, Create with Quotes
- definition of, Py Ingredients: Numbers, Strings, and Variables, Strings
- docstrings, Docstrings
- documentation on, More String Things
- duplicating, Duplicate with *
- empty, What Is True?
- empty strings, Create with Quotes
- escape characters, Escape with
- extracting characters from, Extract a Character with []
- extracting substrings, Slice with [ start : end : step ]
- handling case and alignment, Case and Alignment
- immutability of, Strings, Change an Item by [ offset ]
- in Redis, Strings
- iteration and, Iterate with for
- literal, Combine with +
- manipulating, Playing with Strings, Text Strings
- (see also text strings)
- raw strings, Patterns: using specifiers
- string methods, String Methods
- string module attributes, String Module Attributes
- substitutions, Substitute with replace()
- vs. lists and tuples, Lists and Tuples
- strongly typed, definition of, Variables, Names, and Objects
- strptime() function, The datetime Module, Read and Write Dates and Times
- struct module, Convert Binary Data with struct
- structured binary files, Structured Binary Files
- structured text files
- binary interchange formats, Other Interchange Formats
- configuration files, Configuration Files
- CSV (comma-separated values), CSV
- distinguishing formats, Structured Text Files
- HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), HTML
- JSON (JavaScript Object Notation), JSON
- security concerns, A Security Note
- serialization of, Serialize by Using pickle
- XML (Extensible Markup Language), XML
- YAML (YAML Ain’t Markup Language), YAML
- sub() function, Replace at matches with sub()
- subclasses, Inheritance
- subdirectories, creating, List Contents with listdir()
- subprocess module, Create a Process with subprocess
- subsets, proper, Combinations and Operators
- substitutions, Substitute with replace()
- substrings, extracting, Slice with [ start : end : step ]
- subtraction, Integers
- subtraction operator (-), Numbers, Combinations and Operators
- super() function, Get Help from Your Parent with super
- superclasses, Inheritance
- supersets, Combinations and Operators
- symbolic links, Link with link() or symlink(), Get a symlink Pathname with realpath()
- symlink() function, Link with link() or symlink()
- symmetric_difference() function, Combinations and Operators
- synchronous vs. asynchronous, Concurrency
- syntax
- curly brackets ({ }), A Taste of Py, Create with {}, Create with set()
- definition of, A Taste of Py
- in C/C++, Python versus Language X
- in Python, A Taste of Py
- reserved words for, Variables, Names, and Objects
- square brackets ([ ]), A Taste of Py, Create with set()
- system functions
- accessing system information, Programs and Processes
- calendars/clocks, Calendars and Clocks-Alternative Modules
- directories, Directories-List Matching Files with glob()
- file handling, Files-Delete a File with remove()
- practice exercise answers, Chapter 10, Systems
- practice exercises, Things to Do
- programs/processes, Programs and Processes-Kill a Process with terminate()
T
- tab ( ), Escape with
- table scans, Relational Databases
- tables, Relational Databases
- tags
- Task Manager, Programs and Processes
- task queues, Queues
- tell() function, Change Position with seek()
- telnet, Test with telnet
- terminate() function, Kill a Process with terminate(), Threads
- testing
- additional frameworks for, Other Test Frameworks
- continuous integration, Continuous Integration
- doctest, Test with doctest
- nose, Test with nose
- Python code checkers, Check with pylint, pyflakes, and pep8
- Read-Evaluate-Print Loop (REPL) and, Testing Your Code
- unit tests, Bottle
- unittest, Test with unittest
- text
- aligning, Escape with , Case and Alignment
- changing case of, Case and Alignment
- forcing new line, Escape with
- text strings
- formatting
- curly brackets/format, New style formatting with {} and format
- old and new styles, Format
- string % data, Old style with %
- practice exercise answers, Chapter 7, Mangle Data Like a Pro
- practice exercises, Things to Do
- regular expressions
- all matches, All matches with findall()
- basics of, Match with Regular Expressions
- exact matches, Exact match with match()
- first match, First match with search()
- pattern specifiers, Patterns: using specifiers
- replace at match, Replace at matches with sub()
- special characters, Patterns: special characters
- specifying match output, Patterns: specifying match output
- split at matches, Split at matches with split()
- Unicode
- decoding, Decoding
- encode() function, Encoding
- Python 3 strings, Python 3 Unicode strings
- Unicode charts, Python 3 Unicode strings
- unicodedata module, Python 3 Unicode strings
- UTF-8 encoding/decoding, Encode and decode with UTF-8
- vs. ASCII format, Unicode
- formatting
- Thompson, Ken, Encode and decode with UTF-8
- thread-safe programs, Threads
- threads
- best application of, Threads
- challenges of, Threads
- concurrency and, Threads
- green threads, Green Threads and gevent
- microthreads, Green Threads and gevent
- termination of, Threads
- Thrift, Other Interchange Formats
- throttling, Beyond Queues
- time module, Using the time Module
- time() function, Using the time Module
- timing, measurement of, Measure Timing
- tokens, Web Services and APIs
- topics, definition of, Patterns
- Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), Web Clients, The Simplest Python Web Server, TCP/IP, Sockets
- true values, What Is True?
- truncating integer division, Integers
- tuples
- advantages of, Tuples versus Lists
- conversion to lists, Convert Other Data Types to Lists with list()
- creating, Create a Tuple by Using ()
- elements in, Lists and Tuples
- empty, What Is True?
- immutability of, Lists and Tuples, Tuples
- iteration and, Iterate with for
- lack of comprehensions, Generator Comprehensions
- named tuples, Named Tuples
- tuple unpacking, Create a Tuple by Using ()
- vs. lists, Tuples versus Lists
- twisted framework, twisted
- type
- definition of, Python versus Language X, Variables, Names, and Objects
- strongly typed, Variables, Names, and Objects
- type conversion, Type Conversions
- vs. class, Variables, Names, and Objects
- typing, duck typing, Duck Typing
U
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol), TCP/IP, Sockets
- underscores (_)
- double, Uses of _ and __ in Names
- in names, Variables, Names, and Objects
- Unicode
- decoding, Decoding
- encode() function, Encoding
- practice exercise answers, Chapter 7, Mangle Data Like a Pro
- practice exercises, Things to Do
- Python 3 strings, Python 3 Unicode strings
- standard for, Strings
- Unicode charts, Python 3 Unicode strings
- unicodedata module, Python 3 Unicode strings
- UTF-8 encoding/decoding, Encode and decode with UTF-8
- vs. ASCII format, Unicode
- union() function, Combinations and Operators
- unit tests, Bottle
- unittest, Test with unittest
- Unix
- domain sockets, Sockets
- epoch values, Sorted sets, Using the time Module
- shell rules, List Matching Files with glob()
- time representation, Using the time Module
- unpack() function, Convert Binary Data with struct
- unpacking, tuples, Create a Tuple by Using ()
- update() function, Combine Dictionaries with update()
- uppercase, Case and Alignment
- URL (Uniform Resource Locator), The Web, Untangled
- urllib package, Python’s Standard Web Libraries
- user ids, Programs and Processes
- UTF-8 dynamic encoding, Encode and decode with UTF-8
V
- values
- changing, Change an Item by [ offset ]
- checking, Compare with if, elif, and else
- combinations of set values, Combinations and Operators
- computed values, Get and Set Attribute Values with Properties
- copying, Assign with =, Copy with copy(), Combine Dictionaries with update()
- counting occurrences of, Count Occurrences of a Value by Using count()
- default, Specify Default Parameter Values
- definition of, A Taste of Py
- deleting, Delete All Items by Using clear()
- deleting items by, Delete an Item by Value with remove()
- discarding duplicate, Convert from Other Data Types with set()
- extracting, Get an Item by Using [ offset ]
- false values, What Is True?, Functions
- finding item’s offset by, Find an Item’s Offset by Value with index()
- getting all, Get All Values by Using values()
- getting/setting for attributes, Get and Set Attribute Values with Properties
- in XML markup format, XML
- iterating over, Iterate with for
- keys and, Dictionaries
- mutable vs. immutable, Variables, Names, and Objects
- None, Functions
- precision value, New style formatting with {} and format
- sentinel values, Redis, Debug with pdb
- testing for, Test for a Value with in, Test for Value by Using in
- true values, What Is True?
- values() function, Get All Values by Using values(), Iterate with for
- van Rossum, Guido, Py Crust: Code Structures, asyncio
- variables
- arithmetic operations and, Integers
- assigning lists to, Assign with =, Copy with copy()
- assignment of, Variables, Names, and Objects
- defining, Variables, Names, and Objects
- definition of term, Python versus Language X, Py Ingredients: Numbers, Strings, and Variables
- global, Namespaces and Scope
- naming of, Variables, Names, and Objects
- temporary, Integers
- ventilator pattern, ZeroMQ
- verbs, Test with telnet
- version control, Source Control
- virtual machines, PyPy
- virtualenv, installing, Install and Use pip and virtualenv
- visualization, Plots, Graphs, and Visualization
- volumes, definition of, Directories
W
- Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI), Web Server Gateway Interface
- web services
- connecting to, A Taste of Py
- networking and, Web Services and APIs
- while loops, Repeat with while
- white space, Py Crust: Code Structures
- wild-card symbols
- * (asterisk), Python versus Language X, Duplicate with *, Exact match with match()
- . (full stop), Exact match with match()
- .* (full stop asterisk), Exact match with match()
- Unix shell rules and, List Matching Files with glob()
- Window’s Task Manager, Programs and Processes
- with statement, Close Files Automatically by Using with
- words, reserved for Python syntax, Variables, Names, and Objects
- work queues, Queues
- working directory, Programs and Processes
- working lists, Beyond Queues
- World Wide Web
- basic design of, The Web, Untangled
- history of, The Web, Untangled
- practice exercise answers, Chapter 9, The Web, Untangled
- practice exercises, Things to Do
- web clients
- data interchange through, Web Clients
- Python’s standard web libraries, Python’s Standard Web Libraries
- requests module, Beyond the Standard Library: Requests
- telnet text-based interaction with, Test with telnet
- web servers
- bare-bones Python HTTP server, The Simplest Python Web Server
- Bottle framework, Bottle
- Flask framework, Flask
- Flask non-Python, Non-Python Web Servers
- for database-backed websites, Other Frameworks
- variety of frameworks available for, Web Servers, Frameworks
- web server gateway interface, Web Server Gateway Interface
- WORM (write once/read many) applications, HDF5
- write() function, Write a Text File with write(), Write a Binary File with write()
- write, definition of, File Input/Output
- write/read permissions, Change Permissions with chmod()
- WxPthon user interface, Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)
X
- xlrd package, Spreadsheets
- XML (Extensible Markup Language) format, XML
- xml.dom library, XML
- xml.sax library, XML
Y
- YAML (YAML Ain’t Markup Language), YAML
Z
- zero float, What Is True?
- zero integer, What Is True?
- ZeroMQ library
- zeros() function, Make an Array with zeros(), ones(), or random()
- zip() function, Iterate Multiple Sequences with zip()
- zsets, Sorted sets
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