INDEX

Abbreviations, 63

Acceleration, gravitational, 61, 62

Aft of a wing, 21

Air/air molecules

airfoils and, 20, 21, 23

chemical elements of, 12, 14

drag and, 31, 32, 34

energy of (wind), 70

as having substance, 12. 16

pouring, 15

pressing on paper airplanes, 30

wings in flight and, 18, 19

Airfoil, 19, 21, 22

Aldrin, Buzz, 123, 125

Alfresco science mural, 111

Angular distance, 132

Apollo 11 Lunar Module, 88

Apollo space missions, 117, 123

Archimedes, 65

Armstrong, Neil, 88, 123, 125

Asteroids, 126, 127, 128

Astronomy. See also Moon

about, 136

building a comet project, 129

impactors, 127

measuring the night sky, 132

near-Earth objects, 126, 128

Atoms, 13, 14, 68, 73, 82, 114

Balanced forces, 59

Balloons, 44, 61, 62

Bernoulli, Daniel, 19

Birds, observing and sketching, 21

Birds in flight, 18, 20

Blue sky, 75

Boötes, 136

Brunelleschi, Filippo, 104

Buoyant force, 65

Bypass, 86

Carbon dioxide, 12, 114

Carbonic acid, chemical formula for, 114

Carbon monoxide, 14

Cellulose, 90, 91

Chemistry, 14, 114

Circuit, building a, 82, 83

Classic Dart paper airplane, 25, 29, 30

Codex on the Flight of Birds (da Vinci), 19

Color(s)

energy in wavelengths, 73

rainbows, 75

Renaissance, 112

Color wheel, 112

Coma, of comet, 131

Comets, 126, 127, 128, 129

Conservation of energy, 70, 76

Constellations, 132, 135

Controls, in experiments, 9, 28

Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italy, 107

Converge, 107

Copernicus Crater, 125

Cubic measurement, 67

Cuboid, 105, 106

Data, 10, 63

Da Vinci, Leonardo

asking why the sky is blue, 75

on energy, 70

on flight, 18

on the human body as the model of the Universe, 132

The Last Supper, 107, 111

“mirror writing” of, 7, 8

on the Moon, 116, 123

on motion, 46

notebooks of, 6

observation of dragonflies by, 54

on perspective, 104

portrait of, 17, 63

qualities for being self-taught in, 40

science and, 136

sketch for flying machine by, 31

on velocity, 51

wave drawing, 70

writing a letter to, 138

Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR), 117

Degrees, angular distance measured in, 132

Depth perception, 104

Diagonal, 107

Diameter, 127

Dimension, 105. See also 3-D (three-dimensional) art

Displacement, 48, 50, 52, 65

Drag, 31, 32, 33, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 60

Dragonflies, 54

Drawing(s), 20, 21, 104, 111

Drinkable Book, 88

Earth

gravitational force on the Moon, 117

gravitational pull, 61

impactors changing life on, 127

mass of water balloon vs. mass of, 61, 62

Moon’s phases and, 121

space debris colliding with, 128

Edge, 107

Einstein, Albert, 13, 63

Electricity, 82

Electromagnetic field, 80

Electromagnetic radiation, 73

Electromagnetic spectrum, 70, 71

Electronic textiles, 82, 83

Electrons, 14, 73, 74, 80, 82

Energy

in an atom, 73

changing forms, 70

circuit project, 83

of color, 73

conservation of, 70

electricity, 82

electromagnetic field, 80

electromagnetic spectrum, 70, 71

movement of electrons, 74

rainbows, 75

wind turbine project, 76

writing with rainbow light project, 72

Energy waves, 71

Ethylene monomer, 97

Evening Sky Map, 134

Face, 107

Flight

airfoils, 19

drag, 31, 32, 33, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44

forces of, 40, 44, 60

formulating questions on, 44

gravity, 44

kites, 40

lift, 20, 23, 40, 41, 44

paper airplane project, 24

parachutes, 36

physics of, 18

thrust, 31, 34

Force(s), 44, 59, 60, 65

Free-body diagram, 50

Frequency (Hz), 71

Gadget bag, 100

Galileo Galilei, 61, 63

Gauge, measuring speed of wind and water, 79

Generator, 80

Geometry, airplane design and, 29

“Giant impact theory” of Moon formation, 127

Gibbous moon, 119

“Go fly a kite,” 40

Grapaldo, Francesco Maria, 90

Gravity. See also Weight (gravity)

air molecules and, 13

buoyancy and, 67

flight and, 44

launching of rockets and, 64

mass and, 61, 62

the Moon and, 117

Newton’s first law of motion and, 60

thrust and, 31

HDPE (high-density polyethylene), 97, 98

Horizontal, 107

Hubble Space Telescope, 126

Hydrogen, 114

Hydropower, 81

Hypothesis, 9

Ice, 65, 67

Impactors, 127

Jet wings, 21

Jump ropes, 70

Kites, 40, 44

Lander (parachute), 37

Lasinio, Carlo, 17

Law of thermodynamics, 70

Law of universal gravitation, 64

Laws of motion, Newton’s, 44, 59

Lazuli, 112

LDPE (low-density polyethylene), 98

Leaning Tower of Pisa, 61

LED (light-emitting diode), 82, 83, 84, 85, 86

Letter to Leonardo da Vinci, 138

Lift, 20, 23, 40, 41, 44

Light, rainbows and, 72, 75

Light years, 126

Lily Lake, Rocky Mountain National Park, 134

Linen, 90

Little Bear (Ursa Minor), 135

Little Dipper, 135

Lunar and Planetary Institute, 125

Lunar Highlands, 124, 125

Magnetic fields, 80

Magnitude, 46

Mass, 16, 61, 62, 117

Math

scaling a mural, 112

surface area of parachute canopy, 39

wing design, 29

Maxwell, James Clerk, 80

Meteorites, 127

Meteoroids, 126, 127

Methane, 14

Milan Falcon paper airplane, 26, 27, 29, 30

Milky Way Galaxy, 134

Mirror writing, 7, 8

Model wind turbine, 76

Molecules. See also Air/air molecules

air, 13, 16

cellulose, 90, 91, 94

Einstein confirming existence of, 13

in frozen water vs. ice, 68

oxygen, 14

plastic and, 97

Mona Lisa, 6, 7

Monomer, 97

Monte Rosa, Italian Alps, 75

Moon

Earth’s gravity and, 117

formation of, 127

landing on the, 88, 123, 125

the new, 119, 120, 122

observing, 118, 125

phases of, 119, 120, 122

pictorial guide to, 124

rocks and dust from, 117, 123

the Sun and, 121

terms used to describe, 119

what is needed to see the, 116

Motion

creating a scene of motion project, 49

determining average velocity project, 53

displacement, 48

force and, 59

gravitational acceleration, 62

Newton’s first law of motion, 59

scalars, 46, 48

vectors, 46, 48

velocity, 47, 51

windup dragonfly project, 55

Multimeter, 78

Mural, alfresco science, 111

Nanometers, 73

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 20, 125, 128, 134

Near-Earth objects, 126, 128

Neutrons, 14, 73

Newton, Sir Isaac, 59

Newton’s laws of motion, 44, 59

Night sky, measuring the, 132

Night Sky Planner, 134

Northern Hemisphere, 122

Notebooks, of da Vinci, 6

Nucleus, 14, 73

Outer space, 126

Oxygen, 12, 14, 68, 75, 114

Paper, recycling, 89, 91

Paper airplanes, 24

Papermaking, 90

Parachute, 36

Parallel, 107

Periodic table of elements, 14

Physics

of flight, 18

language of, 48

motion and, 46

Newton, Isaac and, 59

predicting how long a trip will take using, 51

Plastic(s), 96

Polaris, 135

Polarized electrical component, 82

Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC), 117

Polyethylene, 97

Polymers, 97

Prism, 75

Profile of a Young Fiancée (da Vinci), 98

Projects

airfoil, creating, 22

alfresco science mural, 113

balloon drop for gravitational acceleration, 62

building a windup dragonfly, 55

circuit, building a, 83

comet, building a, 129

connecting phases of the Moon to the Sun and Earth, 121

creating a scene of motion, 49

designing plastic fabric, 98

drag, increasing, 33

drawing an illusion of space, 108

gadget bag from recyclable plastic, 100

generator, building a, 81

movement of electrons, 74

night sky, measuring the, 134

observing the moon, 118

paper airplanes, 24

papermaking, 92

pouring air, 15

prototype a kite, 41

using Newton’s first law of motion, 60

velocity, determining, 53

water-displacement experiment, 65

writing with rainbow light, 72

Protons, 14, 73, 74

Prototype (kite), 41

Radio waves, 71

Rainbows, 71, 75

Recycled paper, 89, 91

Recycling bins, 96

Recycling symbols, 96, 97, 98

Renewable energy source, wind as a, 79

Resin, 97

Rockets, 32, 64

Rocks, Moon, 123

Scalars, 46, 48

Scale, 47

Scientific method, 9, 33, 61

Scientific perspective, 104, 111

Sea of Tranquility, 125

Sentry (collision monitoring system), 128

Sforz, Ludovico, 138

Shiffrin, Mikaela, 35

Short circuit, 86

Skin-friction drag, 32, 34

Sky

blue color of, 75

measuring the night, 132

Sky map, 134

Space technology, 88

Spica, 136

Stars, 132, 134

STEAM (science, technology, engineering, art, and math), 8

Subatomic particles, 14

Sun, 70, 75, 121, 127, 131

Surface area, 34, 36, 39, 40

Tail, comet, 131

Teardrop, shape of, 19

Technology

alfresco science mural, 111

fashioning plastic projects, 98

meaning of, 88

papermaking, 90

recycling paper as, 89

recycling plastics, 96

scientific perspective, 104

Terminator, of the Moon, 124

The Great Bear (Ursa Major), 135

The Last Supper (da Vinci), 107, 112

Three-dimensional (3-D) art, 104

Thrust, 30, 31, 34, 40, 41, 44

Tidal force, 117

Tycho Crater, 124

Ultramarine, 112

Umbrella run, 33

Universe, humans as model of the, 132. See also Astronomy

Ursa Major, 132, 135

Valence electrons, 82

Vanishing point, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111

Variables, in experiments, 9, 28, 33

Vector diagram, 50

Vectors, 46, 48

Velocity, 47, 50, 51, 59, 62

Vermillion, 112

Vertex, 105, 107

Vertical, 107

Visible spectrum, 72, 75

Volume

air having, 12, 16

counting plastic bags by, 102

expressed in cubic measurement, 67

Waning moon, 119

Water

displacement of, 65

pouring air in, 15

weight of frozen vs. liquid, 68

Water balloons, 61, 62

Water vapor, 14

Wavelengths, 71, 72, 73, 75

Waves, 70, 71

Waxing moon, 119

Weight (gravity), 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 61, 68

Wind, 32, 35, 70, 76

Windup dragonfly, 55

Wings, 18, 19, 21, 24

Zenith, 133

Zero velocity, 59, 63