NOTES

INTRODUCTION

1. USAID, Guide to the Drivers of Violent Extremism, February 2009, https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADT978.pdf.

2. Farhana Qazi, “The Mujahidaat: Tracing the Early Female Warriors of Islam,” in Women, Gender, and Terrorism, eds. Caron E. Gentry and Laura Sjoberg (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 2011).

3. Anna Erelle, Undercover Jihadi Bride: Inside Islamic State’s Recruitment Networks (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2012).

CHAPTER 1

1. According to British author and historian Victoria Schofield, “What Radcliffe did was conform to the suggested boundaries [that had] already been worked out in February 1964 before the [British] Cabinet Mission arrived in India.” Email correspondence, February 2015.

2. Joseph Campbell, The Power of Myth (New York: Apostrophe S. Productions, Inc., 1991), 25.

3. Yann Martel, Life of Pi (Canada: Harcourt Books, 2001).

4. Karen Armstrong, Islam: A Short History (New York: Random House, 2002).

5. Jeffry R. Halverson, H. L. Goodall, Jr., Steven R. Corman, Master Narratives of Islamist Extremism (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 12.

CHAPTER 2

1. Mirza Waheed, The Collaborator (London, UK: Penguin, 2012), chapter 1.

2. “1st female suicide bomber hits Indian Kashmir, police say,” USA Today, World, October 13, 2005, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-10-13-female-bomber_x.htm. Also see Swati Parashar, “Aatish-eChinar: In Kashmir, Where Women Keep Resistance Alive,” in Women, Gender, and Terrorism.

3. Quoted in Parashar, “Aatish-e-Chinar: In Kashmir, Where Women Keep Resistance Alive,” in Women, Gender, and Terrorism.

4. Qazi, “The Mujahidaat,” in Women, Gender, and Terrorism, 30.

5. Mia Bloom, Bombshell: Women and Terrorism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011).

6. Farhana Ali and Jerrold Post, “The History and Evolution of Martyrdom in the Service of Defensive Jihad: An Analysis of Suicide Bombers in Current Conflicts,” Social Science Research Journal 75, no. 2 (Summer 2008): 619–20. (Published under my former name.)

7. Jessica Stern, Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill (New York: HarperCollins, 2003).

CHAPTER 3

1. Farhana Ali, “Dressed to Kill: Why the Number of Female Suicide Bombers Is Rising in Iraq,” Newsweek, July 30, 2008.

2. Mia Bloom, “Women as Victims and Victimizers,” eJournal USA, May 2007.

3. Haifa Zangana, City of Widows: An Iraqi Woman’s Account of War and Resistance (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2007).

4. Fahimeh Fahiminejad, “Exemplary Women: Lady Umm Salamah,” in Message of Thaqalayn 12, no. 4 (Winter 2012).

5. Anita McNaught, personal communication with the author.

6. Alissa J. Rubin, “How Baida Wanted to Die,” New York Times, August 12, 2009, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/16/magazine/16suicide-t.html#.

CHAPTER 4

1. Qazi, “The Mujahidaat,” in Women, Gender, and Terrorism.

2. Farhana Ali, “Inside a Girls’ Madrasa,” Washington Post, March 2008.

3. For an accurate list of the Prophet’s wives and notable women, see Mahmood Ahmad Ghadanfar, Great Women of Islam: Who Were Given the Good News of Paradise (Houston, TX: Dar-us-Salam Publishers, 2001).

4. Assad Nimer Busool, Muslim Women Warriors (Chicago: Al-Huda, 1995), 35.

5. Jennifer Heath, The Scimitar and the Veil: Extraordinary Women of Islam (Mahwah, N.J.: HiddenSpring, 2004), 215.

CHAPTER 5

1. Jesse Paul, “Colorado girls urged friends to pray for them as they headed to Syria,” Denver Post, October 23, 2014, https://www.denverpost.com/2014/10/23/colorado-girls-urged-friends-to-pray-for-them-as-they-headed-to-syria/.

2. Rita Katz, “From Teenage Colorado Girls to Islamic State Recruits: A Case Study in Radicalization Via Social Media,” Insight Blog and Terrorism & Extremism, November 11, 2014, https://news.siteintelgroup.com/blog/index.php/entry/309-from-teenage-colorado-girls-to-islamic-state-recruits-a-case-study-in-radicalization-via-social-media.

3. There are four waves of terrorism, according to a model created by a counterterrorism champion and scholar, Dr. David Rappaport, whom I met many years ago.

4. From “The Death of the Hired Man,” by Robert Frost.

5. From “The House of Belonging,” by David Whyte.

CHAPTER 6

1. Kirk Mitchell, “Arvada teen jihadist wannabe sentenced to four years in prison,” Denver Post, January 23, 2015, https://www.denverpost.com/2015/01/23/arvada-teen-jihadist-wannabe-sentenced-to-four-years-in-prison/.

2. From a criminal complaint report signed by US Magistrate Judge Kristen L. Mix and signed by Christian K. R. Byrne, Task Force Officer, FBI-JTTF, Case No. 14-mj-01045-KLM, April 9, 2014, United States District Court for the District of Colorado.

3. Ibid.

4. Mitchell, “Arvada teen jihadist wannabe sentenced to four years in prison.”

5. Vicky Collins reporting for ABC News on Shannon Conley’s sentencing hearing, US Attorney’s Office, Colorado, January 2015.

6. Michael Martinez, Ann Cabrera, and Sara Weisfeldt, “Colorado woman gets 4 years for wanting to join ISIS,” CNN, January 24, 2015, https://www.cnn.com/2015/01/23/us/colorado-woman-isis-sentencing/; and Michael Roberts, “Shannon Conley, teen accused of trying to aid ISIS terror group: Her rebirth as “Slave of Allah,” Westword, July 3, 2014, http://www.westword.com/news/shannon-conley-teen-accused-of-trying-to-aid-isis-terror-group-her-rebirth-as-slave-of-allah-5878186.

7. Steven Davy, “These Mothers Lost Their Sons to ISIS. A Photographer’s Work Documents Their Pain,” Public Radio International, April 19, 2016, https://www.wbez.org/shows/the-world/these-mothers-lost-their-sons-to-isis-a-photographers-work-documents-their-pain/677cdc3f-28e3-4d5d-88cb-38376eca29ba.

8. Victoria L. Dunckley, Reset Your Child’s Brain: A Four-Week Plan to End Meltdowns, Raise Grades, and Boost Social Skills by Reversing the Effects of Electronic Screen-Time (Novato, Calif.: New World Library, 2015).

9. Nancy E. Willard, Cyber-Safe Kids, Cyber-Savvy Teens: Helping Young People Learn to Use the Internet Safely and Responsibly (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007).

CHAPTER 7

1. Joseph Campbell, The Power of Myth (New York: Apostrophe S. Productions, Inc., 1991).

2. Saniyasnain Khan, Goodnight Stories from the Quran (Birmingham, UK: Goodword Books, 2007).

3. Erin Marie Saltman and Melanie Smith, Till Martyrdom Do Us Part: Gender and the ISIS Phenomenon (Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2015), https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Till_Martyrdom_Do_Us_Part_Gender_and_the_ISIS_Phenomenon.pdf.

CHAPTER 8

1. Carolyn Hoyle, Alexandra Bradford, and Ross Frenett, Becoming Mulan? Female Western Migrants to ISIS, Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2015, https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/ISDJ2969_Becoming_Mulan_01.15_WEB.pdf.

2. David Eagleman, The Brain: The Story of You (New York: Pantheon, 2015).

3. https://islamfuture.wordpress.com/2009/12/16/the-role-of-the-women-in-fighting-the-enemies/.

4. An excellent historical novel about the Prophet’s wives is Mothers of the Believers: A Novel of the Birth of Islam, by Kamran Pasha (New York: Washington Square Press, 2009). For an accurate list of the Prophet’s wives and notable women, see Ghadanfar, Great Women of Islam.

5. Busool, Muslim Women Warriors, 35.

6. Heath, The Scimitar and the Veil, 215.

7. Jon Henley and Vikram Dodd, “Kadiza Sultana: London schoolgirl who joined Isis believed killed in Syria airstrike,” Guardian, August 12, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/aug/11/london-school-girl-kadiza-sultana-who-joined-isis-believed-killed-in-syria-airstrike.

8. Lizzie Dearden, “Syria girls: At least 60 British women and girls as young as 15 have joined ISIS in Syria, police say,” Independent, March 1, 2015, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/syria-girls-at-least-60-british-women-and-girls-as-young-as-15-have-joined-isis-in-syria-10078069.html#.

9. Ibid.

10. Kalsoom Bashir, “Observer Op-Ed: British Muslim girls and extremism: what I learned on my journey across the UK,” Inspire, April 2, 2015, https://wewillinspire.com/british-muslim-girls-and-extremism-what-i-learned-on-my-journey-across-the-uk/.

11. Ibid.

12. Kalsoom Bashir, “Education is the cornerstone of our society,” Inspire, September 9, 2005, https://wewillinspire.com/education-is-the-cornerstone-of-our-society-kalsoom-bashir/.

13. Ibid.

14. Rosie Kinchen, “I’m taking on the Islamists. But where’s your backbone?” Sunday Times, September 4, 2016, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/im-taking-on-the-islamists-but-wheres-your-backbone-dsnbf0zqq.

15. Sara Khan and Tony McMahon, The Battle for British Islam: Reclaiming Muslim Identity from Extremism (London: Saqi Books, 2018).

16. Ahmad Bostan, interview with the author, 2016.

17. Laura Scaife, interview with the author, 2017.

CHAPTER 9

1. From his novel Requiem for a Nun, 1951.

2. Christina Lamb, The Sewing Circles of Herat: A Personal Voyage Through Afghanistan (New York: HarperCollins, 2002).

3. Global Terrorism Index, Institute for Economics and Peace, 2017. In 2017, Afghanistan placed second after Iraq.

4. From Isobel Coleman, Paradise Beneath Her Feet: How Women Are Transforming the Middle East (New York: Random House, 2013).

CONCLUSION

1. Alain de Botton, On Love: A Novel (New York: Grove Press, 1993), 221.

2. Hisham Abu-Raiya and Kenneth I. Pargament, “Empirically based psychology of Islam: Summary and critique of the literature,” Mental Health, Religion & Culture 14, no. 2 (2010): 93–115.