Abraham, A. 247, 249

acalculia 228

Acar, S. 211, 214

ACC see anterior cingulate cortex

acclimation 154, 169

accommodation 134

Adelson, B. 136, 149, 164, 171

AG see angular gyrus

agreeableness 215

“Aha!” experience 23, 25, 176, 182, 185, 196–9, 208

Ahlum-Heath, M. E. 15, 25

Ahmed, A. 197, 206

Aiamy, M. 219, 221

Alba, J. W. 190, 197, 207

Alexander, G. E. 185–6, 188, 190, 204–5

Alexander, P. A. 154, 158, 169, 171

algorithm 2, 3, 41–3, 96–7, 133–4, 208, 210, 216, 220, 241–2

algorithmic level 136–7, 225

Allard, F. 165, 172

alternative uses task 246

Amabile, T. M. 210, 220–1

analogical transfer 55, 61, 66–7, 73, 78, 87, 215, 255, 257; conceptual transfer 257; far transfer 57, 93, 103, 106, 134; general transfer 55, 56, 162, 257; near transfer 57, 93, 102, 103; negative transfer 58, 60, 87, 114, 257; over-transfer 255; positive transfer 57, 58, 60, 87, 257; specific transfer 55, 56, 257; within-domain transfer 111

analogy: example-analogy 98, 100; principle-cueing 98, 100, 102

analytical engine 208

Anderson, J. R. 2, 13–16, 24–5, 51–3, 58–61, 88, 90–1, 93, 96–7, 113–15, 120, 124–5, 135–56, 162, 167, 171–4, 232–3, 242–3, 248–52, 257

Anderson, R. C. 256, 260

Andreasen, N. C. 246, 249

Angello, G. 212, 224

Anggoro, F. K. 257, 260

angular gyrus 228–31

Ansari, D. 250

Ansburg, P. I. 197, 205

anterior cingulate cortex 237–8, 247

anterior superior temporal gyrus 226, 241

anterior temporal lobe 226, 246

aPFC (anterior prefrontal cortex) see prefrontal cortex

Arambel-Liu, S. 205, 251

Arlin, P. K. 2, 25

Arocha, J. F. 167, 174

Ash, I. K. 198, 205

Ashton, K. 208, 211–12, 221

associative rules 129

Atkinson, R. C. 29, 53

Atkinson, R. K. 96, 124

Au, W. K. 55, 88

Ausubel, D. P. 83, 88

automaticity 127, 135, 170, 258

automatisation 11, 113, 135, 149, 167, 170

axon 227

Baddeley, A.D. 14, 25, 109, 112, 120, 122

Badre, D. 234, 249

Baer, J. 211, 222

Baeten, M. 94, 120

Bagic, A. 233, 250

Baldauf, R. B. J. 217, 222

Ballester, J. 165, 171

Ballstaedt, S. P. 15, 25

Baroody, A. J. 231, 249

basal ganglia 238, 241–3

Bassok, M. x, xi, 22, 25, 128, 150

Batchelder, W. H. 185–8, 190, 204–5

Battelli, L. 229, 249

Bauer, M. A. 65, 90

Beck, I. L. 94, 120

Beethoven, Ludwig Van 211

Beghetto, R. A. 210–11, 223

behaviourism 3, 9, 10–11, 14, 24, 166

Behe, M. J. 84, 88

Bejar, I. I. 76, 88

Belenky, D. M. 124

Bellob, P. 15, 25

Benbow, C. 160, 173, 175

Berger, D. E. 164, 172, 214, 223

Bernardo, A. B. I. 128

Bernoulli numbers 208

Berry, D.C. 15, 25

Betts, S. 243, 251

Beveridge, M. 118, 120

Big Five personality traits 215

Bilalic´, M. 96, 100, 121, 160, 171

Bink, M. L. 215, 221

biomimicry 208

Biskjaer, M. M. 210, 221

Bjork, E. L. 212, 224

Blankenship, S. E. 212, 223

Bleske-Rechek, A. 160, 173

Blessing, S. B. 60, 88

blind variation 216; Blind Variation and Selective Retention 215

blood oxygen level-dependent 227, 237

Bloom, I. 4, 25

Boden, M. A. 210, 221

BOLD see blood oxygen level-dependent

Bolstad, C. A. 96, 124

Bookheimer, S. Y. 251

Borg, J. L. 157, 173

Boronat, C. 78, 89

Borst, J. P. 232, 249

Boshuizen, H. P. A. 157, 171, 174

Bossini, S. 229, 249

Boster, J. S. 165, 174

Botvinick, M. M. 237, 249, 251

Boudry, M. 84, 91

Bovair, S. 52, 54

Bowden, E. M. 189, 205–6, 250

Bowdle, B. F. 78, 85, 88–9, 238, 249

Boyatzis, R. E. 112, 123

brain-based learning 244

brain state training 245

brain training 244

Bransford, J. D. 28, 53, 84, 88, 92, 118, 121, 123

Brewer, W. F. 32, 53

Britton, B. K. 95, 121–2

Broadbent, D. E. 140, 150

Broerse, J. E. W. 244, 250

Brontë family 211

Brookes, D. T. 83, 88

Brooks, K. J. G. 189, 197, 206

Brown, A. L. 113, 121

Brown, J. S. 142, 150

Buchner, A. 162, 172

Buehl, M. M. 154, 171

Bunge, S. A. 234, 237–8, 249–52, 257, 261

Burton, R. R. 142, 150

BVSR see blind variation

Byrne, B. 245, 250

Byrne, M. D. 52, 54

Byrne, R. M. J. 198–9, 206

Byrnes, J. P. 245, 249

Campbell, D. T. 215, 221, 223

Campitelli, G. 161, 173

Cannon, T. D. 249, 260

Caramelli, P. 249

Carbonell, J. G. 88

career of metaphor 239

Carlson, B. W. 78, 90

Carlson, M. P. 4, 25

Carmel-Gilfilen, C. 165, 171

Carraher, D. 112, 121

Carraher, T. N. 112, 121

Carrasco, J. 246, 250

Carson, S. 211, 221

Carter, C. S. 237, 252

Carter, K. R. 160, 174

Carver, S. M. 55, 90

Casablanca 211

case-based reasoning 8, 116

Cassimatis, N. L. 15, 25

categorical rules 129

Catrambone, R. 110, 122, 128, 150

Cattaneo, Z. 229, 249

Cattell, R. B. 211, 221

caudate nucleus 234

Ceci, S. J. 160, 171

cell assemblies 226

Chaffin, R. 76, 88, 90

Chand, I. 215, 223

Chandler, P. 96, 109–10, 121, 125

Chang, T. -T. 230–2, 249

Charness, N. 161–2, 170–2, 259–60

Chase, W. G. 127, 151, 161, 164, 166, 170–1, 174

Chen, O. 109, 116, 121

Chen, T. 230, 249

Chen, Z. 73, 88, 98, 100, 128, 134–5, 150

Cheng, P. C. H. 118, 121

Chettih, S. 238, 249

Chi, M. T. H. 94, 100, 119, 121, 156, 158, 163, 169, 171–2

Chi, R. P. 246, 249

Chiao, J. Y. 244, 249

Childress, R. 156, 174

Chinn, C. A. 115, 122

Chiu, M. H. 94, 121

Chiu, S. 154, 171

Cho, S. 234, 238, 249

Chochon, F. 228, 249

Chow, T. W. 250

Christoff, K. 197, 249

Chronicle, E. P. 230, 205–6

Chrysikou, E. G. 197, 205

Chu, Y. 189, 205

chunk: chunk decomposition 197, 202; in an image 178, 189, 195; in working memory 117, 140–1, 164–7, 170, 241, 242

Clancey, W. J. 146, 150, 172

Clark, R. E. 115, 121–2

cognitive architecture 16, 115, 129, 136–7, 149, 248

cognitive load 95–6, 109–11, 118, 120, 258; extraneous cognitive load 96, 110–11, 118; germane cognitive load 96, 110–11; intrinsic cognitive load 95, 109–10

Cohen, G. 190, 205

Cohen, J. D. 237, 249, 251

Cohen, L. 228–9, 249–50

Cohen, M. S. 251

coherence principle 119

Cole, M. W. 233, 250

Colhoun, J. 68–70, 78, 88–9

Coll, R. K. 257, 260

Collins, A. 258, 260

Collins, A.M. 129

Collins, H. 126

composition (of productions) 143

concepts: conceptual chunking 164–5; conceptual instruction 95, 116; conceptual integration 143, 148; conceptual metaphors 84–5

conceptual transfer see analogical transfer

Confrey, J. 114, 121

conscientiousness 215

constraint relaxation 196–7, 202

constructivism 121–5

contingencies of reinforcement 9

convergent thinking see thinking

Conway, M. 95, 121

Cooper, G. 94–5, 115, 121, 125

Cooper, R. P. 15, 25

Copeland, B. J. 147, 150

Copernicus, Nicolaus 209

Cornelissen, J. P. 84, 89

Cotton, T. 75, 208, 221

Coulson, R. L. 135, 150, 167, 172

cover stories 62, 68, 101

Cox, G. 124

CPS (Osborne-Parnes) 219–20; see also creative problem solving

Craik, F. I. M. 119, 121

creative problem solving 1, 176, 208–21

creativity: Big-C 211, 221, 246; H-creativity 210, 214, 221; historiometric approach 211; little-c 211, 221; P-creativity 210, 216, 221

creativity stages: illumination 211, 213, 221; incubation 185, 211–13, 221; preparation 211–12, 221; verification 211, 213, 221

Criterion for Satisfactory Progress Theory 197–200, 202

Crone, E. A. 238, 249

CSPT see Criterion for Satisfactory Progress Theory

Cummins, D. D. 129, 150

Cunningham, J. B. 189, 205–6

Curtiz, Michael 211

Daehler, M. W. 128, 150

Damasio, A. 245, 249–50

Damian, R. I. 212, 221

Darling, D. 87, 89

Davis, G. A. 3, 24–5

Dawkins, R. 85, 89

Deakin, J. M. 165, 172

de Bono, E. 217, 221

DeCaro, J. M. 95, 121

declarative knowledge/memory 21, 23, 61, 100, 109, 126, 134, 137–8, 140–4, 149, 153, 162, 169, 241; see also knowledge types

declarative strengthening 144

default mode network 232

De Groot, A.D. 160–4, 170

DeHaan, R. L. 216, 222

Dehaene, S. 228–31, 249, 250

de Jong, T. 94, 121

de Leeuw, N. 94, 121

deliberate practice 160–1, 166, 170, 260

Dellinger, E. P. 68, 91

Dempster, A. 104, 106, 124

Dennett, D.C. 44, 54

Deshpande, G. 236, 251

de Souza, L. C. 83, 91, 246–7, 249

diachronic rules 129

Diamond, J. 6, 25

Dickison, D. 113, 125, 146, 151, 167, 174

Didierjean, A. 103, 121

Dietrich, A. 247–8, 250

difference reduction 43, 47–8, 199; hill climbing 43–8, 53, 197, 202

Ding, Y. 95, 122

Disparition, La 210; see also lipogrammatic novels

divergent thinking see thinking

DiVesta, F. J. 15, 25

Dixon, P. 97, 123

DLPFC (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) see prefrontal cortex

Dochy, F. 94, 120

domain-general (strategies) 21, 24; (ability) 159–60, 221; (skills) 211

domain-specific (strategies) 21, 24, 41, 43, 166, 220; (ability) 159, 221; (skills) 143, 211

Dominowski, R. L. 197–205

Donnelly, C. L. 82–3, 89

Donohue, S. E. 237, 252

Donovan, C. M. 239, 251

Dorfman, J. 249

Douglas, S. 155, 171

Doumas, L. A. A. 15, 25, 68, 89

Dow, G. T. 210, 223

DP see deliberate practice

Drevdahl, J. E. 211, 221

Dreyfus, H. L. 155–6, 169, 172

Dreyfus, S. E. 155–6, 172

Dubois, B. 249

Duhon, K. E. 154, 171

Duncan, M. K. 96, 124

Duncan, R. G. 115, 122

Duncker, K. 2, 24–5, 66, 89, 108, 121, 181–6, 189, 196, 205

Dunning, D. 94, 121

Durgin, F. H. 238, 249

dyscalculia 228

earned dogmatism hypothesis 169

Ebner, F. 250

Edelenbosch, R. 244, 250

Edison, Thomas 212

Edwards, J. 217, 222

EEG see electroencephalography

effector rules 130

Egan, D. E. 164–5, 172

Ehrlich, M. F. 104, 125

Einstein, Albert 86, 166, 209

Einstellung 60, 135, 180, 181, 257

Eisenstadt, M. 46, 54

electroencephalography (EEG) 226, 227, 239, 247

element interactivity 109–10, 116, 118

Elo, A. 160–1, 172

Embretson, S. 76, 88

Epstein, W. 94, 122

Ericsson, K. A. 14, 15, 25, 29, 30, 54, 110, 121, 159, 161–2, 166, 170, 172–4, 189, 240, 250, 260

Etkina, E. 83, 88

Ettinger, M. 104–6, 124, 255, 261

European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction 245

Evans, J. S. B. T. 185, 201, 205

Evans, R. 126, 150

example-analogy view see analogy

expected value of control 237

experiential learning theory 112

expertise: adaptive expertise 167; contributory expertise 126; formal expertise 126; interactional expertise 126; passive expertise 126, 169; routine expertise 167

expository analogies 80, 85

extraversion 215

Eylon, B. S. 117, 121

Eyrolle, H. 157, 174

Eysenck, H. 211, 222

Faber, A. H. 200, 206

Fales, C. L. 251

Falkenhainer, B. 76–7, 89, 257, 260

Farr, M. J. 158, 171–3

Farrell, R. 93, 120

feeling-of-knowing 190

Feist, G. J. 210, 215, 222

Feltovich, P. J. 135, 150, 163, 167, 171–4, 260–1

Ferguson-Hessler, M. G. M. 94, 121

Fermat’s Last Theorem 213

Fernandino, L. 249, 260

Field, A. 156, 172

Figural Fluency test 201

Fincham, J. M. 147–8, 150, 155, 171, 232, 243, 248, 251

Findlay, J. M. 164, 175

Finke, R. A. 215, 222

Fioratou, E. 189, 205

Fischer, A. 23, 25

Fischer, K. W. 244, 250

Fisher, M. 126, 150, 169, 172

Fitts, P.M. 153, 169, 172

Fives, H. 154, 171

Fleck, J. I. 189, 198, 201, 205–6

Flores, R. A. 246, 250

Flum, D. R. 68, 91

fMRI 165, 226–8, 230–3, 237, 241–2, 246

Fodor, J. A. 242, 250

FOK see feeling-of-knowing

Forbus, K. D. 73, 76, 88–9, 260

Formann, A. K. 244, 251

Fox, N. A. 245, 249

Fragonard, Jean-Honoré 213

Fratus, K. N. 165, 175

Frensch, P. A. 2, 25, 135, 150–1, 162–3, 166, 172, 174

Frink, Elizabeth 211

frontal lobe deficits 234–6

frontotemporal lobar degeneration see frontal lobe deficits

Frymiare, J. L. 205–6, 251

FTLD see frontal lobe deficits

functional fixedness 135, 180–2, 202, 257; see also Einstellung

functional magnetic resonance imaging see fMRI

Funke, J. x, xi, 2, 14, 23, 25–6

Fürst, G. 215, 222

fusiform gyrus 232, 243, 248

fvFTLD see frontal lobe deficits

Fyfe, E. R. 95, 98–9, 116, 121

Gabora, L. 216, 222

Gabrieli, J. D. E. 249

Gadsby 210; see also lipogrammatic novels

Galileo 210, 212

Gardner, H. 162, 170, 173, 211, 222

Gauthier, I. 165, 175

Geake, J. 244, 250

Geary, D.C. 6, 24, 26, 110, 121

Geneplore 215

generalization: condition-simplifying generalization 132; instance-based generalization 133

general transfer see analogical transfer

generation effect 116, 119

Gentner, D. 68–70, 73, 76–82, 85–9, 91, 100–1, 121–2, 238, 249, 257, 260

Gentner, D. R. 81, 89, 260

Gerjets, P. 110, 122, 165, 173

Gestalt psychology 11, 23–4, 58, 60, 167, 177–8, 180, 184–5, 190–1, 195, 197–8, 201

Ghisletta, P. 215, 222

Gholson, B. 96, 124

Gibb, J. 189, 205

Gick, M. L. 19, 26, 66–9, 78, 89, 98, 100, 118, 122, 182, 195, 205

Gigerenzer, G. 41, 54

Gilhooly, K. J. 9, 26, 124, 179, 186, 189, 200–2, 205–6

Ginns, P. 96, 122

Giraux, P. 229, 249

givens 7, 8, 41, 148

Glaser, R. 28, 54, 100, 121, 156, 158, 163, 167, 170–4, 260

Glenberg, A.M. 94, 122

Glynn, S. M. 95, 121

goal recursion strategy 49, 50

goal stack 51–3

goal state 7, 20–2, 30–8, 43, 48, 49, 98, 131, 141, 145, 184

Göbel, S. 229, 250

Gobet, F. 96, 121, 160–1, 166, 171, 173

Godden, D. 112, 122

Gog, T. van 96, 125, 165, 173

Goldman, A. I. 14, 26

Goldwater, M. B. 103, 122

Goodman, L. 116–17, 125

Gordon, W. J. J. 218, 222

Goswami, U. 244, 248, 250

Grabner, R. H. 161, 173, 229–30, 250

Graybell, A.M. 241–2, 250

Grealy, D. S. 156, 173

Greenblatt, R. 205, 250

Greene, T. R. 168, 175

Greeno, J. G. 46–8, 54, 108, 113–14, 120, 122

Greiff, S. 23, 25

Grigorenko, E. 220, 222–4

Grodner, D. J. 238, 249

Groen, G. J. 156–7, 174

Guernica (Picasso painting) 212

Guignard, J.–H. 210–11, 222

Guilford, J. P. 214, 222

Gulgoz, S. 95, 121

Guo, J.P. 95, 122

Gutenberg 211

Guy, R. 245, 250

Gyselinck, V. 104, 125

Haack, J. 82, 90

Haar, J. 189, 205

Haberman, J. 205

habit-family hierarchy 9

Haghani, J. 219, 221

Haider, H. 189, 206

Halford, G. S. 234, 250

Hall-Ellis, S. D. 156, 173

Halpern, D. F. 84, 89

Halskov, K. 210, 221

Hannemann, J. 82, 90

Harich, K. R. 217, 223

Harold, G. T. 245, 252

Harrison, A. G. 257, 260

Hastie, R. 29, 54

Hawking, S. 86–7, 89

Hayes, J. R. 4, 26, 39, 54, 57, 62, 64, 67, 90–1, 133, 150, 214, 222, 256, 260–1

Heath, C. 94, 121

Helicobacter pylori 210

Henderson, J. A. 217, 223

Henretty, N. 189, 205

Hernandez-Serrano, J. 116, 122

Herrmann, D. J. 76, 88, 90

heuristics 38, 41–3, 53, 158, 160, 192, 198–200, 202, 220–1

Hiebert, J. 94, 109, 122

hill-climbing see difference reduction

Hinsley, D. A. 133, 150

HIPS see horizontal intraparietal sulcus

Hirtle, S. C. 165, 173

Hmelo, C. E. 257, 261

Hmelo-Silver, C. E. 115, 122

Hodgetts, H. M. 51–2, 54

Holland, J. H. 98, 108, 122, 129, 132, 145, 149, 150, 256

Holt, R. 84, 89

Holyoak, K. J. 19, 26, 66–73, 76, 78, 82, 85, 88–91, 98, 100, 106, 122, 128–9, 150, 182, 205, 234–5, 239–41, 249–50, 254–6, 261

homomorph 63, 87

homomorphism 130–2

Honomichl, R. D. 73, 88, 249

horizontal intraparietal sulcus 226, 230, 232, 243, 248

Horn, B. K. P. 93, 125

Hsu, C. -Y. 116, 122

Hull, C. L. 9, 26, 60, 90

Hummel, J. E. 15, 25, 68, 88–90, 239–41, 250–1

Hunt, E. 39, 54

Hurley, S. M. 257, 260

Huss, D. 113, 125, 146, 151, 167, 174

IBMT see Integrative Body Mind Training

identical elements theory 56

ill-defined problem see problem types

ill-structured problem see problem types

illusion of explanatory depth 169, 171

illusion of understanding 94

imitative problem solving 97, 108, 255

Immordino-Yang, M. H. 244–5, 249–51

impasse 4, 144, 176–7, 184–5, 189, 191, 195–202, 212–13, 217; unwarranted 195; warranted 185, 195

implementation level 137, 242

individual differences principle 119

induction 4, 67, 83, 96, 127–9, 132–3, 135, 138, 145, 149, 241, 248; conservative induction 128, 255; enumerative induction 127; liberal induction 127

information processing system 12, 14, 31–3, 40–1, 52–3, 225, 260

initial state 7, 9, 20–4, 30–49, 67, 69

inquiry learning 115

insight: false insight 197; full insight 197; partial insight 197

instruction: guided instruction 111–12, 115; minimally guided instruction 112, 115; unguided instruction 111, 115

Integrative Body Mind Training 245

intendedly rational behaviour 138

intermediate effect 156–7, 170

introspection 14

IPS see information processing system

Isaksen, S. G. 217, 219, 222, 224

isomorph 61–5, 87

Issing, L. J. 82, 90

Jäkel, F. 14, 26

Jarodzka, H. 165, 173

Jarvin, L. 224

Jetton, T. L. 154, 171

Jeziorski, M. 78. 89

Johnson, K. E. 96, 173

Johnson, P. E. 167

Johnson-Laird, P. N. 76, 90, 128, 147, 150, 209, 216, 222

Jonassen, D. H. 8, 20, 24, 26, 93–4, 109, 115–16, 122–3

Jones, D. M. 51–2, 54

Jones, G. 198–9, 200, 205–6

Jones, R. M. 94, 125

Jonsson, B. 96–7, 122

Joydeep, B. 246, 252

Jung, R. E. 246, 250

Jung-Beeman, M. 184, 189, 205, 206, 246, 247, 250

Kadrey, R. 76, 90

Kahneman, D. 255, 260

Kahney, H. 37, 54, 72, 90, 95, 121

Kalyuga, S. 109, 116, 121–2

Kanso, R. 247–8, 250

Kaplan, C. A. 14–15, 26, 191–3, 201–2, 205

Kass, R. 233, 250

Kaufman, J. C. 211, 222

Keane, M. T. 84, 90, 124

Keefer, L. A. 84, 90

Keil, F. C. 126, 150, 169, 172

Kekulé, August 212

Kepler, Johannes 209

Kershaw, T. C. 197, 205

Kidd, E. 244, 251

Kieras, D. E. 94, 122

Kim, M. K. 154, 173

Kintsch, W. 38, 54, 94, 103–4, 110, 121–2, 125, 166, 172, 240, 250

Kirschner, P. A. 115, 121, 123

Klahr, D. 55, 90

Klibanoff, R. S. 257, 260

Klopfer, D. 173

Knoblich, G. 189, 197, 200, 206

knowledge compilation 60–1, 135, 143, 149; see also proceduralisation

knowledge encapsulation 157–8

knowledge-lean problems see problem types

knowledge-rich problems see problem types

knowledge state 30, 37, 39

knowledge types: biologically primary 6, 110, 253; biologically secondary 6, 7, 110, 128; elaboration knowledge 134; execution knowledge 134; identification knowledge 133–4; planning knowledge 133, 134; situationally grounded 114

Knowlton, B. J. 234, 241, 251

Koechlin, E. 258, 260

Koestler, A. 184, 206, 209–10, 222

Koffka, K. 11, 24, 26

Koh, K. 68, 72–3, 90, 106, 122

Kolb, D. A. 112, 123

Körkel, J. 160, 174

Koschutnig, K. 250

Kounios, J. 185, 196, 205–6, 247, 250

Krabbendam, L. 244, 250

Krampe, R. 161, 171–2, 259–60

Krawczyk, D.C. 234–6, 238, 250

Kroger, J. K. 234, 249, 251

Krueger, F. 236, 251

Kulikowich, J. M. 154, 171

Kupper, F. 244, 250

Kurtz, K. J. 68–9, 73, 77, 89–90, 100, 123

Kwon, K. 94, 123

Ky, K. N. 244, 251

Kyndt, E. 94–120

Lachman, J. L. 190, 206

Lachman, R. 190, 206

Laird, J. E. 41, 54, 138, 151

Landau, M. J. 84, 90

Langley, P. 15, 25

Larkin, J. H. 55, 90, 100, 116–17, 123

lateral thinking see thinking

LaVancher, C. 94, 121

Lave, J. 112, 123

Learning and Inference with Schemas and Analogies 239–41, 248

learning by doing 4, 161

Lebière, C. 51, 53, 147, 150, 167, 171, 233, 252

Lee, F. J. 143, 151

Lee, H. S. 77, 90, 232, 243, 248, 251

Lee, L. 216, 222

LeFevre, J. A. 97, 123

Lefevre, P. 94, 109, 122

Lehericy, S. 228, 249

Leijenhorst, L. van 249

Lesgold, A.M. 156–7, 167–8, 173

Leung, J. P. 55, 88

Leve, L. D. 245, 252

levels of processing 119

Levin, J. R. 90, 117–18, 123

Levy, R. 249

Lichtenstein, M. 124

Likert, J. K. 160, 171

Liljekvist, Y. 96, 122

Lindell, A. K. 244, 251

lipogrammatic novels 210

LISA see Learning and Inference with Schemas and Analogies

Lithner, J. 96–7, 122–3

Livingston, L. 217, 222

Lockhart, R. S. 119, 121

Loewenstein, J. 68, 90, 100, 123

Lovett, A. 78, 91

Lovett, M. C. 78, 88, 90, 156, 173

Low, R. 110, 124

LPFC (lateral prefrontal cortex) see prefrontal cortex

Lu, H. 77, 90

Lubart, T. 210–11, 215, 222

Lubinski, D. 160, 173, 175

Luchins, A. S. 58, 90, 134, 151, 180–1, 206

Luchins, E. H. 58, 90, 180–1, 206

Ludwig, A.M. 211, 222

Luft, S. 115, 123

Luger, G. F. 65, 90

Lyon, L. J. 156, 173

McCartney, Paul 212

McClelland, M. M. 238, 251

McDaniel, M. A. 82–3, 89

McGarry, S. J. 195, 205

MacGregor, J. N. 189, 197, 202, 205–6

McKeithen, K. B. 165, 173

McKendree, J. 147–8, 151

McKeown, M. G. 94, 120

McLeod, P. 96, 121, 160, 171

McNab, A. 19, 26

magnetoencephalography 226, 233

Maguire, M. J. 238, 251

Maier, N. R. F. 181–2, 206

Mainemelis, C. 112, 123

Maltzman, I. 9, 26

Mandl, H. 15, 25, 90

Mao Zedong 210

Mariné, C. 157, 174

Markman, A. B. 28, 54, 77, 89, 225, 251

Marquis, E. 217, 223

Marr, D. 136–7, 151, 225, 251

Marra, R. M. 115, 123

Marsch, S. 83, 90, 261

Marsh, R. L. 215, 221

Marshall, Barry J. 210

Marshall, S. P. 133–5, 149, 151

Marton, F. 94, 123

Matlen, B. J. 257, 261

Mayer, R. E. 96, 110, 115, 118–19, 123, 257–8, 261

Mayr, U. 259–60

Mead, B. S. 246, 250

Meador, K. S. 219, 223

Meadows, S. 85, 90

means-ends analysis 43, 48–9, 53, 108, 225; see also difference reduction

Medin, D. L. 128, 151, 261

Mednick, S. A. 208, 223

Meer, E. van der 236, 251

Meier, B. P. 84, 90

Mendez, M. F. 250

Menon, V. 230, 249

mental model 27, 28, 69, 81, 82, 94, 104, 109, 120, 131–6, 256

mental operator 8, 20, 34, 48, 130, 196

mental set 58, 60, 134, 180, 212, 220, 246, 253; see also Einstellung; negative transfer

Mervis, C. B. 165, 173

metacognition 190, 245

metaknowledge 190

metamemory 190

Metcalfe, A. W. S. 190–1, 206, 230, 249

Miles, Andrew 213

Miller, B. L. 251

Miller, G. A. 14, 26

minimally guided instruction see instruction

Mitterer, J. 55, 90

Mo, L. 73, 88, 128, 134–5, 150

modality effect 110

modality principle 119

Moller, J. H. 167, 172

Moody, T. D. 249, 260

Morelock, M. J. 160, 173

Moreno, R. 96, 110, 117, 118, 123

Morrison, R. G. 234, 241, 250

Mouchiraud, C. 210, 222

Mousavi, S. Y. 110, 124

Mozart Effect 244

Müller, B. 148, 151, 257, 261

multimedia principle 118

multivoxel representational similarity 231

Mumford, J. A. 249, 260

Murphy, G. L. 165, 173

Murphy, P. 186, 200–2, 205

Murphy, P. K. 154, 171

Murray, M. A. 198–9, 206

Naccache, L. 228, 249

Nakhabenko, D. 237, 252

Nash, J. G. 78, 90

Nathan, M. J. 38, 54, 103–4, 124

negative transfer 58–60, 87, 114, 257

Neisser, U. 14, 26

network training 245

Neuper, C. 250

neurocomputational model 239–41

neuromarketing 244

neuromyths 244, 248

neuroticism 215

Newell, A. 12, 15, 24, 26, 29, 31, 33, 37–41, 48, 51, 53–4, 138, 147, 151–2, 173, 190, 195, 197, 206, 256, 261

Niebert, K. 83, 90, 257, 261

Nisbett, R. E. 14, 26, 98, 122, 129, 150–1, 256

Noether, Emmy 209

Nokes-Malach, T. J. 102–3, 124

non-Euclidean geometry 212

Norman, G. R. 157, 174

Norqvist, M. 96, 122

Novick, L. R. x, xi, 22, 25, 82, 91, 108, 123, 254, 257, 260–1

number line 228–9, 248

Oberauer, K. 234, 251

objective problem space 39; see also problem space

O’Connor, J. E. 160, 174

Ohlsson, S. 184–5, 189, 195–7, 200, 202, 205–6, 216, 223

Okuda, S. M. 214, 223

Öllinger, M. 200, 206

openness to experience 215, 221

operator restrictions 20

Opfer, J. E. 154, 173–4

O’Reilly, R. 233, 252

Ormerod, T. C. 197, 205–6

Osborn, A. F. 219, 223

O’Shea, T. 142, 151

Ottati, V. 169, 174

Øystein, H. P. 96, 124

Ozogul, G. 117, 123

Paas, F.G. W. C. 95–6, 110, 124–5

Palmer, B. 115, 123

Pang, M. F. 95, 122

Papert, S. 55, 91

parasympathetic nervous system 245

parietal cortex 226, 228–9, 230–2, 234

Parker, D. 154, 171

Parkins, E. 118, 120

Parnes, S. J. 5, 219, 223

Parrish, T. B. 206

Pascual-Leone, A. 229, 249

Pashler, H. 146, 151

Patel, V. L. 156–7, 167, 174

Patrick, J. 197, 206

Patris, B. 165, 171

P-creativity see creativity

Peña, A. 83, 91

Peng, C. 165, 175

Penner, B.C. 168, 175

Pennington, N. 257, 261

Perec, G. 210, 223

Perkins, D. N. 128, 151

Perkins, S. J. 96, 124

Permuted Rule Operations 233

personalised messages 119

PET see positron emission tomography

PFC see prefrontal cortex

Phillips, S. 234, 250

Piazza, M. 229, 250

Picasso, Pablo 212

Pichert, J. W. 256, 260

Pierce, K. A. 96, 100, 124

Pietschnig, J. 244, 251

Pigliucci, M. 84, 91

Pinel, P. 229, 250

Pirolli, P. 96–7, 124

Pizlo, Z. x, xi

Plucker, J. A. 210–11, 223

Poincaré, Henri 212

Poldrack, R. A. 249, 260

The Police 211

Polk, T. 140, 151

Polson, P. G. 166, 172

Polya, G. 2, 4, 24, 26

positron emission tomography 242

Posner, M. I. 26, 153, 169, 172, 245, 251, 261

Post, T. A. 168, 175

posterior superior parietal system see parietal cortex

Postle, B. R. 258, 261

Postman, L. 56, 91

Power Law of Practice 152–4

PPC see parietal cortex

Prabhakaran, V. 249

Pratchett, T. 85, 91

predicate calculus 77

predicates 75

predictor rules 129

prefrontal cortex 52, 226, 231–4, 236–9, 241–3, 246–7, 258

Preusse, F. 236–7, 251

Price, E. D. 169, 174

primary understanding 94

principle-cueing view see analogy

principle of rationality 41, 138

problem-based learning 112, 115

problem finding 154, 176, 214, 219–20

problem model 104, 107–8, 120, 131, 134

problem similarity: procedural similarity 73–4; relational similarity 75–6, 86–7; structural similarity 67, 76, 87; superficial similarity 78, 101–2

problem space 37–42, 44, 48, 53, 177, 184, 190–5, 197, 200–2, 212, 216, 256

problem types: created 1, 5–6; discovered 1, 5; ill-defined 20–1, 24, 66, 158, 254; ill-structured 20, 21; knowledge-lean 22, 24, 256; knowledge-rich 23–4; presented 5; semantically lean 21–4; semantically rich 21–4; well-defined 20–1, 24, 33, 35, 37, 61, 66–7, 177, 190, 210; well-structured 20–1, 24

problem variants: close variants 73, 87, 95, 120; distant variants 73, 87, 95, 103, 105, 120

proceduralisation 143, 167

procedural knowledge/memory 21, 23, 61, 109, 126, 135, 137, 140–3, 149, 241, 243–4; see also proceduralisation

procedural similarity see problem similarity

Processing systems: bottom-up 12, 23; System 1 200; System 2 200–1; top-down 11, 12, 165; Type 1 189, 201–2; Type 2 189, 201–2

production rules 61, 140, 142, 147–8, 156, 257

production system 16, 137, 146–9, 240, 243

pseudoscience 244

Pugel, A. E. 68, 91

Quillian, M. R. 129, 150

Raichle, M. E. 242, 251

Ramchandran, K. 246, 249

Ramoni, M. F. 157, 174

Ramsburg, L. 156, 174

randomised control trials 245

RAT see Remote Associates Test

Rattermann, M. J. 73, 89

Raufaste, E. 157, 174

Rauscher, F. H. 244, 251

Raven’s Matrices 201, 236

Ray, G. E. 124

RCT see representational change theory

Reason, J. 135–6, 151

Reder, L. M. 114, 120

Redistribution Theory see representational change theory

redundancy principle 119

Reed, S. K. 39, 45–6, 54, 63–5, 67, 91, 95–6, 104–7, 116, 124, 255, 261

Rees, E. 100, 121

Reese, H. W. 2, 26

Reeves, L. M. 128, 151

reflective understanding 94

Rehder, B. 257, 261

Reif, F. 117, 121

Reingold, E. 161, 171, 260

Reishofer, G. 250

Reisslein, M. 117, 123

Reitman, J. S. 165, 173

relational similarity see problem similarity

Remote Associates Test 189, 212, 246

Renkl, A. 96, 124

representational change theory 193, 195, 198–200, 202

Rhenius, D. 189, 206

Richland, L. E. 257, 261

Rijn, H. van 232, 249

Rittle-Johnson, B. 95, 121

RLPFC (rostrolateral prefrontal cortex) see prefrontal cortex

Roberts, S. 146, 151

Robertson, S. I. x, xi, 106, 108, 124, 127, 151, 255, 261

Roe, A. 211, 223

Rose-Krasnor, L. 55, 90

Rosenberg-Lee, M. 230, 249

Rosenbloom, P. S. 41, 54, 138, 151–2, 173

Ross, B. H. 73, 91, 96–8, 100–3, 114, 124, 128–9, 151

Rothbart, M. K. 245, 251

Rubinson, H. 173

Rueter, H. H. 165–73

Rummel, N. 96, 125

Runco, M. A. 210–11, 214–15, 221, 223

Rushworth, M. F. 229, 250

Saariluoma, P. 96, 124

Sabb, F. W. 251

Sagi, E. 78, 91

Säljö, R. 94, 123

Salomon, G. 128, 151

Salvucci, D. D. 88, 91, 243, 251

Sambrooks, K. 197, 206

Sandhofer, C. M. 68, 89

Sauers, R. 93, 120

Scheiter, K. 110, 122, 165, 173

schemas 16–17, 21, 83, 96, 111, 115–17, 120, 127, 133–5, 140, 148–9, 156, 167, 169–70, 210, 239–41, 256, 258

Schlee, R. P. 217, 223

Schliemann, A.D. 112, 121

Schmidt, H. G. 157, 171–2, 174

Schneider, W. 153–4, 160, 167, 174, 233, 250

Schoenfeld, A. H. 3, 24, 26

Schön, D. A. 254, 256, 261

Schooler, J. W. 189, 206

Schreiber, C. 14, 26

Schumacher, G. M. 78, 90

Schumacher, R. M. 80, 89, 91

Schunn, C. D. 162, 174

Schwartz, B. J. 164–5, 172

Schwartz, M. 56, 91

Seeby, H. 197, 206

Seghier, M. 230, 251

selective forgetting 212

self explanations 119

semantically lean problems see problem types

semantically rich problems see problem types

sequence effect 60

set effect 180; see also Einstellung

Shaw, G. L. 244, 251

Shaw, J. C. 12, 26

Sheese, B. E. 245, 251

Shenhav, A. 237, 251

Shiffrin, R. M. 29, 53, 153–4, 167, 174

Shipman, A. C. S. 165, 174

Siegler, R. S. 154, 174

Silvanto, J. 229, 249

Simena, P. 140, 151

Simianu, V. V. 68, 91

Simon, H. A. 12, 14–15, 20–1, 24–6, 28–31, 37–41, 48–51, 53–4, 57, 62, 64, 67, 90–1, 114, 116–17, 120, 123, 127, 133, 138, 150–1, 161, 164, 166, 170–1, 173–4, 189–93, 195, 197, 201–2, 205–6, 212, 223, 256, 260–1

Simons, P. R. J. 80, 91

Simonton, D. K. 210–12, 215–17, 221, 223, 224

Singley, M. K. 58, 91, 147, 151

situated learning 112–15, 120

situation model 104, 107, 120

Skinner, B. F. 9, 24, 26

Sloman, A. 12, 26

Smith, C. D. 55, 91

Smith, E. E. 116, 117, 125, 150

Smith, J. 159, 172, 174

Smith, L. A. 70, 89

Smith, M. U. 25

Smith, S. M. 215, 212, 222–3

Smy, V. 197, 206

SNARC effect (spatial-numerical association of response codes) 229

Snyder, A. W. 246, 249

Solso, R. L. 46, 54

solution development 182

spacing effect 119

spatial contiguity principle 119

specific transfer see analogical transfer

Spencer, R. M. 128, 151

Sperl, C. T. 154, 171

Spiro, R. J. 135, 150, 167, 172

spreading activation 129, 141, 195, 196, 200–2

state-action diagram 34, 45–6; see also state space

state space 34, 37, 39–40, 48, 65

Stead-Dorva, K. B. 219, 224

Steiger, J. H. 160, 175

Stein, B. S. 84, 88, 92, 121

Sternberg, R. J. 46, 54, 121, 123, 135, 150–1, 160–3, 166, 172, 174, 177, 207, 216–17, 220, 222–4

Stocco, A. 232–4, 249, 252

Storm, B.C. 212, 224

Strauss, Johann 213

striatum 234, 238, 241, 245

strong methods 41

structural features 23, 62, 67, 73–4, 94, 256

structural similarity see problem similarity

structure mapping 76–9, 82, 86–7, 240, 257

Struyven, K. 94, 120

Subramaniam, K. 206

subsymbolic level 139–40; see also symbols

Suls, J. M. 94, 121

Sumaktoyo, N. 169, 174

superficial similarity see problem similarity

surface features 23, 62, 67, 69, 71, 73–4, 77–8, 82, 98, 105, 108, 157, 163, 166, 256–7

Swanson, D. B. 172

Swanson, H. L. 160, 167, 174

Sweller, J. 24, 60, 91, 94–6, 109–10, 115–16, 121–5, 210, 215–16, 224, 258

symbols (in cognitive architectures) 31–2; symbolic level 139–40, 240; symbol structure 32, 40; symbol systems 16, 31–2; symbol token 31–2; see also subsymbolic level

Symoneaux, R. 165, 171

synaptogenesis myth 244

synchronic rules 129

synectics 218–19

systematicity 77, 79–80, 87

Taatgen, N. A. 113, 125, 143, 146, 151, 167, 174, 232, 249

Tajari, F. 219, 224

Tajari, T. 219, 224

Tang, Y. 245, 251

Tardieu, H. 104, 125

task environment 29, 31, 37, 40–2, 113, 184, 255–6

Teixeira, A. N. L. 249

temporal contiguity principle 119

temporal synchrony 241

temporal-variant FTLD see frontal lobe deficits

Tenison, C. 144, 151, 153–5, 174

Tenpenny, P. L. 96, 124

textbase 103–4, 107, 120, 133–4

Thagard, P. 70, 85, 88, 90, 98, 122, 129, 150, 256

think aloud protocols see verbal reports

thinking: convergent 214–15; divergent 201, 210, 214–15, 221, 246–9; lateral 24, 29, 184, 217; productive thinking 11, 167, 179; reproductive thinking 11, 58, 60, 96, 167, 179

Thomas, J. C. 46–7, 54

Thompson, C. A. 154, 174

Thorndike, E. L. 9, 24, 26, 56, 91

Thronesberry, C. 190, 206

Thune, L. E. 56, 91

Tihiman, G. D. 238, 251

Tindall-Ford, S. 110, 125

TMS see transcranial magnetic stimulation

Todd, P.M. 49, 54

Torff, B. 220, 224

Toupin, C. 73, 76, 79, 89, 101, 121

Tower of Hanoi 29–31, 33–8, 43, 49–51, 57, 62, 64–5, 71, 190, 225, 253

transcranial direct current stimulation 246

transcranial magnetic stimulation 226, 229

transfer-appropriate processing 118

transparency (relating to similarity between problem features) 79, 80; high transparency 73, 79; low transparency 73, 79

Treagust, D. F. 83, 90, 261

Treffinger, D. J. 217, 219, 222, 224

Treyens, J. C. 32, 53

Tuffiash, M. 161, 171, 260

tvFTLD see frontal lobe deficits

Tzuriel, D. 257, 261

Underwood, G. 164, 175

unified theories of cognition 147

Valentin, D. 165, 171

Van den Bossche, P. 161, 175

Van Dijk, T. A. 103–4, 125

Van Dusen, L. 95, 121

Van Gogh, Vincent 213

VanLehn, K. 40, 54, 91, 96–7, 124–5, 129, 151, 256, 261

Van Marriënboer, J. J. G. 95, 124

Vasyukova, E. 161, 171, 260

VBM see voxel-based morphometry

Vendetti, M. S. 257, 261

ventral temporal–occipital cortex 231

verbal reports 13, 14, 15; think aloud protocols 26; Type I, Type II, Type III 15

Vermeer, Johannes 213

Viskontas, I. 250

visual line bisection task 229

Volle, E. 249

Voracek, M. 244, 251

Voss, J. F. 168, 175

voxel 227, 231

voxel-based morphometry 227

Wagner, A.D. 234, 249

Wai, J. 160, 175

Walking Madonna (sculpture) 211

Wallas, G. 211, 213, 221, 224

Walsh, V. 229, 250

Wang, Y. 173

Ward, M. 96, 125

Ward, T. B. 215, 222

Warren, J. Robin 210

Wartenburger, I. 236, 251

Wason, P. C. 185, 207

Waters, A. J. 164, 175

Watson, J. B. 9, 14, 24, 166

weak methods 41, 44

Webb, R. 160, 173

Weinel, M. 126, 150

Weinert, F. E. 160, 174

Weisberg, R. W. 128, 151, 185–6, 189–90, 197, 205, 207, 211–12, 216, 224

well-defined problems see problem types

well-structured problems see problem types

Wendelken, C. 234, 237–8, 249–50, 252

Wenger, E. 112, 123

Wertheimer, M. 11, 24, 26, 167, 175, 179–80, 207

Wheatley, G. H. 2, 26

white matter 227–8

Wiebe, D. 190–1, 206

Wiel, M. W. J. van de 161, 175

Wiggins, G. A. 246, 252

Wiley, J. 198, 205

Wilkinson, A. C. 94, 122

Wilson, C. 169, 174

Wilson, T. D. 14, 26

Wilson, W. H. 234, 250

Winston, P. H. 93, 125

Wolff, P. 78, 89

Wong, Y. K. 165. 175

Woodman, G. F. 165, 175

Woods, B. S. 154, 171

Woodworth, R. S. 56, 91

worked example effect 115–16

working backwards 49

working memory 6, 14, 31–2, 39, 53–4, 68–9, 96, 109–11, 115–16, 118, 120, 137–8, 140–1, 149, 159, 166, 170, 189, 196–8, 201–2, 232–4, 240–1, 245, 257–9

Working Memory Elements 140

Wright, E. V. 210, 224

Wright, J. C. 165, 173

Wright brothers 212

Yang, L. Y. 95, 122, 245, 252

Yanowitz, K. L. 128, 150

Yesterday (song) 212

Young, E. 38, 54, 103, 124

Young, R. M. 142, 151

Zajonc, R. B. 259, 261

Zeitz, C. M. 258, 261

Zhao, Z. 249

Zundel, M. 84, 89