Slobodan Dmitrović

Modern C++ for Absolute Beginners

A Friendly Introduction to C++ Programming Language and C++11 to C++20 Standards

1st ed.
Slobodan Dmitrović
Belgrade, Serbia
ISBN 978-1-4842-6046-3e-ISBN 978-1-4842-6047-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6047-0
© Slobodan Dmitrović 2020
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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To M. R., whose work is an inspiration to me.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank my friends and fellow C++ peers who have supported me in writing this book.

I owe my gratitude to outstanding professionals at Apress for their amazing work and support during the entire writing and production process.

I am thankful to the StackOverflow and the entire C++ community for their help and feedback.

My deepest appreciation goes to S. Antonijević, Jovo Arežina, and Saša Popović for their ongoing support.

Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​ Introduction 1
Chapter 2:​ What is C++?​ 3
2.​1 C++ Standards 3
Chapter 3:​ C++ Compilers 5
3.​1 Installing C++ Compilers 5
3.​1.​1 On Linux 5
3.​1.​2 On Windows 6
Chapter 4:​ Our First Program 7
4.​1 Comments 8
4.​2 Hello World Example 8
Chapter 5:​ Types 11
5.​1 Fundamental Types 11
5.​1.​1 Boolean 11
5.​1.​2 Character Type 12
5.​1.​3 Integer Types 14
5.​1.​4 Floating-Point Types 15
5.​1.​5 Type void 16
5.​2 Type Modifiers 16
5.​3 Variable Declaration, Definition, and Initialization 17
Chapter 6:​ Exercises 19
6.​1 Hello World and Comments 19
6.​2 Declaration 19
6.​3 Definition 20
6.​4 Initialization 20
Chapter 7:​ Operators 21
7.​1 Assignment Operator 21
7.​2 Arithmetic Operators 21
7.​3 Compound Assignment Operators 23
7.​4 Increment/​Decrement Operators 24
Chapter 8:​ Standard Input 25
Chapter 9:​ Exercises 27
9.​1 Standard Input 27
9.​2 Two Inputs 27
9.​3 Multiple Inputs 28
9.​4 Inputs and Arithmetic Operations 28
9.​5 Post-Increment and Compound Assignment 29
9.​6 Integral and Floating-point Division 29
Chapter 10:​ Arrays 31
Chapter 11:​ Pointers 33
Chapter 12:​ References 37
Chapter 13:​ Introduction to Strings 39
13.​1 Defining a String 39
13.​2 Concatenating Strings 40
13.​3 Accessing Characters 41
13.​4 Comparing Strings 41
13.​5 String Input 42
13.​6 A Pointer to a String 43
13.​7 Substrings 43
13.​8 Finding a Substring 44
Chapter 14:​ Automatic Type Deduction 47
Chapter 15:​ Exercises 49
15.​1 Array Definition 49
15.​2 Pointer to an Object 49
15.​3 Reference Type 50
15.​4 Strings 50
15.​5 Strings from Standard Input 51
15.​6 Creating a Substring 51
15.​7 Finding a single Character 52
15.​8 Finding a Substring 52
15.​9 Automatic Type Deduction 53
Chapter 16:​ Statements 55
16.​1 Selection Statements 55
16.​1.​1 if Statement 55
16.​1.​2 Conditional Expression 57
16.​1.​3 The Logical Operators 58
16.​1.​4 switch Statement 63
16.​2 Iteration Statements 64
16.​2.​1 for Statement 64
16.​2.​2 while Statement 65
16.​2.​3 do Statement 66
Chapter 17:​ Constants 67
Chapter 18:​ Exercises 69
18.​1 A Simple if-statement 69
18.​2 Logical Operators 69
18.​3 The switch-statement 70
18.​4 The for-loop 71
18.​5 Array and the for-loop 72
18.​6 The const Type Qualifier 72
Chapter 19:​ Functions 75
19.​1 Introduction 75
19.​2 Function Declaration 75
19.​3 Function Definition 76
19.​4 Return Statement 79
19.​5 Passing Arguments 80
19.​5.​1 Passing by Value/​Copy 80
19.​5.​2 Passing by Reference 81
19.​5.​3 Passing by Const Reference 82
19.​6 Function Overloading 83
Chapter 20:​ Exercises 85
20.​1 Function Definition 85
20.​2 Separate Declaration and Definition 85
20.​3 Function Parameters 86
20.​4 Passing Arguments 87
20.​5 Function Overloads 87
Chapter 21:​ Scope and Lifetime 89
21.​1 Local Scope 89
21.​2 Block Scope 89
21.​3 Lifetime 90
21.​4 Automatic Storage Duration 90
21.​5 Dynamic Storage Duration 90
21.​6 Static Storage Duration 91
21.​7 Operators new and delete 91
Chapter 22:​ Exercises 93
22.​1 Automatic Storage Duration 93
22.​2 Dynamic Storage Duration 93
22.​3 Automatic and Dynamic Storage Durations 94
Chapter 23:​ Classes - Introduction 95
23.​1 Data Member Fields 96
23.​2 Member Functions 96
23.​3 Access Specifiers 99
23.​4 Constructors 102
23.​4.​1 Default Constructor 102
23.​4.​2 Member Initialization 104
23.​4.​3 Copy Constructor 104
23.​4.​4 Copy Assignment 107
23.​4.​5 Move Constructor 109
23.​4.​6 Move Assignment 111
23.​5 Operator Overloading 112
23.​6 Destructors 118
Chapter 24:​ Exercises 121
24.​1 Class Instance 121
24.​2 Class with Data Members 121
24.​3 Class with Member Function 122
24.​4 Class with Data and Function Members 122
24.​5 Class Access Specifiers 123
24.​6 User-defined Default Constructor and Destructor 124
24.​7 Constructor Initializer List 125
24.​8 User-defined Copy Constructor 126
24.​9 User-defined Move Constructor 127
24.​10 Overloading Arithmetic Operators 128
Chapter 25:​ Classes – Inheritance and Polymorphism 131
25.​1 Inheritance 131
25.​2 Polymorphism 135
Chapter 26:​ Exercises 141
26.​1 Inheritance 141
Chapter 27:​ The static Specifier 145
Chapter 28:​ Templates 149
Chapter 29:​ Enumerations 155
Chapter 30:​ Exercises 159
30.​1 Static variable 159
30.​2 Static data member 160
30.​3 Static member function 160
30.​4 Function Template 161
30.​5 Class Template 162
30.​6 Scoped Enums 163
30.​7 Enums in a switch 164
Chapter 31:​ Organizing code 165
31.​1 Header and Source Files 165
31.​2 Header Guards 166
31.​3 Namespaces 166
Chapter 32:​ Exercises 171
32.​1 Header and Source Files 171
32.​2 Multiple Source Files 172
32.​3 Namespaces 173
32.​4 Nested Namespaces 174
Chapter 33:​ Conversions 175
33.​1 Implicit Conversions 175
33.​2 Explicit Conversions 178
Chapter 34:​ Exceptions 183
Chapter 35:​ Smart Pointers 189
35.​1 Unique Pointer 189
35.​2 Shared Pointer 191
Chapter 36:​ Exercises 193
36.​1 static_​cast Conversion 193
36.​2 A Simple Unique Pointer:​ 194
36.​3 Unique Pointer to an Object of a Class 194
36.​4 Shared Pointers Exercise 195
36.​5 Simple Polymorphism 195
36.​6 Polymorphism II 196
36.​7 Exception Handling 198
36.​8 Multiple Exceptions 198
Chapter 37:​ Input/​Output Streams 201
37.​1 File Streams 201
37.​2 String Streams 204
Chapter 38:​ C++ Standard Library and Friends 209
38.​1 Containers 209
38.​1.​1 std:​:​vector 210
38.​1.​2 std:​:​array 212
38.​1.​3 std:​:​set 212
38.​1.​4 std:​:​map 213
38.​1.​5 std:​:​pair 216
38.​1.​6 Other Containers 217
38.​2 The Range-Based for Loop 217
38.​3 Iterators 219
38.​4 Algorithms and Utilities 220
38.​4.​1 std:​:​sort 221
38.​4.​2 std:​:​find 222
38.​4.​3 std:​:​copy 224
38.​4.​4 Min and Max Elements 225
38.​5 Lambda Expressions 226
Chapter 39:​ Exercises 233
39.​1 Basic Vector 233
39.​2 Deleting a Single Value 233
39.​3 Deleting a Range of Elements 234
39.​4 Finding Elements in a Vector 235
39.​5 Basic Set 236
39.​6 Set Data Manipulation 236
39.​7 Set Member Functions 237
39.​8 Search for Data in a Set 237
39.​9 Basic Map 238
39.​10 Inserting Into Map 239
39.​11 Searching and Deleting From a Map 240
39.​12 Lambda Expressions 241
Chapter 40:​ C++ Standards 243
40.​1 C++11 243
40.​1.​1 Automatic Type Deduction 244
40.​1.​2 Range-based Loops 244
40.​1.​3 Initializer Lists 245
40.​1.​4 Move Semantics 245
40.​1.​5 Lambda Expressions 246
40.​1.​6 The constexpr Specifier 247
40.​1.​7 Scoped Enumerators 247
40.​1.​8 Smart Pointers 248
40.​1.​9 std:​:​unordered_​set 249
40.​1.​10 std:​:​unordered_​map 250
40.​1.​11 std:​:​tuple 252
40.​1.​12 static_​assert 253
40.​1.​13 Introduction to Concurrency 254
40.​1.​14 Deleted and Defaulted Functions 259
40.​1.​15 Type Aliases 262
40.​2 C++14 262
40.​2.​1 Binary Literals 263
40.​2.​2 Digits Separators 264
40.​2.​3 Auto for Functions 264
40.​2.​4 Generic Lambdas 265
40.​2.​5 std:​:​make_​unique 265
40.​3 C++17 266
40.​3.​1 Nested Namespaces 266
40.​3.​2 Constexpr Lambdas 267
40.​3.​3 Structured Bindings 267
40.​3.​4 std:​:​filesystem 269
40.​3.​5 std:​:​string_​view 272
40.​3.​6 std:​:​any 273
40.​3.​7 std:​:​variant 275
40.​4 C++20 278
40.​4.​1 Modules 278
40.​4.​2 Concepts 281
40.​4.​3 Lambda Templates 285
40.​4.​4 [likely] and [unlikely] Attributes 286
40.​4.​5 Ranges 287
40.​4.​6 Coroutines 291
40.​4.​7 std:​:​span 291
40.​4.​8 Mathematical Constants 292
Summary and Advice 295
The go-to Reference 295
StackOverflow 295
Other Online Resources 296
Other C++ Books 296
Advice 296
Index 297
About the Author
Slobodan Dmitrović
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is a software development consultant and an author from Serbia. He specializes in C++ training, technical analysis, and software architecture. He is a highly visible member of the SE European C++ community and a StackOverflow contributor. Slobodan has gained international experience working as a software consultant in Denmark, Poland, Croatia, China, and the Philippines. Slobodan maintains a website at www.cppandfriends.com .

 
About the Technical Reviewer
Chinmaya Patnayak
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is an embedded software developer at NVIDIA and is skilled in C++, CUDA, deep learning, Linux, and file systems. He has been a speaker and instructor for deep learning at various major technology events across India. Chinmaya holds an M.Sc. degree in physics and B.E. in electrical and electronics engineering from BITS Pilani. He has previously worked with Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) on encryption algorithms for video streams. His current interest lies in neural networks for image segmentation and applications in biomedical research and self-driving cars. Find more about him at chinmayapatnayak.github.io.

 
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