Learning a new language is not easy. You need to understand not only the syntax of the language, but also its grammatical rules, that is, when and why to use each element of the language. Luckily for you, some languages come from the same root. For example, Spanish and French are Romance languages, as they both evolved from spoken Latin; that means that these two languages share a lot of rules, and if you already know French, learning Spanish becomes much easier.
Programming languages are quite the same. If you already know another programming language, it will be very easy for you to go through this chapter. If this is your first time though, you will need to understand all those grammatical rules from scratch, and so, it might take some more time. But fear not! We are here to help you in this endeavor.
In this chapter, you will learn about the following:
- PHP files
- Variables, strings, arrays, and operators in PHP
- PHP in web applications
- Control structures in PHP
- Functions in PHP
- The PHP filesystem
From now on, we will work on your index.php file, so you can just start the web server, and go to http://localhost:8080 to see the results.
You might have already noticed that in order to write PHP code, you have to start the file with <?php. There are other options, and you can also finish the file with ?>, but none of them are needed. What is important to know is that you can mix PHP code with other content, like HTML, CSS, or JavaScript, in your PHP file as soon as you enclose the PHP bits with the <?php ?> tags.
<?php echo 'hello world'; ?> bye world
If you check the result of the preceding code snippet in your browser, you will see that it prints both messages, hello world and bye world. The reason why this happens is simple: you already know that the PHP code there prints the hello world message. What happens next is that anything outside the PHP tags will be interpreted as is. If there is an HTML code for instance, it would not be printed as is, but will be interpreted by the browser.
You will learn in Chapter 6, Adapting to MVC, why it is usually a bad idea to mix PHP and HTML. For now, assuming that it is bad, let's try to avoid it. For that, you can include one file from another PHP file using any one of these four functions:
include: This will try to find and include the specified file each time it is invoked. If the file is not found, PHP will throw a warning, but will continue with the execution.require: This will do the same asinclude, but PHP will throw an error instead of a warning if the file is not found.include_once: This function will do whatincludedoes, but it will include the file only the first time that it is invoked. Subsequent calls will be ignored.require_once: This works the same asrequire, but it will include the file only the first time that it is invoked. Subsequent calls will be ignored.
Each function has its own usage, so it is not right to say that one is better than the other. Just think carefully what your scenario is, and then decide. For example, let's try to include our index.html file from our index.php file such that we do not mix PHP with HTML, but have the best of both worlds:
<?php
echo 'hello world';
require 'index.html';
We chose require as we know the file is there—and if it is not, we are not interested in continuing the execution. Moreover, as it is some HTML code, we might want to include it multiple times, so we did not choose the require_once option. You can try to require a file that does not exist, and see what the browser says.
PHP does not consider empty lines; you can add as many as you want to make your code easier to read, and it will not have any repercussion on your application. Another element that helps in writing understandable code, and which is ignored by PHP, is comments. Let's see both in action:
<?php /* * This is the first file loaded by the web server. * It prints some messages and html from other files. */ // let's print a message from php echo 'hello world'; // and then include the rest of html require 'index.html';
The code does the same job as the previous one, but now everyone will easily understand what we are trying to do. We can see two types of comments: single-line comments and multiple-line comments. The first type consists of a single line starting with //, and the second type encloses multiple lines within /* and */. We start each commented line with an asterisk, but that is completely optional.