INTRODUCTION
IN ONE DECADE: FROM LETTERMAN TO SEINFELD
AN AMERICAN ODYSSEY
QUALITIES OF A LEADER: WELCH STYLE
WELCH'S WORLD: GENERAL ELECTRIC
THE FABRIC OF LEADERSHIP
WELCH, THE CHANGE AGENT
THE HARDWARE REVOLUTION
THE SOFTWARE REVOLUTION
TAKING STOCK
THE ROCKY ROAD TO RETIREMENT
THE REINVENTION OF JACK WELCH
SUMMING UP
[1] Tim Smart, "Jack Welch's Encore," Business Week, October 28, 1996, p. 154.
[2] Charles R. Day Jr. and Polly LaBarre, "GE: Just Your Average Ever-day $60 Billion Family Grocery Store," Industry Week, May 2, 1994.
[3] Marilyn Harris, Zachary Schiller, Russell Mitchell, and Christopher Power, "Can Jack Welch Reinvent GE?" Business Week, June 30, 1980, p. 62.
[4] R. Corelli and V. Dwyer, "Jack Welch Reinvents GE—Again," The Economist, March 30, 1991, p. 59.
[5] Laura Landro, "GE's Wizards Turning from the Bottom Line to Share of the Market," Wall Street Journal, July 12, 1982.
[6] Janet Guyon, "GE Chairman Welch, Though Much Praised, Starts to Draw Critics," Wall Street Journal, August 4, 1988.
[7] Mark Potts, "GE's Management Mission," Washington Post, May 22, 1988.
[8] David Warshaw, "Sharing at Every Level," Monogram, January-February, 1987.
[9] Russell Mitchell and Judith H. Dobrzynski, "GE's Jack Welch: How Good a Manager Is He?" Business Week, December 14, 1987.
[10] Ted Reinstein, "There's No Escape," November 3, 2006, www.thebostonchannel.com.
[11] Frank Swoboda, "Jack Welch and the Boundaryless Company," Washington Post, February 27, 1994.
[12] Eric Gelman and Penelope Wang, Newsweek, December 23, 1985.
[13] J. P. Donlon, "Chief Executive of the Year," Chief Executive, July/August, 1993.
[14] Noel Tichy and Stratford Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will (New York: Currency Doubleday, 1993), p. 126.
[15] Jack Egan, "What Makes GE Keep Growing?" U.S. News and World Report, November 23, 1987.
[16] Ken Auletta, Three Blind Mice: How the TV Networks Lost Their Way (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 17.
[17] Ibid., p. 240.
[18] Ibid., p. 545.
[19] Janet Guyon, "GE Chairman Welch, Though Much Praised, Starts to Draw Critics," Wall Street Journal, August 4, 1988.
[20] Auletta, Three Blind Mice, p. 326.
[21] Ibid.
[22] Guyon, "GE Chairman Welch, Though Much Praised, Starts to Draw Critics."
[23] Auletta, Three Blind Mice, p. 393.
[24] Ibid., p. 327.
[25] Ibid., p. 222.
[26] Ibid., p. 481.
[27] Jill Andresky Fraser, "Women, Power and the New GE," Working Woman, December, 1992.
[28] Gunther, "How GE Made NBC No. 1," Fortune, February 3, 1997.
[29] Kyle Pope, "TV Networks Face Pressure to Trim Budgets," Wall Street Journal, August 15, 1997.
[30] Gunther, "How GE Made NBC No. 1."
[31] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[32] Ibid.
[33] Stratford P. Sherman, "The Mind of Jack Welch," Fortune, March 27, 1989, p. 39.
[34] Betsy Morris, "Robert Goizueta and Jack Welch: The Wealth Builders," Fortune, December 11, 1995.
[35] Marilyn A. Harris and Christopher Power, "He Hated Losing—Even in Touch Football," Business Week, June 30, 1986, p. 65.
[36] Jack Welch, "Building Self-Confidence," Capitalist Magazine, February 28, 2002.
[37] Ken Auletta, Three Blind Mice: How the TV Networks Lost Their Way (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 16.
[38] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[39] Morris, "Robert Goizueta and Jack Welch: The Wealth Builders."
[40] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[41] Harris and Power, "He Hated Losing—Even in Touch Football."
[42] Ibid., p. 65.
[43] Ikuo Hirata, "Moving toward Small-Company Soul in a Big-Company Body," Nikkei Business, February 21, 1994.
[44] Morris, "Robert Goizueta and Jack Welch: The Wealth Builders."
[45] Ibid.
[46] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[47] Ibid.
[48] Ibid.
[49] Ibid.
[50] Morris, "Robert Goizueta and Jack Welch: The Wealth Builders."
[51] Harris and Power, "He Hated Losing—Even in Touch Football," p. 65.
[52] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[53] Frank Swoboda, "Jack Welch and the Boundaryless Company," Washington Post, February 27, 1994.
[54] Morris, "Robert Goizueta and Jack Welch: The Wealth Builders."
[55] Auletta, Three Blind Mice, p. 10.
[56] Jack Welch and Suzy Welch, Winning (New York: Harper Business, 2005), p. 293.
[57] Peter Petre, "The Man Who Brought GE to Life," Fortune, January 5, 1986.
[58] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[59] Ibid.
[60] Ibid.
[61] Welch and Welch, Winning, p. 358.
[62] Morris, "Robert Goizueta and Jack Welch: The Wealth Builders."
[63] John F. Welch, speech at the Seventh Annual Awards Dinner of the Work in America Institute, New York, November 12, 1990.
[64] Auletta, Three Blind Mice, p. 97.
[65] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[66] Jack Welch, speech at the New England Council's 1992 Private Sector New Englander of the Year Award, Boston, MA, November 11, 1992.
[67] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[68] "A Conversation with Robert Goizueta and Jack Welch," Fortune, December 11, 1995.
[69] Tom Peters and Nancy Austin, A Passion for Excellence: The Leadership Difference (New York: Random House, 1985), p. 138.
[70] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[71] Morris, "Robert Goizueta and Jack Welch: The Wealth Builder."
[72] "Passing the Torch," Monogram, January-February 1981, p. 6.
[73] Thomas C. Hayes, "GE Names Welch, 45, Chairman," New York Times, December 20, 1980.
[74] "Passing the Torch," Monogram, p. 6.
[75] Robert Barket, "Commanding General," Barron's, October 15, 1984.
[76] Stratford Sherman, "A Master Class in Radical Change," Fortune, December 13, 1993.
[77] John F. Welch, speech at the National Plastics Exposition, Chicago, June 18, 1991.
[78] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[79] Eric Gelman and Penelope Wang, "Jack Welch: GE's Live Wire," Newsweek, December 23, 1985, p. 48.
[80] Charles R. Day Jr. and Polly LaBarre, "GE: Just Your Average Everyday $60 Billion Family Grocery Store," Industry Week, May 2, 1994.
[81] Frank Swoboda, "Jack Welch and the Boundaryless Company," Washington Post, February 27, 1994.
[82] Stratford P. Sherman, "The Mind of Jack Welch," Fortune, March 27, 1989, p. 39.
[83] Tim Stevens, "Follow the Leader," Industry Week, November 18, 1996.
[84] Day and LaBarre, GE: Just Your Average Everyday $60 Billion Family Grocery Store."
[85] Auletta, Three Blind Mice, p. 398.
[86] Noel M. Tichy and Stratford Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will (New York: Currency Doubleday, 1993), p. 148.
[87] Richard Tanner Pascale, Managing on the Edge (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 205.
[88] Tichy and Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will, p. 110.
[89] J. P. Donlon, "Chief Executive of the Year," Chief Executive, July/August, 1993.
[90] Peter Petre and Margaret A. Elliott, "Jack Welch: I Got a Raw Deal," Fortune, July 7, 1986, p. 45.
[91] Jack Welch, speech to the Economic Club of Detroit, May 16, 1994.
[92] "An Interview with GE's Eighth Chief Executive Officer," Monogram, September-October 1981, p. 4.
[93] Peter Petre, "The Man Who Brought GE to Life," Fortune, January 5, 1987, p. 76.
[94] Tom Peters and Nancy Austin, A Passion for Excellence: The Leadership Difference (New York: Random House, 1985), p. 180.
[95] Karl Weick, "Fatigue of the Spirit in Organizational Theory and Organizational Development," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, September 1, 1990.
[96] John F. Welch Jr., memo to Reginald Jones, Re: Success in Self-evaluation, June 2, 1980.
[97] J. P. Donlon, "Chief Executive of the Year," Chief Executive, July/August, 1993.
[98] Steven Flax, "The Toughest Boss in America," Fortune, August 6, 1984.
[99] Jack Welch, speech to the Economic Club of Detroit, May 16, 1994.
[100] Ibid.
[101] Tim Smart, "GE's Welch: Fighting Like Hell to Be No. 1," Business Week, July 8, 1996, p. 48.
[102] Jack Welch, message to shareholders, General Electric annual report, 1980.
[103] John F. Welch, speech at the National Plastics Exposition, Chicago, June 18, 1991.
[104] Weick, "Fatigue of the Spirit in Organizational Theory and Organizational Development."
[105] Jack Welch, speech to the Economic Club of Detroit, May 16, 1994.
[106] Ken Auletta, Three Blind Mice: How the TV Networks Lost Their Way (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 97.
[107] Janet Guyon, "GE Chairman Welch, Though Much Praised, Starts to Draw Critics," Wall Street Journal, August 4, 1988.
[108] Betsy Morris, "Robert Goizueta and Jack Welch: The Wealth Builders," Fortune, December 11, 1995.
[109] Tichy and Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will, p. 82.
[110] Russell Mitchell and Judith Dobrzynski, "GE's Jack Welch: How Good a Manager Is He?" Business Week, December 14, 1987.
[111] Marilyn A. Harris, Zachary Schiller, Russell Mitchell, and Christopher Power, "Can Jack Welch Reinvent GE?" Business Week, June 30, 1986, p. 62.
[112] Janet Guyon, "GE Chairman Welch, Though Much Praised, Starts to Draw Critics."
[113] Dr. Steve Kerr, interview with author, Crotonville, NY, July 10, 1997.
[114] Ibid.
[115] John Curran, "GE Capital: Jack Welch's Secret Weapon," Fortune, November 10, 1997.
[116] Richard Tanner Pascale, Managing on the Edge (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 210.
[117] Frank Swoboda, "Jack Welch and the Boundaryless Company," Washington Post, February 27, 1994.
[118] Ibid.
[119] John F. Welch, speech to the National Plastics Exposition, Chicago, June 18, 1991.
[120] "A Troubled Star Starts Over," Fortune, February 3, 1997.
[121] Jack Welch, General Electric annual meeting, Charlotte, NC, April 23, 1997.
[122] John F. Welch, "Linkages and Leadership," address to the Commerical Club, Cincinnati, OH, October 17, 1985.
[123] Jack Welch with John A. Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut (New York: Warner Business, 2001), p. 107.
[124] Stratford P. Sherman, "The Mind of Jack Welch," Fortune, March 27, 1989, p. 39.
[125] Noel M. Tichy and Stratford Sherman, Control Your Destiny or Someone Else Will (New York: Currency Doubleday, 1993), p. 6.
[126] Jack Welch, General Electric annual meeting, Charlotte, NC, April 23, 1997.
[127] Nick Turner, "Equifax Inc.'s McGlaughlin, Giving Good Directions, Then Getting Out of the Way," Investor's Business Daily, December 26, 1996.
[128] Noel Tichy and Ram Charan, "Speed, Simplicity, and Self-Confidence: An Interview with Jack Welch," Harvard Business Review, September-October, 1989, p. 112.
[129] R. Corelli and V. Dwyer, "Jack Welch Reinvents General Electric—Again," The Economist, March 3, 1991, p. 59.
[130] Peter Petre, "The Man Who Brought GE to Life," Fortune, January 5, 1987, p. 76.
[131] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[132] Marshall Loeb, "Jack Welch Lets Fly on Budgets, Bonuses, and Buddy Boards," Fortune, May 29, 1996.
[133] Charles R. Day Jr. and Polly LaBarre, "GE: Just Your Average Everyday $60 Billion Family Grocery Store," Industry Week, May 2, 1994.
[134] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Greenville, SC, April 26, 1989.
[135] Jack Welch, speech at the 50th Anniversary annual meeting of the North Carolina Citizens for Business and Industry, Raleigh, NC, March 18, 1992.
[136] Jack Welch, speech to the Economic Club of Detroit, May 16, 1994.
[137] Ibid.
[138] Jack Welch, speech at the 50th Anniversary annual meeting of the North Carolina Citizens for Business and Industry, Raleigh, NC, March 18, 1992.
[139] Loeb, "Jack Welch Lets Fly on Budgets, Bonuses, and Buddy Boards."
[140] Day and LaBarre, "GE: Just Your Average Everyday $60 Billion Family Grocery Store."
[141] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Waukesha, WI, April 27, 1988.
[142] Day and LaBarre, "GE: Just Your Average Everyday $60 Billion Family Grocery Store."
[143] Richard Tanner Pascale, Managing on the Edge (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 192.
[144] Stratford P. Sherman, "The Mind of Jack Welch," Fortune, March 27, 1989, p. 39.
[145] Jack Welch, speech at the New England Council's 1992 Private Sector New Englander of the Year Award, Boston, MA, November 11, 1992.
[146] John F. Welch, "Growing Fast in a Slow-Growth Economy," speech to financial community representatives, Hotel Pierre, New York City, December 8, 1981.
[147] Tichy and Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will, p. 71.
[148] Ibid., p. 159
[149] Dr. Steve Kerr, interview with author, Crotonville, NY, July 10, 1997.
[150] Ibid.
[151] Ibid.
[152] Ibid.
[153] John F. Welch, GE annual letter to shareholders, 1996 annual report.
[154] Linda Grant, "GE's Smart Bomb Strategy," Fortune, July 21, 1997, p. 109.
[155] Tichy and Charan, "Speed, Simplicity, Self-Confidence: An Interview with Jack Welch."
[156] "Jack Welch: 'I Got a Raw Deal,'" Fortune, July 7, 1986.
[157] Mike Boyer, "Wrongful-Firing Lawsuit Will Offer Look Inside GE," Gannett News Service, February 10, 1994.
[158] William M. Carley, "The Whistle-Blower's Bug," Wall Street Journal, December 28, 1994.
[159] Ibid.
[160] David Warshaw, "Sharing at Every Level," Monogram, Fall 1988.
[161] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[162] Tichy and Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will, p. 111.
[163] "The Spirit and the Letter of Our Commitment," General Electric, Fairfield, CT, 1993.
[164] "General Electric: The Financial Wizards Switch Back to Technology," Business Week, March 16, 1981, p. 110.
[165] Jack Welch, comments to GE corporate officer, Crotonville, NY, February 2, 1987.
[166] Jack Welch, message to shareholders, General Electric annual report, 1992.
[167] Jack Welch and Suzy Welch, Winning (New York: Harper Business, 2005), p. 61.
[168] Frank Swoboda, "Jack Welch and the Boundaryless Company," Washington Post, February 27, 1994.
[169] Bill Lane, "Liberating GE's Energy," Monogram, Fall 1989, p. 3.
[170] Russell Mitchell and Judith Dobzrynski, "GE's Jack Welch: How Good a Manager Is He?" Business Week, December 14, 1987.
[171] Richard Tanner Pascale, Managing on the Edge (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 205.
[172] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Waukesha, WI, April 27, 1988.
[173] Frank Swoboda, "Talking Management with Chairman Welch," Washington Post, March 23, 1997.
[174] Noel M. Tichy and Stratford Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will (New York: Currency Doubleday, 1993), p. 212.
[175] Charles R. Day Jr. and Polly LaBarre, "GE: Just Your Average Everyday $60 Billion Family Grocery Store," Industry Week, May 2, 1994.
[176] Welch and Welch, Winning, p. 165.
[177] Bill Lane, "Liberating GE's Energy," Monogram, Fall 1989, p. 3.
[178] Tichy and Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will, p. 10.
[179] John F. Welch, "Growing Fast in a Slow-Growth Economy," speech to financial community representatives, Hotel Pierre, New York City, December 8, 1981.
[180] Jack Welch, speech to the 50th Anniversary annual meeting of the North Carolina Citizens for Business and Industry, Raleigh, NC, March 18, 1992.
[181] Welch and Welch, Winning, p. 14.
[182] Ibid., p. 16.
[183] Jack Welch, speech to New York University's Stern School of Business, as reported by Marshall Loeb, Fortune, May 29, 1996.
[184] General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 9, 1996, p. 2.
[185] "An Interview with GE's Eighth Chief Executive Officer," Monogram, September-October, 1981, p. 4.
[186] Tim Smart and Judith H. Dobrzynski, "Jack Welch on the Art of Thinking Small," Business Week, Enterprise 1993, p. 212.
[187] General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 9, 1996, p. 2.
[188] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Fort Wayne, IN, April 28, 1992.
[189] Smart and Dobrzynski, "Jack Welch on the Art of Thinking Small," p. 212.
[190] Jack Welch, speech at the Seventh Annual Awards Dinner of the Work in America Institute, New York, November 13, 1990.
[191] Thomas A. Stewart, "GE Keeps Those Ideas Coming," Fortune, August 12, 1991, pp. 41–49.
[192] Tichy and Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will, p. 73.
[193] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[194] J. F. Welch, speech to the Bay Area Council, San Francisco, CA, July 6, 1989.
[195] Russell Mitchell and Judith Dobrzynski, "GE's Jack Welch: How Good a Manager Is He?" Business Week, December 14, 1987.
[196] Tichy and Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will, p. 246.
[197] Peter Petre, "What Welch Has Wrought at GE," Fortune, July 7, 1986, p. 43,
[198] Egon Zehnder International, "Focus: Value Management," January 1997.
[199] Ikuo Hirata, "The Past Is an Impediment in Changing Times," Nikkei Business, November 18, 1996.
[200] Welch and Welch, Winning, p. 34.
[201] Jack Welch, GE Management Conference, October 1981.
[202] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[203] Richard Tanner Pascale, Managing on the Edge (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 204.
[204] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Fort Wayne, IN, April 28, 1993.
[205] Tichy and Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will, p. 139.
[206] David Warshaw, "An Interview with Jack Welch," Monogram, Fall 1984, p. 10.
[207] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Erie, PA, April 25, 1990.
[208] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Waukesha, WI, April 27, 1988.
[209] "CEO of the Year," Financial World, April 3, 1990, cover.
[210] David Warshaw, "Sharing at Every Level," Monogram, Fall 1988.
[211] Jack Welch, message to shareholders, General Electric annual report, 1987.
[212] Peter Petre, "What Welch Has Wrought at GE," Fortune, July 7, 1986.
[213] Egon Zehnder International, "Focus: Value Management," January 1997.
[214] John F. Welch Jr., "Shun the Incremental: Go for the Quantum Leap," Hatfield Fellow Lecture at Cornell University, reprinted in Financier, July 1984.
[215] Jack Welch, speech to operations managers meeting, Boca Raton, FL, January 1987.
[216] Tichy and Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will, p. 83.
[217] Ibid.
[218] Marilyn A. Harris, Zachary Schiller, Russell Mitchell, and Christopher Power, "Can Jack Welch Reinvent GE?" Business Week, June 30, 1986, p. 62.
[219] Pascale, Managing on the Edge, p. 211.
[220] GE home page, Overview, Leadership & Training, www.ge.com.
[221] Tichy and Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will, p. 246.
[222] Tim Stevens, "Follow the Leader," Industry Week, November 18, 1996.
[223] Stratford Sherman, "A Master Class in Radical Change," Fortune, December 13, 1993.
[224] Egon Zehnder International, "Focus: Value Management," January 1997.
[225] Jack Welch, speech to the 50th Anniversary annual meeting of the North Carolina Citizens for Business and Industry, Raleigh, NC, March 18, 1992.
[226] "Unions: A Blast from Neutron Jack," Business Week, March 24, 1997, p. 178.
[227] General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 9, 1996, p. 5.
[228] Jack Welch, speech to the 50th Anniversary annual meeting of the North Carolina Citizens for Business and Industry, Raleigh, NC, March 18, 1992.
[229] General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 9, 1997, p. 5.
[230] Jack Welch, speech to the 50th Anniversary annual meeting of the North Carolina Citizens for Business and Industry, Raleigh, NC, March 18, 1992.
[231] Ibid.
[232] General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 9, 1997, p. 5.
[233] Jack Welch, speech to the 50th Anniversary annual meeting of the North Carolina Citizens for Business and Industry, Raleigh, NC, March 18, 1992.
[234] General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 9, 1997, p. 5.
[235] Jack Welch, speech to the 50th Anniversary annual meeting of the North Carolina Citizens for Business and Industry, Raleigh, NC, March 18, 1992.
[236] Pascale, Managing on the Edge, p. 211.
[237] Steve Kerr, interview with author, Crotonville, NY, July 10, 1997.
[238] "GE," Management Today, May 1, 1978.
[239] "An Interview with GE's Eighth Chief Executive Officer," Monogram, September-October 1981, p. 5.
[240] John F. Welch Jr., "Shun the Incremental: Go for the Quantum Leap," Hatfield Fellow Lecture at Cornell University, reprinted in Financier, July 1984.
[241] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Greenville, SC, April 26, 1989.
[242] Noel Tichy and Ram Charan, "Speed, Simplicity, Self-Confidence: An Interview with Jack Welch, Harvard Business Review, September-October, 1989, p. 112.
[243] Marilyn A. Harris, Zachary Schiller, Russell Mitchell, and Christopher Power, "Can Jack Welch Reinvent GE?" Business Week, June 30, 1986, p. 62.
[244] Steve Kerr, interview with author, Crotonville, NY, July 10, 1997.
[245] Mark Potts, "GE's Management Mission," Washington Post, May 22, 1988.
[246] Richard Tanner Pascale, Managing on the Edge (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 204.
[247] Tim Smart, "Jack Welch's Encore," Business Week, October 28, 1996, p. 154.
[248] John F. Welch, message to shareholders, General Electric annual report, 1989.
[249] Stratford Sherman, "A Master Class in Radical Change," Fortune, December 13, 1993.
[250] Frank Swoboda, "Talking Management with Chairman Welch," Washington Post, March 23, 1997.
[251] Jack Welch, speech to the Economic Club of Detroit, May 16, 1994.
[252] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Erie, PA, April 25, 1997.
[253] Noel M. Tichy and Stratford Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will (New York: Currency Doubleday, 1993), p. 210.
[254] Ibid., p. 211.
[255] Steve Kerr, interview with author, Crotonville, NY, July 10, 1997.
[256] John F. Welch Jr., "Shun the Incremental: Go for the Quantum Leap," Hatfield Fellow Lecture at Cornell University, reprinted in Financier, July 1984.
[257] Tichy and Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will, p. 245.
[258] Jack Welch, speech, Cornell University, April 26, 1984.
[259] John F. Welch Jr., "Shun the Incremental: Go for the Quantum Leap," Hatfield Fellow Lecture at Cornell University, reprinted in Financier, July 1984.
[260] Charles R. Day Jr. and Polly LaBarre, "GE: Just Your Average, Everyday $60 Billion Family Grocery Store," Industry Week, May 2, 1994.
[261] John F. Welch Jr., "Shun the Incremental: Go for the Quantum Leap," Hatfield Fellow Lecture at Cornell University, reprinted in Financier, July 1984.
[262] John F. Welch, address to the Commercial Club, Cincinnati, OH, October 17, 1985.
[263] John F. Welch, message to shareholders, General Electric annual report, 1985.
[264] Jack Welch, "A Master Class in Radical Change," Fortune, December 13, 1993.
[265] Marshall Loeb, "Jack Welch Lets Fly on Budgets, Bonuses, and Buddy Boards," Fortune, May 29, 1996.
[266] Jack Welch, speech to the 50th Anniversary annual meeting of the North Carolina Citizens for Business and Industry, Raleigh, NC, March 18, 1992.
[267] Ibid.
[268] Ibid.
[269] Tichy and Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will, p. 76.
[270] Jack Welch, speech to the Economic Club of Detroit, May 16, 1994.
[271] Tichy and Sherman, Countrol Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will, p. 167.
[272] John F. Welch, letter to shareholders, General Electric annual report, February 11, 1994.
[273] John F. Welch, speech to Bay Area Council, San Francisco, July 6, 1989.
[274] Jack Welch, speech at the 50th Anniversary annual meeting of the North Carolina Citizens for Business and Industry, Raleigh, NC, March 18, 1992.
[275] Day and LaBarre, "GE: Just Your Average Everyday $60 Billion Family Grocery Store."
[276] Jack Welch, speech at the Economic Club of Detroit, May 16, 1994.
[277] "Jack Welch Lets Fly on Budgets, Bonuses, and Buddy Boards."
[278] General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 10, 1995, p. 7.
[279] "General Electric: The Financial Wizards Switch Back to Technology," Business Week, March 16, 1981, p. 110.
[280] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Charlottesville, VA, April 24, 1996.
[281] John F. Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Greenville, SC, April 26, 1989.
[282] Ikuo Hirata, "Moving toward Small-Company Soul in a Big-Company Body," Nikkei Business, February 21, 1994.
[283] Ikuo Hirata, "The Past Is an Impediment in Changing Times," Nikkei Business, November 18, 1996.
[284] Peter Petre and Margaret A. Elliott, "Jack Welch: I Got a Raw Deal," Fortune, July 7, 1986, p. 45.
[285] Ken Auletta, Three Blind Mice: How the TV Networks Lost Their Way (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 95.
[286] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[287] John F. Welch, message to shareholders, General Electric annual report, 1989.
[288] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
NOTE: Welch is frequently quoted as saying this, and the quotation appears in multiple sources.
[289] Ibid.
[290] David Warshaw, "An Interview with Jack Welch," Monogram, Fall 1984, p. 11.
[291] Ibid., p. 12.
[292] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[293] General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 9, 1996, p. 2.
[294] John F. Welch, "Growing Fast in a Slow-Growth Economy," speech to financial community representatives, Hotel Pierre, New York City, December 8, 1981.
[295] Betsy Morris, "Robert Goizueta and Jack Welch: The Wealth Builders," Fortune, December 11, 1995.
[296] Ann M. Morrison, "Trying to Bring GE to Life," Fortune, January 25, 1982.
[297] John F. Welch, remarks at the General Electric annual meeting, Greenville, SC, April 26, 1989.
[298] "An Interview with GE's Eighth Chief Executive Officer," Monogram, September-October, 1981, p. 3.
[299] Noel M. Tichy and Stratford Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will (NewYork: Currency Doubleday, 1993), p. 75.
[300] Jack Welch with John A. Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut (New York: Warner Business, 2001), p. 204.
[301] Ibid.
[302] Jack Welch, speech at the 50th Anniversary annual meeting of the North Carolina Citizens for Business and Industry, Raleigh, NC, March 18, 1992.
[303] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Waukesha, WI, April 27, 1988.
[304] Jack Welch, speech at the New England Council's 1992 Private Sector New Englander of the Year Award, Boston, MA, November 11, 1992.
[305] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Waukesha, WI, April 27, 1988.
[306] Ibid.
[307] Bill Lane, "Liberating GE's Energy," Monogram, Fall 1989, p. 4.
[308] Stephen W. Quickel, "Welch on Welch," Financial World, April 3, 1990.
[309] David Warshaw, "An Interview with Jack Welch," Monogram, Fall 1984, p. 13.
[310] Eric Gelman and Penelope Wang, "Jack Welch: GE's Live Wire," Newsweek, December 23, 1995, p. 48.
[311] David Warshaw, "An Interview with Jack Welch," Monogram, Fall 1984, p. 15.
[312] Ibid., p. 11.
[313] Tichy and Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will, p. 82.
[314] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Erie, PA, April 25, 1990.
[315] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Waukesha, WI, April 27, 1988.
[316] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Decatur, IL, April 24, 1991.
[317] Jack Welch, speech at the 50th Anniversary annual meeting of the North Carolina Citizens for Business and Industry, Raleigh, NC, March 18, 1992.
[318] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Fort Wayne, IN, April 28, 1993.
[319] John F. Welch, message to shareholders, General Electric annual report, 1991.
[320] Philip C. Krantz, "Letters to the Editor," Fortune, April 24, 1988, p. 338.
[321] "An Interview with GE's Eighth Chief Executive Officer," Monogram, September-October 1981.
[322] Jack Welch, speech at the 1989–1990 George S. Dively Award for Leadership in Corporate Public Initiative, Harvard University, Boston, MA, October 17, 1990.
[323] Thomas A. Stewart, "GE Keeps Those Ideas Coming," Fortune, August 12, 1991, p. 41.
[324] GE corporate officers meeting, Phoenix, AZ, 1983.
[325] Russell Mitchell and Susan Dobrzynski, "GE's Jack Welch: How Good a Manager Is He?" Business Week, December 14, 1987.
[326] Jack Welch, speech at the Seventh Annual Awards Dinner of the Work in America Institute, New York, NY, November 13, 1990.
[327] Stewart, "GE Keeps Those Ideas Coming," p. 41.
[328] Jack Welch, "The Information Age—Finally," speech presented at the World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland, January 30, 1997.
[329] John F. Welch, "Today's Leaders Look to Tomorrow," Fortune, March 26, 1990.
[330] Noel M. Tichy and Stratford Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will (New York: Currency Doubleday, 1993), p. 245.
[331] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Charlotte, NC, April 23, 1997.
[332] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Decatur, IL, April 24, 1991.
[333] Steve Kerr, interview with author, Crotonville, NY, July 10, 1997.
[334] Judy Quinn, "The Welch Way," Incentive, September 1994.
[335] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Erie, PA, April 25, 1990.
[336] Egon Zehnder International, "Focus Value Management," January 1997.
[337] Jack Welch, message to shareholders, General Electric annual report, 1994.
[338] Jack Welch, speech at the Seventh Annual Awards Dinner of the Work in America Institute, New York, NY, November 13, 1990.
[339] Bill Lane, "Liberating GE's Energy," Monogram, Fall 1989, p. 3.
[340] John F. Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Greenville, SC, April 26, 1989.
[341] Ibid.
[342] Noel Tichy and Ram Charan, "Speed, Simplicity, Self-Confidence: An Interview with Jack Welch," Harvard Business Review, September-October 1989, p. 112.
[343] John F. Welch, message to shareholders, General Electric annual report, 1983.
[344] Distilled from GE documents and other sources.
[345] John Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Waukesha, WI, April 27, 1988.
[346] Lane, "Liberating GE's Energy," p. 3.
[347] Ibid.
[348] Ibid., p. 2.
[349] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Decatur, IL, April 24, 1991.
[350] General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 10, 1995, p. 4.
[351] Jack Welch, speech at the New England Council's 1992 Private Sector New Englander of the Year Award, Boston, MA, November 11, 1992.
[352] General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 9, 1997, p. 4.
[353] Jack Welch, "The Information Age: Finally."
[354] "General Electric: The Financial Wizards Switch Back to Technology," Business Week, March 16, 1981, p. 110.
[355] Tim Smart and Judith H. Dobrzynski, "Jack Welch on the Art of Thinking Small," Business Week, Enterprise 1993, p. 212.
[356] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[357] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Greenville, SC, April 26, 1989.
[358] Peter Petre, "What Welch Has Wrought at GE," Fortune, July 7, 1986, p. 43.
[359] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Charlottesville, VA, April 24, 1991.
[360] John F. Welch, letter to shareholders, General Electric annual report, February 10, 1989.
[361] Ibid.
[362] David Warshaw, "An Interview with Jack Welch," Monogram, Fall 1984, p. 14.
[363] Stratford Sherman, "A Master Class in Radical Change," Fortune, December 13, 1993.
[364] Ibid.
[365] Aaron Bernstein, "High Tension at General Electric," Business Week, March 24, 1997.
[366] Ibid.
[367] Ibid.
[368] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[369] Warshaw, "An Interveiw with Jack Welch."
[370] Lane, "Liberating GE's Energy," p. 5.
[371] Welch, "Today's Leaders Look to Tomorrow."
[372] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Decatur, IL, April 24, 1991.
[373] "Create a Company of Ideas," Fortune, December 30, 1991.
[374] Jack Welch, speech to the Economic Club of Detroit, May 16, 1994.
[375] Ibid.
[376] Jack Welch, General Electric annual meeting, Charlotte, NC, April 23, 1997.
[377] Ibid.
[378] Tim Smart, "Jack Welch's Encore," Business Week, October 28, 1996, p. 154.
[379] Charles R. Day Jr. and Polly LaBarre, "GE: Just Your Average Everyday $60 Billion Family Grocery Store," Industry Week, May 2, 1994.
[380] Jill Andresky Fraser, "Women, Power, and the New GE," Working Woman, December 1992.
[381] Jack Welch, speech to the Economic Club of Detroit, May 16, 1994.
[382] John F. Welch, General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 7, 1997.
[383] Ibid.
[384] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Fort Wayne, IN, April 28, 1993.
[385] Smart and Dobrzynski, "Jack Welch on the Art of Thinking Small."
[386] Thomas A. Stewart, "Brain Power," Fortune, March 17, 1997.
[387] Jack Welch, General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 12, 1993.
[388] John F. Welch, General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 7, 1997.
[389] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Erie, PA, April 25, 1990.
[390] Ibid.
[391] Stephen W. Quickel, "Welch on Welch," Financial World, April 3, 1990.
[392] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[393] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Charlottesville, VA, April 24, 1996.
[394] General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 10, 1995, p. 5.
[395] Jack Welch, speech to New York University's Stern School of Business, as reported by Marshall Loeb, Fortune, May 29, 1996.
[396] John F. Welch, General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 10, 1995, p. 6.
[397] Ibid.
[398] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[399] John F. Welch Jr., "Shun the Incremental: Go for the Quantum Leap," Hatfield Fellow Lecture at Cornell University, reprinted in Financier, July 1984.
[400] John F. Welch, General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 10, 1995, p. 6.
[401] Day and LaBarre, "GE: Just Your Average Everyday $60 Billion Family Grocery Store."
[402] Welch, "Shun the Incremental: Go for the Quantum Leap."
[403] "An Interview with GE's Eighth Chief Executive Officer," Monogram, September-October 1981.
[404] Jack Welch, "The Information Age—Finally," speech presented to the World Economic Forum, Davos, Switzerland, January 30, 1997.
[405] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Charlottesville, VA, April 24, 1996.
[406] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[407] Jack Welch, General Electric annual meeting, Charlotte, NC, April 23, 1997.
[408] "General Electric: The Financial Wizards Switch Back to Technology," Business Week, March 16, 1981, p. 110.
[409] Jack Welch, speech to shareholders, General Electric annual meeting, Charlottesville, VA, April 24, 1996.
[410] General Electric, annual report, February 7, 1997.
[411] Jack Welch, General Electric annual meeting, Charlotte, NC, April 23, 1997.
[412] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[413] Jack Welch, General Electric annual meeting, Charlotte, NC, April 23, 1997.
[414] John F. Welch, letter to shareholders, General Electric annual report, February 7, 1997.
[415] John F. Welch, letter to shareholders, General Electric annual report, February 26, 1982.
[416] Warshaw, "An Interview with Jack Welch," Monogram, Fall 1984.
[417] Richard Tanner Pascale, Managing on the Edge (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 204.
[418] Jack Welch, letter to shareholders, General Electric annual report, 1983.
[419] "Technology Lets Firms Look Beyond Quality," Investor's Business Daily, June 4, 1996.
[420] John F. Welch, General Electric annual report, 1996.
[421] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[422] Marilyn A. Harris, Zachary Schiller, Russell Mitchell, and Christopher Power, "Can Jack Welch Reinvent GE?" Business Week, June 30, 1986, p. 62.
[423] "Jack Welch: 'I Got a Raw Deal,'" Fortune, July 7, 1986.
[424] Richard Tanner Pascale, Managing on the Edge (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 205.
[425] David Warshaw, "An interview with Jack Welch," Monogram, Fall 1984.
[426] Ibid.
[427] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[428] Jack Welch with John A. Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut (New York: Warner Business, 2001), p. 218.
[429] Janet Guyon, "GE Chairman Welch, Though Much Praised, Starts to Draw Critics," Wall Street Journal, August 4, 1988.
[430] Thomas A. Stewart, "Ideas and Solutions: The Leading Edge," Fortune, June 10, 1996.
[431] John F. Welch, General Electric, letter to shareholders, February 10, 1995, p. 7.
[432] Ibid., p. 8.
[433] Betsy Morris, "Robert Goizueta and Jack Welch: The Wealth Builders," Fortune, December 11, 1995.
[434] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[435] Noel Tichy and Stratford Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will (New York: Currency Doubleday, 1993), p. 91.
[436] Stratford Sherman, "A Master Class in Change," Fortune, December 13, 1993.
[437] Lisa Driscoll, "The Gnat Trying to Sting an Elephant Called GE," Business Week, June 24, 1991, p. 44.
[438] Barbara Presley Noble, "Going after GE," New York Times, June 16, 1991.
[439] Christina Del Valle and Monica Larner, "A New Front in the War on Land Mines," Business Week, April 28, 1997, p. 43.
[440] Guyon, "GE Chairman Welch, Though Much Praised, Starts to Draw Critics."
[441] Tom Peters, In Search of Excellence (New York: HarperCollins, 1982), as quoted in Russell Mitchell and Judith H. Dobrzynski, "GE's Jack Welch: How Good a Manager Is He?" Business Week, December 14, 1987.
[442] Tom Peters, "Contradicting Myself 13 Ways," Forbes ASAP Supplement, June 6, 1994.
[443] Christopher Lorenz, "Life under Jack Welch: Opportunistic and Tough," Financial Times, May 16, 1988.
[444] Mitchell and Dobrzynski, "GE's Jack Welch: How Good a Manager Is He?"
[445] Letters to Fortune, May 8, 1989.
[446] Steven Kerr, interview with author, Crotonville, NY, July 10, 1997.
[447] Guyon, "GE Chairman Welch, Though Much Praised, Starts to Draw Critics."
[448] Janet Guyon, "Combative Chief: GE's Jack Welch," Wall Street Journal, August 4, 1988, p. 1.
[449] Letter from Grant A. Tinker to John F. Welch, January 27, 1997.
[450] Paul Tharp, "Turner Mouths Off," New York Post, July 9, 1997.
[451] "The Brutal Manager," Der Spiegel, July 14, 1997.
[452] Jack Welch, "Five Questions to Ask," Wall Street Journal, October 30, 2004, www.opinionjournal.com.
[453] "An Interview with GE's Eighth Chief Executive Officer," Monogram, September-October 1981, p. 2.
[454] John F. Welch, "Linkages and Leadership," address to the Commercial Club, Cincinnati, OH, October 17, 1985.
[455] Ibid.
[456] Jeffrey H. Bimbaum and Jonathan Weisman, "GE Lobbyists Mold Tax Bill, Washington Post, July 13, 2004, p. A1.
[457] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[458] Michael H. Martin, "The Restaurant That Banned Jack Welch: GE-Free Dining," Fortune, October 14, 1996.
[459] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[460] Ibid.
[461] Jack Welch, speech at the 1989–90 George S. Dively Award for Leadership in Corporate Public Initiative, Harvard University, Boston, MA, October 17, 1990.
[462] Ibid.
[463] Welch and Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut, p. 98.
[464] Jack Welch, speech at the 1989–90 George S. Dively Award for Leadership in Corporate Public Initiative, Harvard University, Boston, MA, October 17, 1990.
[465] Ibid.
[466] Ibid.
[467] Jack Welch, speech at the New England Council's 1992 Private Sector New Englander of the Year Award, Boston, MA, November 11, 1992.
[468] John F. Welch, address to the Commercial Club, Cincinnati, OH, October 17, 1985.
[469] Ibid.
[470] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[471] Jack Welch and Suzy Welch, Winning (New York: Harper Business, 2005), p. 313.
[472] Ibid., p. 314.
[473] Ibid., p. 333.
[474] Michael Connor, "GE GEO Defines $28.2 Million Paycheck," Reuters Business Report, April 23, 1997.
[475] Ikuo Hirata, "The Past Is an Impediment in a Changing World," Nikkei Business, November 18, 1996.
[476] Andrew Bary, "GE Is a Powerhouse in the S&P 500, But a Relative Weakling in Some Portfolios," Barron's, May 19, 1997, p. MW3.
[477] Allan Sloan, "How Much Is Too Much?" Newsweek, March 17, 1997.
[478] Welch and Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut, p. 384.
[479] Ibid., p. 157.
[480] Ibid., p. 399.
[481] Frank Swoboda, "Talking Management with Chairman Welch," Washington Post, March 23, 1997.
[482] Linda Grant, "GE: The Envelope Please," Fortune, June 26, 1995.
[483] Marc Nexon, "The Secrets of the Finest Company in the World," L'Expansion, July 10–24, 1997.
[484] Linda Grant, "GE: The Envelope Please."
[485] Jack Welch, interview with author, Fairfield, CT, July 3, 1997.
[486] Ibid.
[487] "We're Driven by Soft Values," Business Today, February 7–21, 1995.
[488] Jack Welch with John A. Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut (New York: Warner Business, 2001), p. 415.
[489] Diane Brady, "Being Mean Is So Last Millennium," Business Week, January 15, 2007, p. 61.
[490] Welch and Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut, p. 357.
[491] Ibid., p. 358.
[492] Ibid.
[493] Chris Marsden, "US and Europe Split on GE Takeover of Honeywell," World Socialist Web Site, www.wsw.org, June 21, 2001.
[494] Matt Murray, Rachel Emma Silverman, and Carol Hymmowitz, "GE's Jack Welch Meets Match in Divorce Court," Wall Street Journal Online, November, 27, 2002, p. 1.
[495] Welch and Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut, p. 360.
[496] Steve Kerr, interview with author, Crotonville, NY, July 10, 1997.
[497] Thomas A. Stewart, "GE Keeps Those Ideas Coming," Fortune, August 12, 1991, p. 41.
[498] Interview with Jeffrey Immelt, BusinessWeek Online, September 6, 2001.
[499] Daniel Fisher, "GE Turns Green," Forbes, August 15, 2005.
[500] Jack Welch and John A. Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut (New York: Warner Books, 2001), p. 196.
[501] Katharine Ozment, "Crazy in Love," Boston Magazine, June 2004.
[502] Charlie Rose with Jack Welch and Suzy Wetlaufer, The Charlie Rose Show, March 8, 2004.
[503] Lisa DePaolo, "If You Knew Suzy . . ." New York, May 6, 2002.
[504] Charlie Rose with Jack Welch and Suzy Wetlaufer, The Charlie Rose Show, March 8, 2004.
[505] Katherine M. Gray, "Suzy Welch," The Harvard Crimson, June 5, 2006.
[506] Ibid.
[507] Ozment, "Crazy in Love."
[508] Welch and Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut, p. 148.
[509] Ibid., p. 439.
[510] "Jack Welch: 'I Fell in Love, '" CBS Worldwide News, March 30, 2005.
[511] Ozment, "Crazy in Love."
[512] Charlie Rose with Jack Welch and Suzy Wetlaufer, The Charlie Rose Show, March 8, 2004.
[513] Ozment, "Crazy in Love."
[514] "Sacred Heart University Names College of Business for Legendary GE Chairman Jack Welch," www.sacredheart.edu.
[515] Noel M. Tichy and Stratford Sherman, Control Your Own Destiny or Someone Else Will (New York: Currency Doubleday, 1993), p. 210.
[516] Jack Welch, interview with Author, Fairfield, CT, July 5, 1997.
[517] Ibid.
[518] Ibid.
[519] Ibid.
[520] Marc Nexon, "The Secrets of the Finest Company in the World," L'Expansion, July 10, 1997.