Index

 

 

 

Abstraction ladder, 207–8

Accents, 132, 138

Network Standard, 116

Actuality language, 49, 106

Adversarial role, 7

Aescham, Roger, 134

Agence France-Press (AFP), 13

Allusions, 189

Altschull, J. Herbert, 61, 71

American broadcast language, 112–20

American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), 14

American women broadcasters, 118

Anchorman, 119

Appearance and dress, television, 237–8

Asian countries, regulatory framework, 18

Associated Press (AP), 13

Attribution, quotations, 176–7

Audience accessibility, 142–3

Australia:

libel system, 86–7

principles of contempt, 97

Australian broadcast language, 120–24

Australian Broadcasting Act, 124

Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), 121–4

Autocues, 240

 

Baker, Sidney J., 121

Basys (software system), 10

Baukhage, H. R., 118

BBC English, see Received pronunciation

Big close-up (BCU), 222

Breckinridge, Mary Marvin, 118

Breed, Warren, 70

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC):

part ownership of ITN, 14

speaking style, 107

strategy changes, 19–20

World Service Television, 14, 111, 112, 122

Broadcast Authority, regulation by, 18

Broadcast journalism, 5, 65, 193–4

degree of recall, 141–2

news style, 125–31, 146–7

story telling, 201–6

writing for, 143–4, 207–9

Broadcast language:

ad lib, 125, 230

American, 112–20

audience accessibility, 142

Australian, 120–4

delivery, 231–5

delivery rate, 140–1, 235–6

development, 106–12

grammar, 144–7

key features, 230–1

non-verbal, 146

prepared, 125, 229

verbal, 146

Broadcast news presenter, 132–41

Broadcast packages, 211–17

matching sound and pictures, 214–17

organization, 211–13

reporter involvement, 47–9, 213

Business reporting, 297–8

guidelines, 298–300 By-line, 47

 

Cable News Network (CNN), 14

Cable systems, 17

national filter principle, 20

Cameras:

angles, 221–3

crossing the line, 217

movement between, 240

positions, 222

talking to, 238–9

Captions, picture, 57, 301–2

CBS, 14, 117–18

Changes:

adapting to, 41–3

effect of new technology, 7–8, 12–13, 14–15

in production process, 11, 12

China, controlled cable system, 20

Chromakey, 224

Close-up (CU), 222

Codes of conduct, 74, 77

Columns, newspaper, 287–8

Commentary, television, 219–21

Communication, in newsroom, 26–8

Communication satellite, 13

Composition, sound and pictures, 216–17

Computer-assisted reporting, 8–10

Concrete language, 130

Contempt of court, 95–8

Continuity, sound and pictures, 215–16

Convergence, media, 8, 13, 15–17, 20–21

Conversational speaking style, 107

Cooper, James Fenimore, 115

Copy, written, 102

Copyright, 98

Copyright Act, 98, 99

Court reporting:

contempt, 95–7

criticisms, 94–5

journalist’s sources, 94

pre-trial stories, 91

protection for journalists, 93

restrictions, 92–3

special requirements, 90–1

use of pictures, 93

Creative leads, 189

Creativity, 11, 28–30

and stress, 33

Crime reporters, 48

Cronkite, Walter, 119

Cropping, picture, 54

Crossing the line (in screen movement), 217

Crossman diaries, 6

Cultural imperialism, effects, 15

currantbun.com (website), 1

Cut-in, 272

Cutaways, 222, 272

 

Databases, 3, 8–9

Defamation, 82

publication, 85

types, 83–5

Delegation, editorial, 52–3

Delivery, broadcast, see Broadcast language, delivery

Democratic restraints, 5–6

Development triangle model, press system, 61

Dialect expressions, 132–3

Digital storage space (DCART), 26

Digitization, 13

Documentaries:

assembling material, 271–5

collecting material, 270–71

filming people, 275

good juxtaposition, 273

music, 274

narration, 273–4

production hints, 275

researching, 269

sound, 274

structure, 269, 272–3

types, 268

 

Editorials, 102, 286

planning, 51–2

structure, 286–7 Editors, 50

as agents of change, 41–3

features, 54–5

and journalists, 78

as managers, 50–3

news, 24, 36–9, 53–4

and reporters, 31, 57–8

Educated speech accent, 137

Edwards, Douglas, 119

Emotional imagery, broadcast, 129–30

Ethical standards, 12, 74–8

ten rules, 78

European Community, freedom of reception, 15

European Convention on Human Rights, 81, 93

Executive stress, 34

 

Fair dealing defence, 98

Features writing:

body of story, 184–7

editors, 54–5

endings, 184

focus, 183

lead, 183–4

reporters, 55

sports, 295–6

story development, 188–90

structure, 182–8

suspended interest, 187–8

tips, 190–91

Feedback, to reporters, 31

Field interviews, 257

interviewee, 257–8

pre-chat, 259

questions, 259–61

silent question, 261–2

First level management, 37

Flesch, Rudolf, 104

Flexner, Stuart, 116

Foreshadowing technique, 154

Freedom of expression, 18, 28–30, 81, 85, 87

Freedom of information, 79–80

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), American, 80

Freedom of Information draft UK Bill, 79

Freedom of the press, 77

 

Galtung & Ruge, 72

Gans & Gitlin, 71

General view (GV), 222

Gibbons, Floyd, 117

Globalization:

communications, 13–15

newsagencies, 13–14

newspapers, 14

Glossary, 311–24

Golding and Elliot, 69

Graphics:

for information, 304

using, 223

Gunning Fog Index, 103

 

Hard news intros, 158–61

Hartley, J., 73

Hiett, Helen, 118

House style, 148–52

Human interest, importance, 69–70

Hypertext, 2

 

ic24.co.uk (website), 1

Impartiality, in reporting, 66–8

Independent Television News (ITN), 14

Information graphics, 304

Information recall, 141–2

Innuendo, 83

Inserts, radio news, 198–9

Integrated Services Dgital Network (ISDN), 1

Intelsat (satellite system), 15

Internet, 1, 3, 9

bulletin board on computer-assisted reporting, 8

media convergence, 17, 18

Interpretation of news role, 7

Interviewee:

choice of, 245–6

meeting, 246–7

Interviewing:

broadcast and print differences, 262

checklist, 250–1

choice of interviewee, 245–6

common traps, 251–3

field see Field interviews

focus, 262–3

handling, 249

Interviewing – continued

live, 258

meeting interviewee, 246–7

minder barrier, 252–3

planning, 246

preparation, 244–5

presentation tips, 263, 267

for print, 244–5

for radio and television, 254–5

studio, see Studio interviewing techniques, 247–8

telephone, 256–7

for television news, 225–6

types, 255–6

use in story, 264

Intros:

hard news, 158–61

soft news, 161–3

Inverted pyramid, 2, 104, 105, 163

Investigative journalism, 86, 281–2

getting the story, 282–5

 

Jump cuts, 272

 

Language:

broadcast see Broadcast language

changes, 100–2

delivery speed, 235–6

print, see Print language

Legislation:

and defamation claims, 82–5

and freedom of information, 79

and human rights, 81

and investigative journalism, 86

and libel actions, 88–9

need for changes, 15, 17

Libel actions, 84, 85, 89–90

Australia, 86–7

defences, 88–9

legislation, 88–9

United States, 87–8

Lifestyle reporting, 296–7

Line (in screen movement), 217

Linear storytelling, 2

see also Inverted pyramid

Live reporting, 241–3

Local broadcasting, use of local accents, 137–8

Local government reporters, 48

Long shot (LS), 222

Lowenstein, Ralph, 60–1

 

Managers:

as communicators, 27–8

motivation skills, 40–3

Manipulation of news, risks, 194

Mass audience, writing for, 206–7

Matching sound and pictures, broadcast packages, 214–17

Matheson, Hilda, 109

Media convergence, 15–17

Medium close-up (MCU), 222

Medium long shot (MLS), 222

Medium shot (MS), 222

Merrill, John, 61

Microphones, using, 239

Middle management role, 37

Mirror newspaper, 1

Missionary speaking style, 106–7, 108

Music, in documentaries, 274

 

Narration language, 106

NBC, 14

announcers’ language, 116, 117

Network Standard accent, 116

New technology changes, 7–8, 12–13, 14–15

News:

definitions, 62, 69

developing concepts, 60–2

focus, 103

hard intros, 68–9, 158–61

major topics, 73

manipulation risks, 194

prerequisites, 72–3

role of journalists, 7

selection, 64, 70–3

soft intros, 68–9, 161–3

values, 59, 63–4

writing for television, 212–13, 218, 224–7

News editors, 24, 36–9, 53–4

News presenter:

broadcast language, 132–41

interaction with listener, 139–40

introduction, 117–18

News stories, see Story telling

Newsagencies, globalization, 13–14

Newscaster, see News presenter

Newspaper newsroom, 22–4

Newspapers:

convergence effects, 17

globalization, 14

house style, 148–52

Newsroom:

communication within, 26–8

creativity, 28–30

good management, 29–30

management levels, 36–8

motivation, 40–3

newspaper, 22–4

organization, 35–6

politics, 30

and power, 30–1

radio, 24–6

skills required, 38–40

stress management, 32–5

Noddies see Cutaways

 

Objectivity, in reporting, 64–5

Organizing, editorial, 52

Overlays, 224

 

Palapa (satellite system), 15

Paragraphs, in news stories, 105, 155–8

Paraphrasing, 171

Parenthetical insertions, 167–8

Partiality, in reporting, 67

Peer competition, 31

Personality types, 33–4

Personalizing technique, 154

Photopage, 301–3

Photostory, 301–2

Picard, Robert, 61

Picture editing, 54

composition, 216–17

continuity, 215–16

movement, 217

Pieces to camera, see Stand-uppers Pirate stations, 19

Planning, editorial, 51–2

Political-press-circle model, press system, 61

Power, as motivator, 30–1

Present tense usage, 145

Press freedom, 11–12

and political system, 60

Press releases, 299, 300

Print language, 102–5

writing for impact, 150–1

writing style, 148–9

see also Story organization

Professionalism, journalist’s, 6–7, 11–12, 45

Profiles, 288–9

types, 289–93

Pronunciation, 134, 138

regional, 136–7

Public affairs:

editing, 280

programming, 277–8

research, 278

shooting schedule, 279

story treatment, 279

 

Quotations:

attribution/sourcing, 176–7

as background material, 164

direct, 153, 164, 165–6, 166–7, 170–1

editing, 177–8

fragmentary, 167

identifying people, 178

indirect, 164, 165–6

paraphrasing, 171

parenthetical insertions, 167–8

transitions, 153, 169–70

word order, 172, 173–5

 

Radio:

characteristics, 195

technology changes, 26

see also Broadcast journalism

Radio news writing, 196–8

actuality, 237

background, 199–200

inserts, 198–9

integration with sound, 214

intros, 196

key points, 200–1

newscast format, 236–7

see also Broadcast language

Radio newsroom, 24–6

Rather, Dan, 117

Readability formulas, 103–4

Reading-in period, 25

Received pronunciation (RP) speech, 109, 111, 112, 134, 137

Redundancy, avoiding, 168

Regional pronunciation, 111, 136–7

Regulations, need for changes, 18–21

Reith, John, 107, 108

Reporters:

approach to work, 45

broadcast, 26, 47–9, 213

checklist, 45–6

duties, 46–7

and editors, 57–8

features, 55

feedback to, 31

goals definition, 31

involvement in stories, 213

and pictures, 49–50

qualities required, 43–4

skills required, 44–5

survival tips, 47

types, 46

Reporting, live, 241–3

Reporting technique, examples, 306–10

Reuters, 13

Reuters Television, 13

Rewriting, 56–7

Rumelhart, story grammar, 126

Rupli, Margaret, 118

Rush, James, 115–16, 147

 

Satellite operations, 15

Schramm, Wilbur, 60

Schultz, Sigrid, 118

Script layout, 226–7

Self-censorship, 75

Shotlist, 224

Shots, alternatives available, 222

Sidebars, 155

Silent question, 261–2

Sky (news channel), 14

Soft news intros, 161–3

Sound, selection for television, 212

Soundbites, 126–8, 210

length, 128–9

non-verbal displays, 129

Sourcing, quotations, 176–7

Speech phrases, 172

nonsense, 171

Speech reporting, 293–4

Speech verbs, 130

Spiked copy, 25

Sports reporting, 294–5

features, 295–6

Stance adverbs, 131

Stand-uppers, 203, 242–3

Star TV, 15–16

Story organization, 152–3

background, 179–80

feature development, 188–90

improving, 154

order in newscasts, 237

paragraphs, 155–8

treatment, 180–81

Story telling:

in broadcast journalism, 201–6

check list, 152

tenses, 178–9

tradition, 108

writing for impact, 150–1

Stress:

consequences, 32

control, 34–5

and creativity, 33

executive, 34

signs, 32

vulnerability to, 33

Studio interviewing, 264–5

equipment requirements, 266

planning, 265–6

Subeditors, 56–7

Sun newspaper, I

Supervisory management role, 37

Suspended interest features, 187–8

Swayze, John Cameron, 119

United States:

First Amendment, 87, 97

libel actions, 87–8

open justice principle, 97

 

Tabloid journalism, 12

Telephone interviews, 256–7

Teleprompters, see Autocues

Television:

appearance and dress, 237–8

commentary, 219–21

news script writing, 212–13, 217–18, 224–7

reading from script, 241

talking to the camera, 238–9

using autocues, 240

writing voiceover copy, 214–15

Television reporters, on screen, 242–3

Tenses, in news stories, 178–9

Thomas, Lowell, 117

Thought-tracks, 274

Time magazine, 102

Time management, 35

Timing, sound and pictures, 215–16

Top management role, 36

Transitions, 153, 169–70

Tuchman, 66

 

Understanding, radio listeners, 195

United Press International (UPI), 13

United States:

First Amendment, 87, 97

libel actions, 87–8

open justice principle, 97

 

Verbal contractions, 145

Verbless sentences, 145

Very long shot (VLS), 222

Video editing, 213

Visnews, 14

Visuals, 223–4

Voice quality, 134–6, 138

Voiceover, 213

television copy, 214–15

 

Wallis, voice quality, 134

Wason, Betty, 118

Webster, Noah, 113–14

White, David Manning, 70

Williams, Raymond, 62

Women, in early broadcasting, 118

Word order, 172

examples, 173–5

World Service Television, BBC, 14, 111, 112, 122

Worldwide Television News (WTN), 14

 

Zooming, camera, 221–2