- A
- Able‐bodiedness, 156–157, 159
- Abuse, financial, 90–92, 94–95, 143–144
- Accomplishment, in PERMA model, 135
- Acculturation, 163
- Action, getting client to take, see Motivational interviewing
- Active listening, 100, 145–146
- ADDRESSING model, 158–164
- Administer (KMSI‐R assessment), 67
- Adult Protective Services (APS), 95
- Affinity bias, 20–21
- Age, client's, 158–159, 170
- Age Discrimination Act of 1975, 159
- Agreements, 146–148, 210–211
- Ambivalence, money, 87
- American Automobile Association, 29
- American Psychological Association, 57, 127, 234
- Amplified reflection, 208–209
- Analyze (KMSI‐R assessment), 67–68
- Ancestral flashpoints, 49–50, 55–56
- Anchoring heuristic, 19–20
- Ansari, A., 157
- Anti‐saving instincts, 6–7
- Apathy mindset, 54
- Appetite, risk, 170
- Archuleta, Kristy, 114, 116
- Arguments, 206, 211–212
- Asebedo, Sarah, 132, 136
- Assessments, 225–230
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 230
- of client's risk tolerance, 172–174
- interviews in, 227–229
- KMSI‐R, 67–68
- observations in, 226–227
- Assimilation, 163
- Attachment, emotional, 24–25
- Attention, listening with focused, 110
- Attitudes, see Motivations, attitudes, and preferences of client
- Auditory learning styles, 179–180
- Automatic thoughts, 122–124
- Automation, of contributions, 35, 193
- Autonomy, 73, 187
- Availability bias, 21
- Avoidance, money, 63–64, 87, 128
- B
- Background, client's, see Environment, client's
- Bandwagon effect, 21–22
- Beck, Aaron, 125
- Behavioral finance, 17, 18. See also Biases and heuristics
- Behavioral finance (H.66), 16, 37, 60, 69, 81, 194, 230
- Behaviors and outcomes, 71–81
- addressing client's, 127
- in CBT cognitive model, 123, 124
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 81
- financial denial, 72–73
- financial dependence, 77–78
- financial enabling, 74–77
- financial enmeshment, 74
- financial infidelity, 73–74
- financial paralysis, 73
- and financial planner's role, 80–81
- money disorders, 78–80
- overspending/undersaving, 72
- self‐destructive financial, 188–189
- The Behavior Gap (Richards), 172
- Beliefs. See also Money beliefs
- replacement, 126–127
- self‐limiting, 125–126
- Benefits, costs outweighing, 33–34
- Biases and heuristics, 17–37
- affinity bias, 20–21
- anchoring heuristic, 19–20
- availability bias, 21
- bandwagon effect, 21–22
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 37
- cognitive dissonance, 23–24
- confirmation bias, 22–23
- defined, 18–19
- disposition effect, 24
- endowment effect, 24–25
- errors in, 226–227
- familiarity bias, 25–26
- and financial planner's role, 34
- flat rate bias, 26
- gambler's fallacy, 26–27
- law of small numbers bias, 27
- loss aversion, 27–28
- mental accounting, 28–29
- overconfidence, 29
- persuasion bias, 30
- recency effect, 30–31
- reducing, 35–36
- regret aversion, 31
- representativeness heuristic, 31
- salience bias, 32
- status quo bias, 32–33
- sunk‐cost fallacy, 33–34
- techniques for overcoming, 36–37
- Board of Standards, 234
- Body language, resistant, 207
- Boundaries, 140, 232
- Business partners, conflict with, 95–97
- C
- Capacity, risk, 170
- Categorizing money, 28–29, 193, 222
- Central tendency error, 227
- CFP Board Learning Objectives:
- Behavioral finance (H.66), 16, 37, 60, 69, 81, 194, 230
- Client and planner attitudes, values, biases (H.65), 44–45, 165, 175, 183, 230
- Crisis events with severe consequences (H.70), 224
- General principles of effective communication (H.69), 112
- Principles of counseling (H.68), 120, 130, 137, 149, 213
- Sources of money conflict (H.67), 97, 149
- Change:
- assuming clients wants to, 114
- discussing past attempts to, 116–117
- loss aversion impacting, 172
- motivational interviewing for, 204–205
- recognizing and affirming, 116
- stages of, 198–204
- Check‐ins with clients, 148, 179
- Children:
- financial dependence of, 78
- financial enabling of, 74–77
- financial enmeshment with, 74
- Choosing sides, 140–141
- Clarify (KMSI‐R assessment), 68
- Client and planner attitudes, values, biases (H.65), 44–45, 165, 175, 183, 230
- Client–planner relationships, 217
- Client‐preferred learning styles, 177–184
- about, 178
- auditory, 179–180
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 183–184
- kinesthetic, 181–182
- listening to client and, 183
- logical, 181
- multifaceted approach to, 182
- reading/writing, 180–181
- visual, 178–179
- Closed‐ended questions, 103–105
- Coaches, financial planners as, 235–236
- Code of Ethics and Professional Responsibility for the Certified Financial Planner (Board of Standards), 234
- Cognitive adaptation, 223
- Cognitive behavioral approach, 121–130
- addressing client's behaviors in, 127
- addressing client's thoughts in, 125
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 130
- cognitive restructuring in, 125–127
- facing one's fears in, 127–128
- for financial planners, 124
- in practice, 123–124
- role‐playing in, 129
- Socratic questioning in, 124–125
- Cognitive dissonance, 23–24
- Cognitive distortions, 122–123
- Cognitive flooding, 128
- Cognitive restructuring, 125–127
- Collectivism, 161
- Combined finances, 147–148
- Comfort zone, financial, 9–12
- Communication, 99–112
- about crisis events, 219
- with all parties, 140–141
- being present for effective, 99–100
- building skills related to, 129
- between business partners, 95
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 112
- emotional responses in, 123
- to establish rapport, 100–108
- excellent, 235
- and nonjudgmental conversations, 128
- nonviolent, 107–108
- and open dialogue, 34
- pitfalls to avoid in, 205–207
- in practice, 108–112
- Community, 43–44
- Competence, 186–187
- Complex reflection, 208
- Compliments, 119
- Composure, risk, 169
- Compromises, money, 146–147
- Compulsive buying disorder, 80
- Confirmation bias, 22–23
- Conflict, see Money conflict
- Congruency of goals, 191
- Connection, need for, 187
- Construct identification, 229
- Consumer debt, 72
- Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, 95
- Contemplation stage (change process), 200–201
- Contrast effect, 226
- Contributions, automatic, 35, 193
- Control:
- external locus of, 52
- financial abuse and, 92
- financial mastery and, 223
- illusion of, 29–30
- Corruption, perceptions about, 6–7
- Costs, benefits and, 33–34
- Countertransference, 14–142
- Couples, see Systems perspective for couples and families
- Couple‐specific agreements, 147
- COVID‐19 pandemic, 59
- Crab‐barrel effect, 10–11
- Credit card debt, 28, 72
- Crisis events, client, 215–224
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 224
- CISD process for, 218–221
- client–planner relationships during, 217
- financial planner's role during, 217–218
- functioning after, 222–223
- preparation for, 221–222
- with severe consequences, 215–216
- as threat to well‐being, 59
- Crisis events with severe consequences (H.70), 224
- Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) process, 218–221
- Cryptocurrency traders, 12, 30
- Cultural events, as flashpoints, 58–60
- Cultural humility, 157
- Cultural identity, 155
- Culture, 5, 41
- D
- Day trading, 79
- Death, 54–55
- Debt:
- consumer, 72
- credit card, 28, 72
- limits for, 147
- revolving credit, 66, 75
- Deficiency needs, 186
- Denial, financial, 72–73, 128
- Dependence, financial, 77–78, 93–94
- Dependent personality disorder, 77–78
- Deprivation, relative, 13–14
- Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5), 77–80
- Disabilities, clients with, 159
- Disclosure, expanding client's, 111
- Disposition effect, 24
- Divorce, 54–55, 142
- Domestic violence, 78, 91–92, 143–144
- Double‐sided reflection, 209
- E
- Economic events:
- financial flashpoints from, 58–59
- risk tolerance and, 171
- Effect, halo, 226
- Elder financial abuse, 94–95
- Ellis, Albert, 125
- Emotions:
- about past crisis events, 218
- asking client about, 220
- CBT to understand, 123, 124
- positive, 134
- and risk tolerance, 170–171
- Emotional attachment, 24–25
- Empathy, 107, 142
- Employer–employee money conflicts, 96
- Endowment effect, 24–25
- Energy, 32–33, 111
- Engagement, 134
- Enmeshment, financial, 74, 94
- Enthusiasm, 12
- Environment, client's, 39–45
- about, 40–41
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 44–45
- and cognitive biases, 34
- community, 43–44
- culture, 41
- financial planner's role and, 44
- generation, 42
- socioeconomic class, 42–43
- Ethical considerations, 231–237
- and future of financial planning, 235–236
- and professional limitations, 234–235
- providing mental health services, 232
- referrals, 233–234
- Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (APA), 234
- Ethnic identity, client's, 160–161
- Exercise, status quo bias and, 33
- Experiences:
- negating client's, 160–161
- normalizing client's, 219
- risk tolerance and past, 169
- Exposure, 128
- Exquisite listening, 109–112
- External locus of control, 52, 190
- Extrinsic motivation, 87
- Eye contact (S.O.F.T.E.N method), 106
- F
- Fallaw, Sarah Stanley, 190
- Familiarity bias, 25–26
- Family(‐ies). See also Systems perspective for couples and families
- financial flashpoints in, 55–56
- and financial rescue, 54
- money conflict in, 92–95
- and social exchange theory, 43
- Fear, facing one's, 127–128
- Fear of missing out (FOMO), 12–13, 170–172
- Fight‐or‐flight response, 56
- Financial planners, xxi–xxii
- as agents of behavioral change, 80–81
- average age of, 42
- biases/heuristics and, 34
- CBT approach for, 124–129
- changing of money beliefs by, 67–68
- during client crises, 217–218
- client's environment as factor for, 44
- future role of, 235–236
- mental health providers vs., 232
- multicultural competence for, 154
- use of positive psychology by, 135–137
- Financial therapy, relational, 144–145
- 5 Rs of cultural humility, 157
- Flashpoints, financial, 49–60
- about, 49–52
- ancestral flashpoints, 55–56
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 60
- cultural events, 58–60
- death or divorce, 54–55
- financial rescue, 54
- gender, 56–57
- growing up poor, 52–53
- growing up rich, 53–54
- money beliefs and, 61
- stress and trauma, 57–58
- unremarkable happenstances, 55
- Flat rate bias, 26
- Flow process, 110–112
- Focusing on what is working, 209–210
- Forward leaning (S.O.F.T.E.N method), 106
- Friction, reducing, 35–36
- Friends, 54, 96–97
- Future orientation, 7
- “Future self,” 8
- G
- Gambler's fallacy, 26–27
- Gambling disorder, 79
- Gender, client's, 56–57, 163–164
- Generalizations, 27
- General principles of effective communication (H.69), 112
- Generational influence, on client, 42, 158–159
- Giving limits, 146–147
- Goal incongruence, 191
- Goals, client's:
- ability to achieve, 189–191
- conflicting financial, 89–90
- responses and behaviors impacting, 71
- solution‐focused techniques for developing, 118
- understanding, 192–194
- Gratification, instant, 7–8
- Gratitude exercise, 136
- Great Depression, 58–59
- Great Recession, 59
- Greed, 6, 63
- Group positive psychology, 133
- Growth:
- needs related to, 186
- posttraumatic, 222–223
- H
- Halo effect, 226
- Happenstances, unremarkable, 55
- Happiness, 13, 132
- Harari, Yuval Noah, 23
- Hays, Pamela, 158
- Helplessness, learned, 52–53
- Herd instinct, 8–9
- Hershfield, Hal, 8
- Heuristics, see Biases and heuristics
- Hierarchy of needs, Maslow's, 185–186
- History, risk tolerance and, 171
- Hoarding disorder, 80
- Humility, cultural, 157
- Hustlers, 52
- I
- Ideal self, 86–87
- Identification, construct, 229
- Identity. See also ADDRESSING model
- conflicting with money scripts, 146
- cultural, 155
- socio‐economic class impacting, 53
- Ignore financial planner, clients who, 206
- Illusion of control, 29–30
- Immigrants, working with, 163
- Incorporate (KMSI‐R assessment), 68
- Indigenous heritage, clients with, 162–163
- Individualism, 161
- Individual positive psychology, 133
- Infidelity, financial, 73–74, 89, 142–143
- Innate human needs, 186–187
- Instant gratification, 7–8
- Instincts, financial, 3–16
- anti‐saving instinct, 6–7
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 16
- fear of missing out, 12–13
- and financial comfort zone, 9–12
- herd instinct, 8–9
- instant gratification, 7–8
- sharing instinct, 5–6
- social status/relative deprivation, 13–14
- survival instinct, 3–4
- two‐system brain processes, 14–15
- understanding, 15–16
- Integration, of change process, 203–204
- Internal locus of control, 189–191
- Interpersonal orientation, 157
- Interrupting clients, 206
- Interviews, assessment, 227–229
- Intrapersonal orientation, 157
- Intrinsic motivation, 87, 187
- Investment, conflated, 31. See also Risk tolerance
- Invitations:
- in flow process, 110
- open‐ended, 103–105
- J
- James, William, 21
- Joint accounts, 147
- Joint evaluation, 37
- K
- Kahneman, Daniel, 14, 27, 171–172
- Kinesthetic learning styles, 181–182
- Kitces, Michael, 173
- Klontz, Brad, 110–112, 164
- Klontz, Ted, 110–112
- Klontz‐Chaffin Model of Financial Psychology, 1, 2f, 4f, 18f, 40f, 48f, 62f
- Klontz Money Script Inventory (KMSI), 63, 146
- Klontz Money Script Log, 127
- KMSI‐R assessment, 67–68
- Knowledge, risk, 170
- L
- Langer, Ellen, 29
- Larrabee, Lindsey, 164
- Law of small numbers bias, 27
- Laziness, 32–33, 35
- Leaning forward (S.O.F.T.E.N method), 106
- Learned helplessness, 52–53
- Learning style, of client, see Client‐preferred learning styles
- Limits, establishing, 146–147
- Listening to client, 100
- about emotions and reactions, 220
- active, 100, 145–146
- and client‐preferred learning styles, 183
- effective, 207
- exquisite, 109–112
- with focused attention, 110
- reflective, 100–102
- as tool for future financial planners, 235
- Literacy, risk, 170
- Loaning money, 96
- Locus of control, 190–191
- Logical learning styles, 181
- Loneliness, 217
- Loss, client's experiences with, 169
- Loss aversion, 27–28, 31, 171–172
- M
- Maintenance stage (change process), 203
- Majority group privilege, see Multicultural competence
- Marriages. See also Systems perspective for couples and families
- financial dependency in, 78
- financial infidelity in, 73–74
- money conflict in, 88–92
- Maslow, Abraham, 185–186
- Maslow's hierarchy of needs, 185–186
- Masters, C., 157
- Mastery, financial, 223
- Meaning making, 135, 223
- Mental accounting, 28–29, 222
- Mental health providers:
- during client crises, 220–221
- financial planners vs., 232
- money avoidance by, 231
- Mentors, 236
- Mesolimbic reward system, 5
- Milkman, K. L., 36
- Miller, William, 102, 105
- Minority group disadvantage, see Multicultural competence
- Miracle question, 117
- Mirroring client, 106, 107
- Mischel, Walter, 7–8
- Modifications to financial plans, 221
- Money:
- happiness impacted by, 13
- loaning, 96
- saving, xx, 6–7, 66
- stress due to, 127
- Money beliefs, 61–69
- benefits of knowing client's, 225–226
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 69
- financial flashpoints impacting, 51
- financial planner's role and, 67–68
- money avoidance, 63–64
- money focus, 64–65
- money scripts and, 62–63
- money status, 65–66
- money vigilance, 66–67
- Money conflict, 85–97
- with business partners, 95–97
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 97
- with family, 92–95
- with friends, 96–97
- with oneself, 86–88
- with others, 95
- with spouse or partner, 88–92
- Money disorders, 78–80, 121
- Money focus, 64–65
- Money scripts:
- awareness of client's, 67
- CBT for, 121
- identity conflicting with, 146
- money beliefs impacting, 62–63
- money conflicts and, 142
- Money status, 65–66
- Money worship, 87
- Monte‐Carlo analysis, 173
- Monte‐Carlo fallacy, 26–27
- Motivational interviewing, 197–213
- with advice‐resisting clients, 207–212
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 213
- change process and, 198–204
- with change‐resistant clients, 204–205
- “no,” clients who say, 212
- pitfalls to avoid in, 205–207
- Motivations, attitudes, and preferences of client, 185–194
- and ability to achieve goals, 189–191
- benefits of knowing client's, 225–226
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 194
- as factor in money conflict, 87–88
- financial self‐efficacy for, 191–192
- generation‐based, 42
- by giving compliments, 119
- investments impacted by, 20–21
- making sense of, 187–188
- and Maslow's hierarchy of needs, 185–186
- money conflict and, 87
- reflective listening for, 101
- responding without judgment to, 189
- risk attitude, 170
- and self‐destructive behaviors, 188–189
- and self‐determination theory, 186–187
- and understanding client's goals, 192–194
- Motive‐goal incongruence, 191
- Multicultural competence, 153–165
- ADDRESSING model for, 158–164
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 165
- cultural humility for, 157
- financial planner's mindset for, 154
- and privilege/disadvantage, 156–157
- and self‐awareness, 155–156
- Multifaceted approach to providing information, 182
- Multiple relationships, 234–235
- N
- National Center for Responsible Gambling, 79
- National origin, client's, 163
- Natural selection, 6
- Needs:
- innate human, 186–187
- making sense of client's, 187–188
- Maslow's hierarchy of, 185–186
- responding without judgment to, 189
- and self‐destructive behaviors, 188–189
- Negating, 160–161, 206
- Net worth, self‐worth and, 65
- Neutrality, 140–141
- “No,” clients who say, 107, 212
- Nods (S.O.F.T.E.N method), 106
- Nonverbal strategies for establishing rapport, 105–107
- Nonviolent communication, 107–108
- Numbers, presenting client, 173
- O
- Objectives to reduce biases, 36
- Observations, 107, 226–227
- Obsessive‐compulsive and related disorders, 80
- Open dialogue, 34
- Open‐ended invitations, 103–105
- Open‐mindedness, 23
- Open posture (S.O.F.T.E.N method), 106
- Optimism, 12, 131–133
- Others, conflict with, 95–97
- Otto, Ross, 169
- Outcomes, behaviors and, see Behaviors and outcomes
- Overconfidence, 29
- Overnight Test, 172
- Overspending, 72
- Overvaluing possessions, 25
- P
- Pace of communication, 107
- Pain avoidance, 27
- Paraphrasing, 102–103
- Parents:
- financial dependence on, 78
- financial enabling by, 74–77
- financial enmeshment by, 74
- Partner, money conflict with, 88–92. See also Systems perspective for couples and families
- Payne, J. W., 36
- Percentages, presenting, 173
- Perception, risk, 169
- PERMA model, 133–135
- Personality characteristics, money‐related, 225–226
- Persuasion bias, 30
- Planners, financial planners as, 236
- Pleasure seeking, 27
- Positive emotions, 134
- Positive psychology, 131–137
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 137
- financial planner's use of, 135–137
- optimism in, 131–133
- PERMA model and, 133–135
- Positive relationships, 134–135
- Postmortems, 36
- Posttraumatic growth (PTG), 222–223
- Posture, open (S.O.F.T.E.N method), 106
- Poverty, growing up in, 52–53, 162
- Power:
- of client, 73, 114
- imbalances in, 90
- from majority group status, 155
- Precontemplation stage (change process), 199–200
- Preferences of client, see Motivations, attitudes, and preferences of client
- Preparation stage (change process), 201–202
- Present, being, 99–100
- Principles of counseling (H.68), 120, 130, 137, 149, 213
- Principles of Psychology (James), 21
- Privilege, 156–157. See also Multicultural competence
- Problems, focusing on, 115
- Professional boundaries and limitations, 140, 234–235
- Psychology of money, 1–2
- Purdue University, 13
- Purpose, client's, 223
- R
- Racial identity, client's, 160–161
- Rapport building, 100–108
- nonverbal strategies for, 105–107
- nonviolent communication for, 107–108
- verbal strategies for, 100–105
- Reading learning style, 180–181
- Reality, subjective nature of, 23
- Real self, 86–87
- Real‐world risk tolerance, 168
- Recency effect, 30–31
- Referrals, 233–234
- Reflection:
- in 5 Rs of cultural humility, 157
- types of, 207–209
- Reflective listening, 100–102
- Reframing, 210
- Regard (5 Rs of cultural humility), 157
- Regret aversion, 31
- Relapses, 203
- Relational financial therapy (RFT), 144–145
- Relative deprivation, 13–14
- Relevance (5 Rs of cultural humility), 157
- Reliability, 229
- Religion, client's, 159–160
- Replacement beliefs, 126–127
- Representativeness heuristic, 31
- Reputation, 31
- Rescue, financial, 54
- Resilience (5 Rs of cultural humility), 157
- Resistance to financial advice, 207–212
- Respect (5 Rs of cultural humility), 157
- Revolving credit debt, 66, 75
- Rewards, stories about, 12–13
- Rice, Dan, 21
- Rich, growing up, 53–54
- Richards, Carl, 172
- Risk appetite, 170
- Risk capacity, 170
- Risk composure, 169
- Risk knowledge, 170
- Risk literacy, 170
- Risk perception, 169
- Risk propensity, 169
- Risk taking, FOMO and, 12
- Risk tolerance, 167–175
- assessing a client's, 172–174
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 175
- defined, 167–168
- emotions/FOMO and, 170–171
- history impacting level of, 171
- and loss aversion, 171–172
- and risk attitudes, 170
- Risk tolerance questionnaire (RTQ), 172–173
- Robinson, D., 157
- Role‐playing, 127, 129
- Rollnick, R., 105
- S
- Sages, Ron, 168
- Salience bias, 32
- Sapiens (Harari), 23
- Savers, 52
- Scaling questions, 118–119
- Scarcity mindset, 52, 64
- Scenario planning, 148
- Seay, Martin, 132
- Self:
- ideal vs. real, 86–87
- money conflict with, 86–88
- Self‐actualization, 186
- Self‐awareness:
- for financial planners, 139–140
- of majority/minority status, 155–156
- of money scripts, 146
- Self‐destructive financial behaviors. See also Flashpoints, financial
- human needs and, 188–189
- referring clients with, 233–234
- Self‐determination, 186–187, 211
- Self‐efficacy, 114–115, 189, 191–192
- Self‐limiting beliefs, 125–126
- Self‐reflection, 146
- Self‐sufficient, being, 76–77
- Self‐worth, net worth impacting, 65
- Seligman, Martin, 52–53, 133
- Sensitive topics, negating, 160–161
- Separate finances, 147–148
- Sexual orientation, 162
- Sharing instinct, 5–6, 93
- Similar‐to‐me bias, 226–227
- Simple reflection, 207–208
- Skinner, B. F., 40–41
- Smile (S.O.F.T.E.N method), 106
- Social exchange theory, 42–43
- Social influence, 30
- Social interactions, perceived, 32
- Social media, community impact of, 43–44
- Social status, 13–14
- Social support, 217
- Socioeconomic class:
- advantages based on, 161–162
- identity impacted by, 53
- as part of client's environment, 42–43
- Socratic questioning, 124–125
- S.O.F.T.E.N method, 106
- Soll, J. B., 36
- Solution‐focused techniques (SFT) framework, 113–120
- developing goals in, 118
- discussing past attempts to change in, 116–117
- giving compliments in, 119
- identifying strengths in, 115
- miracle question in, 117
- power of client in, 114
- recognizing and affirming client change in, 116
- scaling questions in, 118–119
- self‐efficacy in, 114–115
- Sources of money conflict (H.67), 97, 149
- Spending limits, 146–147
- Spirituality, awareness of client's, 159–160
- Spouse, money conflict with, 88–92. See also Systems perspective for couples and families
- Status, money, 65–66
- Status quo bias, 32–33, 35–36
- Strengths, identifying, 115
- Stress:
- CISD to reduce effects of, 218
- due to money, 127
- financial flashpoints and, 57–58
- from money vigilance mindset, 66
- “Stress in America” survey, 57, 127
- Stress inoculation, 128
- Structured interviews, 227, 228
- Subaccounts, 29
- Subjective level of positive psychology, 133
- Subjective nature of reality, 23
- Summarizing, 102, 110, 111
- Sunk‐cost fallacy, 27, 33–34
- Support, 217, 220–221
- Survival instinct, 3–4
- Sustaining change, 203
- System 1 and 2 thinking, 14–15
- Systematic optimism intervention, 132
- Systems perspective for couples and families, 139–149
- active listening in, 145–146
- addressing conflict with, 142
- agreements/compromises in, 146–147
- CFP Board Learning Objectives on, 149
- conflicting money scripts in, 146
- and financial abuse, 143–144
- and financial infidelity, 142–143
- monitoring in, 148
- neutrality in, 140–141
- and relational financial therapy, 144–145
- scenario planning in, 148
- for self‐aware financial planners, 139–140
- and separate vs. combined finances, 147–148
- transference vs. countertransference in, 141–142
- T
- Taylor, Zachary, 21
- Termination stage (change process), 203–204
- Thaler, Richard, 3, 28
- Thinking Fast and Slow (Kahneman), 14
- Thought process, automatic, 122–124
- Three Good Things exercise, 136
- Touch (S.O.F.T.E.N method), 106
- Transference, 141–142
- Transparency, financial, 89
- Trash can test, 173–174
- Traumatic events, 57–58, 216. See also Crisis events, client
- Trust, building, 99, 108–109
- Tversky, Amos, 27, 171–172
- Two‐system brain processes, 14–15
- U
- Undersaving, 72
- Unexpected financial situations, 148
- Unstructured interviews, 227–228
- V
- Validity, to evaluate tests, 229
- “Vanishing options” test, 37
- Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement, 79
- Verbal strategies to establish rapport, 100–105
- Vigilance, money, 66–67
- Visual learning styles, 178–179
- W
- Waller, Willard, 90
- Worship, money, 87–88
- “Worst Case Scenario” exercise, 128
- Writing learning style, 180–181
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