A variable name can be a combination of alphanumeric and underscore. Also, the name of the variable can't start with a number. The variable names in shell script are case-sensitive. Special characters, such as *, -, +, ~, ., ^, and so on, are not used in variable names because they have a special meaning in shell. The following table illustrates the correct and incorrect ways of naming a variable:

We can assign a value to a variable by using an assignment (=) operator and followed by a value. While assigning a variable value, there shouldn't be any space before and after the assignment operator. Also, a variable can't be declared alone; it has to be followed by its initial value assignment:

$ book="Linux Shell Scripting"  # Stores string value

$ book = "Linux Shell Scripting"  # Wrong, spaces around = operator
$ total_chapters=8    # Stores integer value
$ number_of_pages=210    # Stores integer value
$ average_pages_per_chapter=26.25    # Stores float value

So, it's quite easy to declare and assign a value to a variable in shell script. You don't have to worry about the data type of a variable on the left-hand side. Whatever value you provide on the right-hand side, the variable stores that value.

To access a variable value, use a dollar sign ($) operator followed by a variable name:

#!/bin/bash
#Filename: variables.sh
#Description: Basic variable definition and accessing them

book="Linux Shell Scripting"
total_chapters=8
number_of_pages=210
average_pages_per_chapter=26.25

echo "Book name - $book"
echo "Number of Chapters - $total_chapters"
printf "Total number of pages in book - $number_of_pages
"
printf "Average pages in each chapter - %-.2f
" $average_pages_per_chapter

The result of this script will look as follows:

Book name - Linux Shell Scripting
Number of Chapters - 8
Total number of pages in book - 210
Average pages in each chapter – 26.25

We can remove the value of a variable using the unset keyword in bash. Using unset to a variable deletes and resets it to null:

#!/bin/bash
#Filename: unset.sh
#Description: removing value of a variable

fruit="Apple"
quantity=6
echo "Fruit = $fruit , Quantity = $quantity"
unset fruit
echo "Fruit = $fruit , Quantity = $quantity"

The result after running this script will look as follows:

Fruit = Apple , Quantity = 6
Fruit =  , Quantity = 6

It's clear that we used unset on a fruit variable, so when we try to access a variable fruit after unsetting it in line no. 8, it prints nothing. The quantity variable still retains its value because we haven't used unset on it.

We can also create the constant variable in bash whose value can't be changed. The readonly keyword is used to declare a constant variable. We can also use declare -r followed by a variable name to make it constant:

#!/bin/bash
#Filename: constant.sh
#Description: constant variables in shell

readonly text="Welcome to Linux Shell Scripting"
echo $text
declare -r number=27
echo $number
text="Welcome"

The result after running this script will look as follows:

Welcome to Linux Shell Scripting
27
constant.sh: line 9: text: readonly variable

From the error message, it's clear that we can't change the value of a constant variable, and also we can't unset the value of the constant variable.

We can ask the user to provide input using the read shell built in command. The number of inputs to be given by a user is equivalent to the number of arguments provided to read. The value inserted by a user is stored in respective parameters passed to read. All parameters act as variables in which the corresponding user input value is stored.

The syntax of read is as follows:

read [options] var1 var2  … varN

If no variable in an argument is specified, the input value by a user will be stored in the inbuilt variable REPLY and can be accessed further using $REPLY.

We can read a user input in its input variable as follows:

$ read
    Hello World
$ echo $REPLY
    Hello World

We can read a value from user input as follows:

$ read text
    Hello
$ echo $text
    Hello

We can read multiple values from user input as follows:

$ read name usn marks
    Foo 345 78
$ echo $name $usn $marks
    Foo 345 78

We can read only the n characters and don't wait for the user to input a complete line as follows:

$ read -n 5    # option -n number takes only 5 characters from user input
    Hello$
$ echo $REPLY
    Hello

We can prompt the user a message before reading user input as follows:

$ read -p "What is your name?"    # -p allows to prompt user a message
    What is your name?Foo
$  echo $REPLY
    Foo

Hiding an input character when reading in console:

$  read -s -p "Enter your secret key:"  # -s doesn't echo input in console
Enter your secret key:$    #Pressing enter key brings command prompt $
echo $REPLY
foo

The following example shows the read command's usage:

#!/bin/bash
#Filename: read.sh
#Description: Find a file in a path entered by user

read -p "Enter filename to be searched:"
filename=$REPLY
read -p "Enter path for search:" path
echo "File $filename search matches to"
find $path -name $filename

The following is the result of running the read.sh script in bash:

Enter filename to be searched:read
Enter path for search:/usr/bin
File read search matches to
/usr/bin/read

Here, the find command has been used to search for the filename in the specified path. The detailed discussion of the command find will be done in Chapter 6, Working with Files.