NOTES

Abbreviations and permissions

AT&T     Courtesy of AT&T Archives

CCA     Used by permission of the Carleton College Archives

DP     Used by permission of DePauw University and Indiana United Methodism Special Collections of DePauw University

FTL     Used by permission of the Franklin Trask Library, Andover Newton Theological School

RKGC     Used by permission of the Robert K. Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, Indianapolis.

NTL     Courtesy of NTL Institute Archives

E.B. White’s correspondence to Robert K. Greenleaf is used by permission of the E.B. White Estate.

PREFACE

1. RKG, The Servant as Leader (Indianapolis: Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, 1970, 1991), 1.

2. Ibid., 34.

3. RKG, “An Interview with Robert K. Greenleaf by Joseph J. Distefano, December, 1985,” RKGC.

INTRODUCTION

1. Stephen Covey, Insights on Leadership: Service, Stewardship and Servant Leadership (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998), xiv–xv.

2.. Warren Bennis, Interview with Larry C. Spears, 2003, RKGC.

3. William Strunk and E. B. White, The Elements of Style, 4^th ed. (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1979), 34–35.

4. John C. Hodges and Mary E. Whitten, Harbrace College Handbook, 7^th ed. (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc., 1972), 184.

5. RKG, The Servant as Leader, 6.

INTRODUCTION TO SERVANT SECTION

1. RKG, Seeker and Servant: Reflections on Religious Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996) 46, 48.

CHAPTER 1

1. Albert Camus, Resistance, Rebellion and Death (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1961), 272.

2. RKG, Distefano interview, RKGC. Greenleaf’s description of his experiences at Prescott and his coining of the phrase “servant-leader” are based on his conversations with Dr. Distefano, his interviews with Dianne Bullard and Fred Myers, and autobiographical notes.

3. The Dartmouth lectures are available in RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996), 287–338.

CHAPTER 2

1. Theodore Dreiser, A Hoosier Holiday (Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1997), 429–432.

2.. Terre Haute Morning Star, 14 July, 1904, 1.

3. Dorothy Weinz Jerse and Judith Stedman Calvert, Terre Haute: A Pictorial History (St. Louis, MO: G. Bradley Publishing, 1993), 23.

4. Ibid., 110–113.

5. Ibid., 77.

6. “Carrie Nation Spoke,” Terre Haute Morning Star, 14 July, 1904.

7. RKG, My Life With Father (Newton Centre, MA: Robert K. Greenleaf Center, 1988), 4.

8. Newcomb Greenleaf, telephone interview with the author, 22 August, 2002.

9. RKG, “Autobiographical Notes,” FTL, Box 1.

10. Jerse and Calvert, op. cit., 77.

11. RKG, My Life With Father, 5.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid. Also, RKG, “Narrative of my Life And Work After Age 60,” FTL, Box 1.

14. Miriam Z. Langsam, “Eugene Victor Debs, Hoosier Radical,” Gentlemen from Indiana: National Party Candidates 1836–1940 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1997), 285.
Five days after the Canton speech, Debs was arrested under the Federal Espionage Act. At trial, he made an eloquent two-hour statement which concluded with the assertion that freedom of speech was at stake. It was futile because the jury was hostile to Debs. With an average age of over 70 and a hefty average net worth of $50,000 to $60,000—large for those days—the jurors thought this young radical was a bona fide traitor, dangerous to the survival of the United States. See also the official website for the Eugene V. Debs Foundation: http://www.eugenevdebs.com (4 August, 2003).

15. John Bartlow Martin, Indiana: An Interpretation (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1947, 1992), 153.

16. Ibid., 287.

17. RKG, My Life With Father, 6.

18. James Whitcomb Riley, “Regardin’ Terry Hut,” The Complete Poetical Works of James Whitcomb Riley (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993), 374.

19. RKG, “Early Autobiographical Notes,” FTL., Box 1.

20. Ibid.

21. RKG, My Life With Father, 10.

22. Ibid., 3.

23. RKG, “Early Autobiographical Notes,” FTL, Box 1.

24. Ibid., 4.

25. RKG, My Life With Father, 3.

26. Ibid., 4.

CHAPTER 3

1. RKG, My Life With Father, 11.

2. Ibid., 4.

3. In 1851, Hoosier Sarah Bolton wrote the famous poem, “Paddle Your Own Canoe,” part of which reads: Nothing great is lightly won,/Nothing won is lost, Every good deed, nobly done/ Will repay the cost./Leave to Heaven, in humble trust/All you will to do./But if succeed, you must/Paddle your own canoe.

4. All genealogical information comes from “Our Greenleaf Lineage,” an unpublished manuscript by Newcomb Greenleaf, 2001.

5. RKG, My Life With Father, 4–5. Also, RKG, “Narrative of My Life and Work After 60,” FTL, Box 1.

6. Ibid., 13.

7. Marylee Hagan, “Introduction,” Clifton H. Bush, The Incumbent (Indianapolis: Skyward Entertainment, 1996), iv.

8. “Vote Fraud Case Opens Today,” Indianapolis Star, 15 March, 1915, 1, 5.

9. Marylee Hagan, op. cit., iv.

10. RKG, My Life With Father, 6–7.

11. David Hawes, ed., The Best of Kin Hubbard: Abe Martin’s Sayings and Wisecracks, Abe’s Neighbors, His Almanack, Comic Drawings (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), 14.

12. Marylee Hagan, op. cit., iv.

13. “Roberts Ousted by 7–3 Vote,” Indianapolis Star, 25, April, 1915, 1, 3.

14. RKG, My Life With Father, 7.

15. “Calamity Dazes Storm Victims in Terre Haute,” Indianapolis Star, 25 March, 1913, 1, 13.

16. RKG, My Life With Father, 2.

17. Ibid., 2–3.

18. Ibid., 7.

19. Ibid., 7–9.

20. Ibid., 12.

21. “Greenleaf to Battle to Hold School Job,” Terre Haute Tribune, 16 October, 1918, 1.

22. “Greenleaf Petition Attacked in Court,” Terre Haute Tribune, 24 October, 1918, 1.

23. “What Could Judge Cox Have Meant?” Terre Haute Tribune, 14 February, 1919, 1.

24. RKG, My Life With Father, 11.

25. Ibid., 12.

26. Ibid., 18–19.

27. RKG, “Narrative of My Life and Work After Age 60,” FTL, Box 1.

28. RKG, My Life With Father, 1.

CHAPTER 4

1. RKG, Seeker and Servant, 289–290.

2. Peter Vaill, interview with author, June 14, 1997.

3. RKG, My Life With Father, 9.

4. Jerse & Calvert, Terre Haute, A Pictorial History, 145. In later years, Robert Greenleaf joined the Quakers but he was probably not influenced by exposure to the Friends during his childhood. Even though the Quakers were among the earliest participants in Terre Haute’s religious life, by 1915 there were no meeting houses in the city.

5. Minutes of the Southern Indiana Annual Conference, 1913. DP.

6. RKG , My Life With Father, 9.

7. Ibid.

8. John Baughman, “United Methodism in Indiana.” Presented at the Inaugural Program of the South Indiana Conference United Methodist Historical Society DePauw University, 26 April 27, DP.

9. Circuit riders began regular visits to Terre Haute in 1824. and they were a tough breed who lived out of their saddles, “Protestant ‘soldiers of the cross’ who vied with the priest-missionary of the Catholic faith in courage, tenacity, intrepidity and fidelity to convictions.” (Jerse & Calvert, op cit., 145.)

10. Baughman, op. cit.

11. Ibid.

12. Minutes of the Southern Indiana Annual Conference, 1908, DP.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Until fairly recently, Methodist ministers served short pastorates, often no more than three to five years. The idea was that, by moving clergy around and removing the choice of minister from local congregations, the pastor would be free to “preach the Gospel” and take unpopular stands without fear of losing his or her job. In recent years, the United Methodist Church has become more flexible in decisions about the location and timing of pastoral moves.

16. RKG, My Life With Father, 9.

17. RKG, The Servant as Leader, 7. “The best test, and difficult to administer, is: do those served grow as persons; do they, while being served, become healthier, wiser, freer, more autonomous, more likely themselves to become servants? And, what is the effect on the least privileged in society; will he benefit, or, at least, will he not be further deprived?

18. Ibid., 8.

19. Ibid., 7. “The servant-leader is servant first—as Leo was portrayed. It begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve first. Then conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead.”

20. See William James, Varieties of Religious Experience, (Charmichael, CA: Touchstone Books, 1997). For many Protestants, a conversion experience is sina qua non to call oneself a Christian. During the Vietnam war a friend of the author asked his draft board for a 4-D draft classification, which would exempt him from the draft while he attended seminary. The board members, who all belonged to Protestant denominations that saw a conversion experience as the only proof of a true Christian, required him to submit the exact year, day and time of day when he was “converted.” Only after months of tense correspondence filled with quotes from sources ranging from the Gospels to ancient and contemporary theologians did the board reluctantly grant him his 4-D exemption. Today he is a pastor and seminary professor.

21. Peter Drucker, “Introduction.” On Becoming a Servant Leader, xi–xii.

22. A few of the metanoia moments reported by Robert Greenleaf included his decision to work in a large organization and serve from within, a determination to “prepare for old age,” and the moment he had his insight about the phrase “servant-leader.”

23. RKG, Seeker and Servant, 5.

24. RKG, Seeker and Servant, 9.

25. Ibid., 18.

26. RKG, My Life With Father, 10.

27. A widely used textbook on Indiana history, Indiana: The Hoosier State outlines three possible origins of the word Hoosier. (p. ix) John B. Martin, in Indiana: An Interpretation claims that the first Hoosiers to whom the term applied favored the “husher” source because it implied strength. (p. 8) To prepare for a radio program in 1980, the author discovered the connection to the Celtic word from Dr. George Geib, head of the History Department at Butler University. For that same program, the author interviewed three former Indiana governors and found no common agreement on the origin of the word “Hoosier.”

28. Ralph Gray, Gentlemen From Indiana: National Party Candidates 1836–1940 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau, 1987), vii.

29. Clifton Phillips, Indiana In Transition: 1880–1920 (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Bureau and Indiana Historical Society, 1968), 503.

30. See Davis S. Hawes, ed. The Best of Kin Hubbard: Abe Martin’s Sayings and Wisecracks, Abe’s Neighbors, His Almanack, Comic Drawings (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984).

31. Also see James H. Madison’s discussion of Indiana’s canal mess in The Indiana Way, A State History (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 82–86. During its first forty years, the state was fairly progressive, especially in regard to public works. In 1836, the General Assembly voted for a massive improvement project in roads, railroads, and canals which would cost ten million dollars. The resulting budget gap was filled by optimism. As it turned out, prudence would have been a better choice. The state put most of its eggs in the canal basket at precisely the wrong time in history. A national depression played havoc with financial projections, railroads eventually won the transportation derby, and Indiana was stuck with hundreds of miles of unfinished or unprofitable canals. By 1847, the interest on Indiana canal bonds was ten times the state budget. The state was forced to default on half of its obligations. The other half was paid in Wabash and Erie Canal stock, which proved worthless, even though this canal (which ran through Terre Haute) was eventually finished and saw considerable traffic during the 1840s and 1850s.

32. James Madison, op. cit., xiv. “Hoosiers have never been all alike. Yet there has been a dominant Indiana way—a tradition of individual freedom and responsibility, of intense interest in politics, of wariness of government, particularly when it is located at a distance or is preparing to tax, of attachment to small-town and rural values of community identification and pride, of friendliness and neigh-borliness. These are American traditions, too, but nowhere are they more firmly rooted and more fully respected. Theirs is the most American of states, Indianans have often claimed. And if other states or regions do not share these traditions it is they who are atypical, not Indiana.

33. James Madison, op. cit., 117.

34. The Delaware, Miami and Potawatomi were the largest Native American groups in Indiana. The Kickapoo and Wea lived along the Wabash River from Terre Haute to Lafayette, and the Shawnee lived southeast and northeast of Terre Haute.

35. James Madison, op. cit., 201. Also see Madison’s portrayal of Governor Morton pp. 98–105.

36. Jerse & Calvert, op. cit., 34.

37. The article by Peter Wyden in the February 11, 1961 issue of Saturday Evening Post reads, in part. “I had spent less than a day in Terre Haute, Indiana, when it became apparent to me that the town was—well, let’s say unusual. In a decorous little night club on the main street, which is also U.S. Highway 40, I watched customers straining in concentration over a whirling roulette wheel. Farther downtown I climbed a short flight of steps right into a booming bookie joint. At other stops utterly respectable citizens assured me that there weren’t ‘over a dozen’ brothels operating any more. They were convinced that Terre Haute (pop. 71,851), the somber, tranquil-appearing seat of Vigo County. . . really was a fine city—except for just a few flaws. High water, unemployment—these are hardships which can be met, other cities have done so… but what can be done for a city enfeebled by apathy. . . Bluntly speaking, folks there don’t give a hoot.”

38. Jerse & Calvert, op. cit., 64.

CHAPTER 5

1. RKG, “Narrative of my Life and Work During 1920s,” FTL, Box 1.

2. Storrs B. Barrett, “John A. Parkhurst,” Popular Astronomy No. 325, 1924.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. RKG, My Life With Father, 14.

6. RKG, Notes dated October 3, 1954. FTL, Box 1.

7. RKG, “Narrative,” FTL, Box 1.

8. Ibid.

9. The Red Pepper, 1922. (Terre Haute, Indiana, Wiley High School).

10. RKG, “Early Autobiographical Notes,” FTL, Box 1.

11. RKG, My Life With Father, 13.

12. RKG, “Early Autobiographical Notes,” FTL, Box 1.

13. RKG, My Life With Father, 14.

14. RKG, “Narrative,” FTL, Box 1.

15. RKG, My Life With Father, 15–16.

16. RKG, “Autobiographical Notes,” FTL, Box 1.

17. RKG, Seeker and Servant, 288.

18. RKG, “My Work With Foundations and Other Autobiographical Notes,” FTL, Box 1.

19. RKG, “Narrative,” FTL, Box 1.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

CHAPTER 6

1. RKG, correspondence to Dr. John Nason, November 7, 1966. CCA, M-6.

2. Delevan Leonard, The History of Carleton College: Its Origin and Growth, Environment and Builders (Chicago: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1904), 201–202.

3. For a comprehensive story of Carleton College’s history, see: Eric Hillerman and Diana Anderson, Carleton College: Celebrating 125 Years (Northfield, MN: Carleton College, 1991), CCA.

4. Mark Greene, former Archivist at Carleton, recounts the history of the Goodsell observatory on a series of web pages. See: http://www.acad.carleton.edu/curricular/PHYS/Astro/index.html (3 March, 2004).

5. Carletonian, 10 February, 1926.

6. Carletonian, 13 February, 1926.

7. Robert Greenleaf academic transcription, CCA.

8. RKG, Ages 20–40: What I Did With Those Years. FTL, Box 1.

9. Carletonian, 12 December, 1925.

10. RKG, “Ages 20–40: What I Did With Those Years,” FTL, Box 1.

11. RKG, “Notes,” dated 3 October, 1954, FTL, Box 1.

12. The Algol (Northfield, MN: Carleton College, 1924–1925), 217.

13. David Perter & Merrill Jarchow, eds, Carleton Remembered: 1909–1986, (Northfield, MN: Carleton College, 1987), 17.

14. Leal Headley & Merrill Jarchow, Carleton: The First Century (Northfield, MN: Carleton College, 1996), 344.

15. Carleton: The First Century, 345.

16. Carletonian, 6 December, 1924.

17. Ed Ouelette, interview by the author and Anne Fraker, Evansville, Indiana, 19 June, 1996, RKGC.

18. Ed Ouelette, interview by the author and Anne Fraker, Evansville, Indiana, 4 December, 1992, RKGC.

19. Ed Ouelette, interview by the author and Anne Fraker, Evansville, Indiana, 19 June, 1996, RKGC.

20. Ibid.

21. RKG, Lifestyle of Greatness, (Northfield, MN: Carleton College, 1966), 2.

22. RKG, “Notes,” dated October 3, 1954. FTL, Box 1.

23. Ibid.

24. Ed Ouelette, Interview by the author and Anne Fraker, Evansville, Indiana, 4 December, 1992, RKGC.

25. Ibid.

26. Undated entry. Journal: 1940–1943. RKG Archives.

27. Ed Ouelette, Interview by the author and Anne Fraker, Evansville, Indiana, 4 December, 1992, RKGC.

28. O. C. Helming, The Church and the Industrial Problem, (Chicago: Chicago Church Federation, 1919), CCA.

29. Carletonian, 22 October, 1924.

30. O. C. Helming, “Ethics and Economics,” Reprinted from Religious Education, 1932, 7. CCA 58A.

31. Ibid.

32. Helming, The Church and the Industrial Problem, 1919. CCA.

33. Ibid.

34. Helming correspondence quoted in 13 June, 1921 response from Sheldon. CCA58A.

35. Sheldon correspondence to Cowling,13, June 1921. CCA 58A.

36. Cowling correspondence to Sheldon, 16 June, 1921. CCA 58A.

37. Sheldon correspondence to Helming, 18 June, 1921. CCA 58A.

38. RKG, “Ages 20–40: What I Did With Those Years,” FTL, Box 1.

39. RKG, “Narrative,” FTL, Box 1.

40. RKG, “Journal, 1940–1943,” Undated entry. FTL, Box 1.

41. RKG, “Ages 20–40: What I Did With Those Years,” FTL, Box 1.

42. Ed Ouelette, Interview by the author and Anne Fraker, Evansville, Indiana, 19 June, 1996, RKGC.

43. RKG, “Ages 20–40: What I Did With Those Years,” FTL, Box 1.

44. The Algol, 1925–1926, 75.

INTRODUCTION TO SEEKER SECTION

1. RKG, Seeker and Servant: Reflections on Religious Leadership, 288.

CHAPTER 7

1. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 235–236.

2. RKG, “Autobiography of an Idea,” FTL, Box 1.

3. RKG, “Notes on Aspirations,” FTL, Box 1.

4. RKG, “Autobiography of an Idea,” FTL, Box 1.

5. RKG, “Ages 20–40: What I Did With Those Years,” FTL, Box 1.

6. George Greenleaf correspondence to RKG, 3, December, 1926, Greenleaf family.

7. W. L. Eastman correspondence to RKG, 22 December 1926, Greenleaf family.

8. George Greenleaf correspondence to RKG, 3 December, 1926, Greenleaf family.

9. Greenleaf describes his first weeks at AT&T in various writings. This version was taken from RKG, Ages 20–40: What I Did With Those Years. FTL, Box 1.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. RKG, Distefano interview, RKGC.

13. John Brooks, Telephone: The First Hundred Years. (New York: Harper & Row, 1976) 114.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid., 69.

16. Ibid., 84.

17. Ibid., 125.

18. Ibid., 131–132.

19. Ibid., 135.

20. Ibid., 136.

21. Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, 10^th ed. (Springfield, MA, Merriam-Webster Inc., 1993), 267.

22. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 244.

23. RKG, Distefano interview, RKGC.,

24. Ibid.

25. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 239.

26. RKG, Distefano interview, RKGC.

27. Ibid.

28. RKG, “Autobiographical notes” 3 October, 1954. FTL, Box 1.

29. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 237.

30. RKG, “Ages 20–40: What I Did With Those Years” FTL, Box 1.

31. Ibid.

32. RKG, correspondence to Dr. Donald Cowling, 25 May, 1934. CCA, M-4.

CHAPTER 8

1. RKG, correspondence to Dr. Donald Cowling, 12 December, 1935. CCA, M-4.

2. John Brooks, Telephone: The First Hundred Years (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 19–20. A short portrait of Forbes and other AT&T board members appeared in September 30, 1930 issue of Fortune (Vol. 11, No. 3).

3. “World’s Biggest Corporation,” Fortune, 30 September, 1930, (Vol. 11, No. 3), 38.

4. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Great Crash: 1929 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1955), 66.

5. Ibid., 84.

6. David K. Fremon, The Great Depression in American History (Berkeley Heights, N.J.: Enslow Publishers, 1997), 5.

7. Galbraith, op cit., 141–142.

8. Elizabeth (Lisa) Greenleaf-Miller interview by the author, New Haven, Connecticut, 17 December, 2000. RKG’s daughter Lisa says that “She [Esther] must have felt a mystical sense of destiny. She didn’t say that but I think she must have felt that—a very strong feeling that this was it. And, if you could imagine the volcanic energy that existed between the two of them that played itself out in everything they did… well, the two of them could have taken on the world.”

9. Ibid.

10. Newcomb Greenleaf, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 4 June, 1997.

11. Lisa Greenleaf, interview by the author, New Haven, Connecticut, 17 December, 2000. “Mother was fairly close to her own mother, so it’s likely her parents had advance warning of the wedding.”

12. RKG, My Life With Father, 18.

13. Lhote often defended his ideas in Nouvelle Revue Française. Robert Rosenblum in his Cubism and the Twentieth Century Art has called Lhote “the official academician of Cubism,” even though he disliked Lhote’s “transformation of the intuitive classicism of Cubism into a system of stringent rules. . .” Robert Rosenblum Cubism and the Twentieth Century Art. (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1976), 182.

14. Lisa Greenleaf, interview by the author, New Haven, Connecticut, 17 December, 2000. The Mozart-Beethoven insight comes from daughter Lisa Greenleaf. “You know, she was a Libra, which is an air sign. She was Gemini rising, which is an air sign. And, her moon was Aquarius. So, she was up there. She was Mozart-ian. Very light; very light touch. But, she had her own defenses which were… very hard to get behind.…You could only tell something was going wrong by looking at her eyes. Bob’s eyes were more from the Beethovian, dark side. More tumultuous, bringing stuff up out of the darkness.”

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. RKG, “Open Discussion” with Dianne Bullard and Fred Meyers, 1986,” RKGC, transcription 0550S.

18. Ibid.

19. Newcomb Greenleaf, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 4 June, 1997.

20. Lisa Greenleaf, interview by the author, New Haven, Connecticut, 17 December, 2000.

21. Madeline Greenleaf Jaynes, interview by the author, New York, NY, 16 December, 2000.

22. Lisa Greenleaf, interview by the author, New Haven, Connecticut, 17 December, 2000.

23. RKG, Distefano interview, RKGC.

24. RKG, My Debt to E. B. White (The Robert K. Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, 1987), 5.

25. E. B. White, Charlotte’s Web (New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1952). Reprinted in RKG, My Debt to E. B. White, 22.

26. RKG, My Debt to E. B. White, 22.

27. E. B. White, “A Slight Sound at Evening,” Essays of E. B. White (New York: Harper & Row, 1977). Reprinted in RKG, My Debt to E. B. White, 7.

28. RKG, Distefano interview, RKGC.

29. “Maitland Seminar Covers Life Styles, Social Changes,” Carletonian, 25 September, 1969. The group, officially called The Research and Development Seminar on Careers and Lifestyles, met twice daily from September 3–17 for two and a half hour sessions. Participants were requested to read several recommended books and pamphlets, watch ten films, and read twenty-six articles which were distributed in the course of the sessions. Greenleaf was one of four outside speakers who made presentations.

30. RKG, My Debt to E. B. White, 16.

31. “Maitland’s Seminar Presents Manifesto,” Carletonian, 30 October, 1969. The “manifesto” had twelve points. Several insisted that college education be made more experiential, connecting classroom work to individual goals and the larger society. College dormitories should be remodeled to allow smaller living groups of true communities, and provide quarters for some faculty members to live in dorms. Evaluations should go beyond simple letter grades. Students should be allowed to customize their own majors, following departmental guidelines. An approved program could allow students to integrate their new learning by helping teach courses, and encourage upper classmen to assist as academic advisors to freshmen and sophomores. One of the more interesting suggestions was, “The freshman year must be viewed in terms of presenting the broadest disorien-tation from the basically anti-educational expectations of college life aroused by the American secondary school system.” Even though several recommendations were more trivial, like “College policies must allow for more spontaneity,” the manifesto’s statement of purpose reflects an overall vision of wholeness and service. “Carleton should exist less to equip students for a specific occupation than to develop a sense of their broader ‘careers’ in the world. The total Carleton experience should give graduates a sense of the basic worth and interdependence of human lives and the conviction that their self-interest necessarily encompasses the well-being of others. Yet, competition for individual success and the divorce of academic and non-academic life have become the staple of education at Carleton and throughout America today.”

32. “Maitland Seminar Covers Life Styles, Social Changes,” Carletonian, 25 September, 1969.

33. RKG, My Debt to E. B. White, 16.

34. E. B. White correspondence to RKG, 8 October, 1969, FTL. Bob sent a copy of his essay and White’s response to several friends. In the margin, he wrote: “I am glad that I got it too him before his final illness hit him.”

35. E. B. White correspondence to RKG, 22 April, 1984. FTL, Box 5.

36. Paul Sprecher, “John James Holmes,” Dictionary of Unitarian and Universal-ist Biography, <http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/johnhaynesholmes.html> (28 July, 2003). The Unitarian and Universalist Biography project provides a concise Holmes biography. Holmes withdrew his ministerial membership in the American Unitarian Association in 1918 after the AUA voted to withhold financial support from any church whose minister opposed the war. Holmes then tried to withdraw his Church of the Messiah from the AUA. His congregation refused to withdraw affiliation with the AUA but did agree to change the name to the Community Church of New York. In many ways, the Community Church presaged today’s non-denominational community church phenomenon. Holmes was also one of the first people to discover Mahatma Gandhi. In 1921 he preached a sermon about Gandhi titled, “The Greatest Man in the World.”

37. In his essay The Servant as Gradualist, found in the book Seeker and Servant: The Private Writings of Robert K. Greenleaf, 67–68 Greenleaf writes, “I learned early to be a gradualist, and I was not aware that I was different from the norm. It was just my natural way of working… Gradualism, as I see it, is more a disposition than a method. One is comfortable with a slow pace and accepts taking opportunities when they come, rather than trying to batter down offending walls that are not ready to give way.”

38. Richard Wrightman Fox, “Reinhold Niebuhr’s ‘Revolution’,” The Wilson Quarterly, Autumn, 1984. Greenleaf’s generation was described in Dr. Fox’s article. “Born between the early years of the century and the end of World War I, that group was too young to have been demoralized by the disillusionment that followed the Treaty of Versailles. Many kept their hopeful assumptions about man and society. . .” The Depression caused grave doubts, but fascism, the Nazi-Soviet pact and World War II completed the disillusionment.

39. RKG, Distefano interview, RKGC.

40. Ibid.

41. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0550S.

42. In the Acknowledgement section of Teacher as Servant Greenleaf writes, “With gratitude for my mentors; those who, by their examples as servants and through their concern for my growth as a serving person, helped create this book.” Mary Ellicott Arnold is listed first. See RKG, Teacher as Servant. (New York: Paulist Press, 1979), 7.

43. Rusty Neal. Brotherhood Economics: Women and Co-operatives in Nova Scotia. (Cape Breton: UCCB Press, 1998), 127.

44. See Mary Ellicott Arnold and Mabel Reed, In the Land of the Grasshopper Song: Two Women in the Klamath River Indian Country in 1908–1909. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1980).

45. Rusty Neal, op. cit., 127. In 1928 Father Moses Michael Coady and Father J.J. (“Jimmy”) Tompkins founded the Antigonish Cooperative Movement as an outgrowth of the Extension Department of St. Francis Xavier University. The Antigonish Movement combined adult education and economic development. Coady urged impoverished Nova Scotians to “Shape your own destiny!” He believed universities should go to the people and saw to it that St. Francis Xavier “generated materials and organizational structures oriented to the social and economic development of the exploited fishing, farming and industrial communities of the region.” See: Daniel Schugurensky, “1928: University Extension for Social Change: The Antigonish Movement,” History of Education: Selected Moments of the 20^th Century <http://fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/~daniel_schugurensky/assignment1/1928antigo-nish.html> (27 July, 2003). See also: Anne McDonald Alexander, The Antigonish Movement: Moses Coady and Adult Education Today. (Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing, 1998).

46. Lisa Greenleaf, E-mail to author, 22, May, 2003.

47. Holger Begtrup, Hans Lund, Peter Manniche, The Folk High Schools of Denmark and the Development of a Farming Community (London, Oxford University Press, 1929), 3.

48. Ibid., 25.

49. Ibid., 78.

50. Ibid., 81.

51. Ibid.

52. Ibid., 82.

53. Ibid., 84.

54. Ibid., 85.

55. II Corinthians, 3:17.

56. Holger Begtrup, Hans Lund, Peter Manniche, op. cit., 86.

57. RKG, The Servant as Leader, 24.

58. Holger Begtrup, Hans Lund, Peter Manniche, op. cit., 100. “[Grundtvig] believed that “the Spirit” was the moving power in all forms of life; but his conception of spirit was by no means narrow, and he spoke about natural law in human life in plain and direct terms. He always tried to speak to the very souls of his pupils, and the young people felt that his clear blue eyes penetrated into the depths of their inner life. He considered the acquisition of external knowledge as quite secondary, believing that a young man with an awakened and clarified inner life could easily acquire the information he needed in his daily occupation. The aim of the high-school was to approach the soul of the pupils through “the living word” and thus awaken a life which would never stop growing. Kold [one of the famous Folk High School teachers… ed.] said that his especial task was to enliven the young people rather than to enlighten them.”

59. RKG, The Servant as Leader, 24.

60. John R. Barton, “How Danish Farmers Work Together,” address given before a convocation of students at the University of Wisconsin, 12 December, 1934, FTL, Box 6.

61. In March 1936 Esther wrote an article titled “Let the Package Tell the Story” for Consumers’ Cooperation, a national magazine for cooperative leaders. In May 1938 Greenleaf wrote an article for the same publication titled, “Cooperative Education in Sweden.” Greenleaf’s 1935 pamphlet, ghostwritten for Eugene R. Bowen, was titled “Sweden: Land of Economic Opportunity,” and was published by The Cooperative League, New York. FTL, Box 16.

62. RKG correspondence to Dr. Donald Cowling, Dec. 12, 1935. CCA, M-4.

63. RKG, Life’s Choices and Markers (Indianapolis: The Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, 1984), 4–5.

CHAPTER 9

1. RKG, Journal, 30 August, 1940. FTL, Box 1.

2. John Brooks, Telephone: The First Hundred Years, 190.

3. Ibid., 188.

4. Ibid., 191.

5. Ibid., 192. John Brooks writes, “In a larger sense, the maintained dividend prepared the way for the future. By keeping faith with its stockholders in bad times, AT&T assured their loyalty in better times to come, and that loyalty, in the form of new investment, would translate into more and better telephone service.… (The manner in which it was handled) led directly to the rise in the total of AT&T stockholders, in the years after World War II, to the previously unthinkable figure of three million.”

6. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0550S.

7. Katherine M. H. Blackford, M.D. and Arthur Newcomb, The Right Job: How to Choose It and Keep It, Vol. I & II. (New York: The Reviews of Reviews Corporation, 1924), 62.

8. RKG discusses the Holmes course in his “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0550S.

9. Whittier Merton Holmes, Descriptive Mentality From the Head, Face, and Hand. (Philadelphia: David McMay, 1899).

10. RKG, “Open Discussion,” 16–17. RKGC.

11. See “A History of The Highlands Ability Battery,” <http://www.high-landsco.com/about_history.php> (17 June, 2003). The Highlands Company (Atlanta and New York) is one of a number of contemporary companies that offer aptitude testing that traces origins to O’Connor’s original work.

12. For more on Johnson O’Connor, see: George Wyatt, “Johnson O’Connor: A Portrait from Memory” on the Johnson O’Connor Research Foundation website: <www.jocrf.org.> (7 May, 2003). Wyatt’s short portrait quotes an article by O’Connor called “Taking a Man’s Measure” in the June, 1931 issue of Atlantic Monthly (page 12) which expressed a position on research with which Bob Green-leaf would have concurred. “The application of science to the study of man must be inspiring, not disheartening, strengthening, not weakening; must aim first to prove to each individual that he possesses a unique combination of abilities, one which the world has perhaps never seen before, and one which he can use to new purposes, to create new things, new thoughts; and, having convinced him of his own strengths, must then show him in what practical, concrete ways he can best use his particular combination of characteristics.” A refined version of O’Connor’s tests are still offered by the Johnson O’Connor Research Foundation, and have been taken by people as diverse as high school students, a future President of the United States, and G. Gordon Liddy.

13. RKG, “Open Discussion,” RKGC, transcription 0427S.

14. RKG correspondence to Dr. Donald Cowling, 12 December, 1935. CCA, M-4.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. RKG, correspondence to Donald Cowling, 12 December, 1935, FTL, Box 7.

18. Ibid.

19. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 181–182.

20. See Douglas McGregor’s management classic, The Human Side of Enterprise (New York: McGraw Hill, 1960). McGregor described two contrasting theories of workers and management. Managers who hold to Theory X believe workers are essentially lazy and need to be closely monitored and motivated with rewards and punishments. In fact, in Theory X, workers prefer direction. Theory Y managers believe that work holds—or could hold—intrinsic meaning for workers. Workers are capable of self-direction in pursuit of the company’s goals, are more creative and intelligent than Theory X managers believe, capable of accepting responsibility and responding to intrinsic as well as extrinsic rewards. Much of McGregor’s thinking was based on Abraham Maslow’s needs satisfaction model of human motivation, culminating in the “self-actualized” person. All the humanistic management thinkers of the 1950s and 1960s also owed a debt to the brilliant social psychologist Kurt Lewin.

21. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 181.

22. Rosabeth Moss Kanter, “Preface,” Mary Parker Follett—Prophet of Management, ed. Pauline Graham (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1995), xiv. In his Introduction to this book, a collection of Follett’s writings from the 1920s, Peter Drucker lists four of her key contributions. (1) The use of “constructive conflict” to understand the other’s view and make it work for both parties. (2) Management as a generic activity of all organizations, including government. (3) Management as a “function” not a “tool box.” (4) “. . .nothing can work unless it is based on a functioning civil society—that is, on citizens and citizenship.” (page 8) In that same book, Pauline Graham recasts Drucker’s fourth point as a kind of self-governing principle that applies to business organizations as well as democratic government. “Follett was advocating the replacement of bureaucratic institutions by group networks in which the people themselves analyzed their problems and then produced and implemented their own solutions.” (page 17) Mary Parker Follett died in 1933.

23. See Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1911). For a friendly review of Taylor’s work and impact written about the time Follett was making her mark in the business world, see Richard Feiss, “The Life of Frederick W. Taylor,” Harvard Business Review, October 1924. Vol. III, Number 1, 86.

24. RKG, Servant Leadership, 257.

25. RKG correspondence to Dr. Donald Cowling, 25 May, 1934, CCA, M-4.

26. Ibid.

27. RKG, Servant Leadership, 258.

28. RKG correspondence to Dr. Donald Cowling, May 25, 1934. CCA, M-4.

29. Dr. Donald Cowling correspondence with RKG, 15 November, 1934, CCA, M-4.

30. RKG correspondence to Dr. Donald Cowling, 10 December, 1934, CCA, M-4.

31. Ibid.

32. Internal correspondence from Lindsey Blaynay, Dean of the College, to Dr. Cowling, 9 January, 1935, CCA, M-4.

33. Internal correspondence from Leal A. Headley to President Donald Cowling, 2 November, 1935, CCA, M-4.

34. RKG correspondence to Dr. Donald Cowling, 12 December, 1935, CCA, M-4.

35. Ibid. At the end of this expansive letter, Greenleaf summarized his points in a long paragraph which uses more abstract language than much of the letter: “Gradually shift the administrative emphasis from the formal curriculum to the important aspects of the program which are outside of the curriculum. Gradually lessen the requirements for formal classroom study and diminish, wherever possible, the stress upon false incentives. Extend the activity of the college to a wider sphere of influence and bring more of the broader community interests to the campus. Provide a dynamic and continuous educational leadership and leaven the faculty and the student body with a wider diversity of experience. Subordinate scholarship and academic attainment to the development of a well rounded personality. Through informal conferences with faculty members, bring them into closer relationship with community problems. Slowly but positively work for the development of a pervasive and dynamic spirit of adventure and conquest into new frontiers. So interweave the life on the campus with the life of the community that the distinction of the college on the hill will melt away and so that the aristocracy of formal learning will be transformed into a more democratic relationship with the common knowledge of the community.”

36. All quotes are from RKG’s correspondence to Dr. Donald Cowling, 12 December, 1935, CCA, M-4.

37. RKG, “Journal, 1940–1943,” undated entry, FTL, Box 1.

38. RKG, Servant Leadership, 259–260.

39. RKG, Servant Leadership, 255.

40. RKG, “Ages 40–60: What I Did With Those Years,” FTL, Box 1.

41. Ibid.

42. Madeline Greenleaf Jaynes, interview by the author, New York, NY, 15 December, 2000.

43. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC transcription 0550S.

44. Lisa Greenleaf, interview with author, 16 December, 2000.

45. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0550S, 19.

CHAPTER 10

1. RKG, “Untitled on Society of Friends,” FTL, Box 11.

2. “Biographical Sketch of L Hollingsworth Wood.” L Hollingsworth Wood Papers, 1903–1953. Haverford College Archives.

3. RKG. Untitled on Society of Friends. RKG Archives, Box 14, Folder 7.

4. William C. Braithwaite, The Beginnings of Quakerism (Cambridge, MA, Cambridge at the University Press, 1955), 2.

5. Ibid., 30.

6. Elizabeth Braithwaite Emmott, The Story of Quakerism. (London: Headley Brothers, 1932), 15.

7. Ibid., 16.

8. Braithwaite, op. cit., 32.

9. George Fox, from his Journal, i, 8, as quoted in Braithwaite, 34.

10. Ibid., 36.

11. Emmott, op. cit., 125.

12. Braithwaite, op. cit., 139.

13. Rufus Jones, The Faith and Practice of the Quakers (London: Methuen & Co., 1949), 31.

14. Ibid., 34–35.

15. B. A. Robinson, (2002) “Religious Society of Friends.” <http://www.reli-gioustolerance.org/quaker.htm> (7 March, 2003).

16. Braithwaite, op. cit., 26.

17. Emmott, op. cit., 86.

18. RKG, Seeker and Servant, 77.

19. “Approaches to God: Worship and Prayer,” Quaker Faith & Practice (London: The Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain, 1995), paragraph 2.89, <http://www.qnorvic.com/quaker/qfp/QF&P_02.html>(19 January, 2003).

20. RKG, Seeker and Servant, 77.

21. Ibid., 77–78.

22. John Woolman, The Journal of John Woolman and a Plea for the Poor (New York: Corinth Books, 1961), 15. This is a reprint of the John Greenleaf Whittier Edition Text which was originally published in 1871. The First Edition of Woolman’s Journal was published in 1774.

23. Frederick B. Tolles, “Introduction,” The Journal of John Woolman and a Plea for the Poor, vii–viii.

24. John Woolman, Journal, 22.

25. Ibid., 26.

26. RKG, Seeker and Servant, 26.

27. John Woolman, Journal, 50.

28. Ibid., 52.

29. Frederick B. Tolles, “Introduction,” The Journal of John Woolman and a Plea for the Poor, viii.

30. RKG, The Servant as Leader, 12–13.

31. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0550S.

32. RKG, Servant Leadership, 81–82.

33. Newcomb Greenleaf, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 4 June, 1997.

34. A short biography of John Lovejoy Elliot can be found on the website of the American Ethical Union, <http://www.ethicalculture.org/neac/elliott-black/ebalist.html> (17 March, 2003).

35. RKG, Distefano Interview, RKGC.

36. RKG, correspondence with Terri Thal, 19 September, 1967. FTL, Box 2.

37. Ibid., 13–14.

38. John Lovejoy Elliott, “Spiritual Discoveries,” in The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Ethical Movement 1876–1926. Can be accessed online at the American Ethical Union website, <http://www.ethicalculture.org/uer/elliott1.html> (3 April, 2003).

39. Greenleaf’s “best test” for a servant-leader is found in the 1970 essay The Servant as Leader, which is also the first chapter of the 1977 book Servant Leadership. “The best test, and difficult to administer, is: Do those served grow as persons? Do they, while being served, become healthier, wiser, freer, more autonomous, more likely themselves to become servants? And, what is the effect on the least privileged in society; will they benefit, or, at least, not be further deprived?” RKG, Servant Leadership, 13–14.

40. Felix Adler, “An Address by Dr. Felix Adler, May 10, 1931, On the Occasion of the Fifty-Fifth Anniversary of the founding of the Ethical Movement,” can be accessed online at the American Ethical Union website <http://www.aeu.org/adler4.htm> (9 January, 2003).

41. RKG, Journal, 1940–1943, 3 August, 1941. FTL, Box 1.

42. Ibid., 31 August, 1940.

43. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0550S.

44. Newcomb Greenleaf, E-mail to the author, 29 May, 2003.

45. Newcomb Greenleaf, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 4 June, 1997.

CHAPTER 11

1. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 36.

2. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0550S.

3. RKG, “Journal, 1940–1943,” 2 September, 1941. FTL, Box 1.

4. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0550S.

5. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0436S.

6. Ibid., 2–3.

7. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 129.

8. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0427S.

9. United States Department of Agriculture. “Honey Bees.” <http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/beebook/sec1/sec1.html> (10 June, 2003).

10. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 11.

11. Newcomb Greenleaf interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 6 June, 2003.

12. RKG. On Becoming a Servant Leader, 32–33.

13. Ibid., 36–37.

14. Ibid., 37.

15. Ibid., 38.

16. Ibid., 38–39.

17. RKG, Life’s Choices and Markers (Indianapolis: The Robert K. Greenleaf Center, 1984), 5–6.
This pamphlet is a reprint of a commencement address given via videotape to graduates of Alverno College in Milwaukee in the spring of 1984.

376

18. Even though Greenleaf often repeated the story of the impact Davis’s article had on him “around the age of forty,” the evidence is solid that he did not read the piece until 1953. First, Elmer Davis was Director of the Office of War Information (OWI) from 1941 to 1945. (Bob’s fortieth year was in 1944.) Davis still made occasional radio addresses, but his main job was to coordinate information given out to the public. Second, in one description of Davis’s article, Bob mentioned that Davis was in his sixties at the time and was having health problems. Elmer Davis was sixty years old in 1950, and began showing health problems in the next few years. Davis did write an article called “Grandeurs and Miseries of Old Age” in the July 1953 issue of Harper’s Magazine, which was reprinted in the 1954 book But We Were Born Free. Davis called the piece an “annoyed reaction” to a previous Harper’s article that was a “well-intended, but in my opinion fallacious, endeavor to persuade people who are getting older that all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds. I wish it were.” The article he was responding to was titled “The Magnificence of Age” by Catherine Drinker Bowen, which appeared in the April 1953 issue of Harper’s. In it, Bowen wrote about the astounding elderly people she met in the course of researching Yankee From Olympus, her biography of Justice Oliver Wendell Homes. Davis did accurately quote Bowen’s line that “luck being equal, whether a man at eighty finds himself reaping the harvest or the whirlwind depends on how he has spent his forties and thirties and twenties” but went on to say that “luck is not equal,” but Davis’s piece was much darker than Bob remembered. Bowen’s article, on the other hand, was right down Bob’s alley. She quoted Goethe, “The youth had best take care of what he desires, for in old age he shall have it,” and finally, this: “But of all Holmes’s eloquent sayings, the one I like best was written at eighty-three in a letter to a young Chinese law student in Washington named Wu: ‘If I were dying my last words would be: ‘Have faith and pursue the unknown end.’ No young person could have said that.”

19. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0550S.
This pamphlet is a reprint of a commencement address given via videotape to graduates of Alverno College in Milwaukee in the spring of 1984.

CHAPTER 12

1. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 215–216.

2. “A Good Man is Hard to Find,” Fortune, March 1946, Vol. XXXIII, no 1, 92. See also the OSS’s own version of how their assessment program started: The OSS Assessment Staff, Assessment of Men: Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services (New York: Rinehart & Company, Inc., 1948), 3. Even though the OSS developed its own procedures for assessment, their staff reported that the overall methods “were first used on a large scale by Simoneit, as described in Wehrpsychologie, and the German military psychologists, and after them by the British.”

3. Ibid., 13. Although the commander wrote the memo after the assessment unit began operation, the people he referred to had not gone through OSS assessment.

4. Fortune, op. cit., 92.

5. Ibid., 93.

6. Ibid., 3.

7. Ibid., 8.

8. The various tests—and ruses—used with recruits are described in detail in Assessment of Men, but Greenleaf specifically mentioned the OSS’s calculated effort to get people drunk in his videotape Assessment, (Indianapolis, Robert K. Green-leaf Center, 1986).

9. OSS Assessment Staff, Assessment of Men: Selection of Personnel for the Offices of Strategic Services (New York: Rineheart & Co., 1948), 451.

10. RKG, Assessment videotape. RKGC.

11. Harold P. Mold, “An Executive Development Program.” Personnel Journal, May, 1948. Vol. 28, No. 1.

12. Ibid., 3.

13. In Telephone, The First Hundred Years, author John Brooks called president Leroy Wilson “a rate-getter through negotiations with regulatory agencies… Within the company, Wilson was known as a driving nonstop worker with a strong strain of abrasiveness and ruthlessness. Slick-haired, and handsome in a forceful way, he was widely known to lead a chaotic life…,” 230.

14. RKG, Assessment videotape, RKGC.

15. Douglas Bray, Formative Years in Business: A Long-Term AT&T Study of Managerial Lives (Melbourne, FL: Krieger Publishing Company, 1974), 59.

16. Newcomb Greenleaf, “Reflections on Robert K. Greenleaf,” Reflections on Leadership, 318–319.

17. J. F. Parrish, “Acknowledgment,” Management Ability (Pacific Telephone, no date of publication), RKGC Archives, Joseph Distefano Collection.

18. RKG, Management Ability, 2.

19. Ibid., 4–25.

20. J. F. Parrish, June 17, 1970 correspondence with RKG. FTL, Box 2.

21. G. T. Bowden and R. K. Greenleaf, Bell Humanities Program. (Indianapolis: The Robert K. Greenleaf Center), 4. No date is given in the pamphlet, but it was originally published in the 1980s by the Greenleaf Center when it was located in Newton Centre, MA. Bell Humanities Program is, in turn, a reprint of a paper co-authored by Bowden (who was Greenleaf’s colleague in AT&T’s Personnel Relations department) and Greenleaf titled, “The Study of the Humanities as an Approach to Executive Development,” AT&T, Corporate Collection, 140 10 01.
Chester Barnard went on to become president of New Jersey Bell Telephone in 1927. In 1948 he retired from AT&T to become president of the Rockefeller Foundation. He lectured frequently at Harvard Business School and wrote two important books, The Functions of the Executive and Organization and Management. In Bell Humanities Program (pp. 4–5) Greenleaf wrote about Barnard, “One wonders now, considering the range and magnitude of the major policy questions confronting the Bell System in his time, why a person of Mr. Barnard’s intellectual stature was not brought into one of the key vice presidencies of AT&T where his imagination and conceptual powers might have contributed greatly to the advancement of the whole System.”

22. G. T. Bowden and R. K. Greenleaf, Bell Humanities Program, 5.

23. Peter Siegle, New Directions in Liberal Education for Executives. (Chicago: Center for the Study of Liberal Education for Adults, c. 1958), AT&T, C. 127 05 02, L. 79.

24. G. T. Bowden and R. K. Greenleaf, Bell Humanities Program, 19.

25. Ibid., 1–2.

26. Peter Siegle, op. cit. 9–10. Mr. Markle’s remarks were quoted from “How Can We Broaden the Telephone Man’s Horizon?” Bell Telephone Magazine, Autumn, 1955.

27. G. T. Bowden and R. K. Greenleaf, op. cit., 18.

28. Douglas Williams Associates, “Summary: Interview Study of Northwestern Program,” 1957. AT&T, C. 127 05 02, L. 79.

29. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0467S.

30. Douglas Williams, correspondence with Anne Fraker, 16 November, 1992. RKGC.

31. Ibid.

32. G. T. Bowden and R. K. Greenleaf, op. cit., 25.

33. Cleo F. Craig “Big Business and the Community.” This speech was ghostwritten by Robert Greenleaf and delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Life Insurance Association of America, New York, December 8, 1954. It was reproduced in a Bell System pamphlet titled Big Business and the Community, 1954. AT&T, Corporate Collection, 127 04 01.

34. “Bell Systems Executive Conference, 1955–1956–1957,” a 1957 AT&T internal report, AT&T, Corporate Collection, 141 08 02.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid., 26.

37. Douglas Bray and Ann Howard, Managerial Lives in Transition: Advancing Age and Changing Times (New York: Guildford Press, 1988), x.

38. Douglas Bray gives a brief history of his early experiences at AT&T, in the article “Centered on Assessment,” found on the website of The International Congress on Assessment Center Methods, <http://www.assessmentcenters.org/pages/centeredonassess.html> (13 July, 2003).

39. The Management Progress Studies variables were fully evaluated at the initial assessment then again eight and twenty years later. The variables, as reported in Formative Years in Business (18–20) included: 1. Scholastic Aptitude 2. Oral Communication Skill 3. Human Relations Skills 4. Personal Impact 5. Perception of Threshold Social Cues 6. Creativity 7. Self-Objectivity 8. Social Objectivity 9. Behavior Flexibility 10. Need Approval of Superiors 11. Need Approval of Peers 12. Inner Work Standards 13. Need Advancement 14. Need Security 15. Goal Flexibility 16. Primacy of Work 17. Bell System Value Orientation 18. Realism of Expectations 19. Tolerance of Uncertainty 20. Ability to Delay Gratification 21. Resistance to Stress 22. Range of Interests 23. Energy 24. Organization and Planning 25. Decision Making Dr. Bray’s longitudinal research lasted twenty-five years. Along the way he published several monographs about the work at AT&T. In 1974 his landmark book Formative Years in Business: A Long-Term A.T. and T. Study of Managerial Lives was released, summarizing decades of findings. In 1970, he co-founded Development Dimensions International to market assessment center materials. In 1988 Dr. Bray also co-authored with Ann Howard Managerial Lives in Transition: Advancing Age and Changing Times. In 1991 his book Working with Organizations and Their People: A Guide to Human Resources Practice (New York: Guilford Press) was released. As of 2003 he was Chairman of the Board Emeritus for Development Dimensions International.

40. RKG Videotape, Assessment, RKGC.

41. Douglas Bray, telephone interview by the author, July 10, 2003.

42. In Chapter 8 of Formative Years in Business, Bray and his co-authors summarized nine dimensions which emerged from the MPS study: Occupational, Ego Functional, Financial-Acquisitive, Locale-Residential, Marital-Familial, Parental-Familial, Recreational-Social, Religious-Humanism, and Service. These, in turn, were correlated to describe two emerging “life themes,” Enlargers and Enfolders. For a more detailed account of Greenleaf’s contributions to assessment work, see “The Assessment Legacy of Robert Greenleaf,” an essay by Jeff McCollum and Joel Moses available from the Greenleaf Center in Indianapolis.

43. G. A. Pennock, “Industrial Research at Hawthorne,” Personnel Journal, Vol. VII, No. 5, April, 1930, 299.

44. Ibid., 311.

45. Walter V. Bingham, “Management’s Concern with Personnel in Industrial Psychology,” Harvard Business Review, October 1931, Vol. X, No. 1.

46. Ongoing findings from the Hawthorne studies were published in journals beginning in the late 1920s, but the 1939 publication of Management and the Worker (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press) by Fritz J. Roethlisberger and William J. Dickson brought widespread attention.

47. To be fair, researchers since the Hawthorne studies have reevaluated a number of original conclusions. For example, in 1978, R. H. Franke, & J. D. Kaul, J.D. published “The Hawthorne experiments: First statistical interpretation” in American Sociological Review and concluded that replacing mediocre workers with more disciplined and productive ones, and factoring in the pressure to keep one’s job because of the Depression during the experiments accounted for the majority of variation. “Social science may have been too ready to embrace the original Hawthorne interpretations since it was looking for theories or work motivation that were more humane and democratic,” say Franke and Kaul (42, 623–643). Other researchers have noted that increased productivity due to the “Hawthorne Effect” subsides when the novelty wears off. See also Henry A. Landsberger’s 1958 book Hawthorne revisited. Management and the Worker: its critics, and developments in human relations in industry. (Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University).

48. William J. Dickson & F.J. Roethlisberger. Management and the Worker, 596–597.

49. Ibid., 591.

50. Ibid., 599. Roethlisberger and Dickson note that the counselor “stands outside of the network of relations in which the individual supervisor or worker spends his working days. He can thus look at this system of relations objectively, and he is in a good position to see the various problems arising in these relations and ways in which they may be remedied.” (p. 601) On the following page, they also describe the counselor as a kind of social historian.

51. RKG. The Servant as Leader, 10.

52. Greenleaf made these comments in his essay “Growth Through Groups,” which he wrote for the Receptive Listening Course Leadership Manual. Bob and Esther helped develop the course for the Wainwright House in Rye, New York in the early 1950s.

53. William J. Dickson & F.J. Roethlisberger. Management and the Worker, 598. The history of the counseling experience is recounted in Roethlisberger and Dickson’s 1966 book Counseling in an Organization: A Sequel to the Hawthorne Researches. (Boston, Division of Research, Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University). The number of counselors mentioned in the book was quoted by MIT Chairman Howard W. Johnson who reviewed the Hawthorne studies in a paper titled “The Hawthorne Studies: The Legend and the Legacy” at the symposium, Man and Work in Society on the fiftieth anniversary of the Hawthorne studies, November 12, 1974. Greenleaf, an old friend of Johnson’s, told Fred Myers and Diane Cory that he wrote the address for Johnson and it was delivered unchanged. “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0443S.

54. Howard W. Johnson, “The Hawthorne Studies: The Legend and the Legacy.” FTL, Box 16.

55. F. J. Roethlisberger, Management and Morale (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941), 8.

56. Ibid., 11.

57. RKG, “Human Relations Research in the Bell System: Talk before Field Study Group of School Administrators” was given at the AT&T New York headquarters, 20 February, 1948. RKGC Archives, Joseph Distefano Collection.

58. Ibid.

59. Ibid.

60. Ibid.

61. Michael Quinn Patton, Utilization-Focused Evaluation, 3^rd ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 1997), 22. Supporting Dr. Patton’s conclusion is another vivid example of participatory research leading to wide acceptance of results, one with which the author is personally familiar. Years ago a major plant and animal products company was in the final stages of testing a revolutionary new herbicide. The small, controlled scientific studies were completed but larger trials were necessary. One employee had the idea of teaching growers (farmers) enough about scientific observation and record-keeping to prove the efficacy—or failure—of the product. Bucking broad opposition from his own company’s scientists who believed growers were not up to the task, he enlisted farmers around the country to try the product and trained them to keep careful records, which they did with meticulous detail. The product was successful in widespread trials and researcher-growers were pleased to participate in ad campaigns which touted the effects of the herbicide, and the fact that they—ordinary farmers—had helped prove those effects in legitimate scientific trials. The herbicide quickly became the top-selling product in its category but many of the company’s internal researchers never forgave the employee who made it all happen. He did not have a Bob Greenleaf at the higher levels to support his approach. His career was stifled and never recovered.

62. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 214. In this chapter, Greenleaf describes in some detail his justification and protocol for a two-person research team approach to research.

63. Ibid., 208.

64. Ibid.

65. Ibid., 214–215.

66. “Bell Labs: More Than 50 Years of the Transistor,” Lucent Technology website: <http://www.lucent.com/minds/transistor/> (4 February, 2003). See also <http://www.bell-labs.com/history.>

67. There are several good histories of Bell Labs, but Bob personally knew the many of the early employees and got a first-hand account of its founding. Like so many enduring efforts within AT&T, it all started with Theodore Vail. In 1986, Bob told his version of the story. Once Vail had taken over, he had a census made of all the people who were tinkering with the system. It was a very poorly working system, and there were people around who were just tinkering with it. He had a census made of these people and found he had five-hundred-fifty of them scattered all over the business. So, he made a very radical move. He brought these people all together in one place and we had the first Bell Laboratories. At first, it was first just part of Western Electric, and I think it was in Chicago or Hawthorne. (RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0427S. In 1926, on the fiftieth anniversary of the invention of the telephone, each of the original five-hundred members of the Bell Labs’ staff was given a replica of the first Bell Telephone. One of them was a man who later became Bob’s boss and when he died, his widow gave the phone to Bob. One day Bob and Newcomb hooked it up and it still worked. It was one of Bob’s prized possessions.

68. Newcomb Greenleaf, interview by the author, 7 June, 2003.
Chester Barnard went on to become president of New Jersey Bell Telephone in 1927. In 1948 he retired from AT&T to become president of the Rockefeller Foundation. He lectured frequently at Harvard Business School and wrote two important books, The Functions of the Executive and Organization and Management. In Bell Humanities Program (pp. 4–5) Greenleaf wrote about Barnard, “One wonders now, considering the range and magnitude of the major policy questions confronting the Bell System in his time, why a person of Mr. Barnard’s intellectual stature was not brought into one of the key vice presidencies of AT&T where his imagination and conceptual powers might have contributed greatly to the advancement of the whole System.”

CHAPTER 13

1. RKG, “Hole in the Hedge” notes dated October 3, 1954. Later in the document Greenleaf indicates these are notes for a spiritual biography. FTL, Box 1.

2. Douglas Williams correspondence to Anne Fraker, 16 November, 1992. RKGC Archives.

3. Newcomb Greenleaf, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 4 June, 1997.

4. Douglas Williams correspondence to Anne Fraker.

5. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews. RKGC, tape 5 of 8 (no transcription number given).

6. RKG note dated 3 October, 1954, FTL, Box 1.

7. Douglas Williams correspondence to Anne Fraker, 16 November, 1992, RKGC.

8. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0427S.

9. RKG, “Age 40–60: What I Did With Those Years,” FTL, Box 1.

10. “PROCEEDINGS: The Third Air Staff Management Development Conference 26 March 1953, The Pentagon.” RKGC Archives, Center for Executive Development Collection.

11. RKG, “Age 40–60: What I Did With Those Years,” FTL, Box 1.

12. Miriam Lewin, “Kurt Lewin: Social Psychologist,” Lewin’s Legacy/Lewin’s Potential: Next Step for Group Process, Consultation and Social Justice: A Source Book (Alexandria, VA: NTL Institute), 9–10. This collection of essays is based on an NTL 50^th Anniversary Event in Bethel, Maine, July 7–9, 1997. NTL.

13. Ibid., 11–12.

14. Roger Evered, “An Exploration of the Origins of Lewinian Science,” Lewin’s Legacy/Lewin’s Potential, 46.

15. Ibid., 42. Evered goes on to write: “Alfred Marrow, a close personal friend of Lewin for the last 13 years of Lewin’s life, sums up Lewin with these words. ‘Perhaps the word that describes Lewin more realistically than any other is playful—in the most significant sense of the word. That is, work was most fun for him when it was hardest. He had a zest for searching and seeking—working a problem this way, working it that way, turning it upside down, inside out, left to right, right to left. He communicated a sense of enjoyment, in the spirit of one wanting to share his play with others.”

16. Henry W. Riecken, “Theory-Based Practice in Human Relations: Two Lewinian Concepts,” Lewin’s Legacy/Lewin’s Potential, 212.

17. RKG, Distefano interview, RKGC.

18. The author well remembers his first T-Group experience his first year of graduate school in 1968. I was placed in the group with no knowledge of T-Groups, their history or purpose. In the first session, group members sat silent for ten minutes. Finally, I could stand it no longer. “Why are you doing this to us?!!” I blurted out, even though the trainer had “done” nothing. I learned that in-authentic and habitual behaviors, suppressed emotions and prejudices soon saw the light of day in an intense T-Group experience.

19. RKG, Distefano Interview, RKGC.

20. William B. Wolf, “The Enigma of Kurt Lewin’s Impact on Management, Management Consulting and O.D.” Lewin’s Legacy/Lewin’s Potential, 443.

21. RKG, “Age 40–60: What I Did With Those Years,” FTL, Box 1.

22. Ibid. Others learned from the T-Group experience too. Even though the movement spurred increased understanding of group formation and team-building, all the effects were not constructive. For example, T-Groups sometimes encouraged a level of disclosure which was inappropriate for work settings. When participants were ordered to participate, they were less likely to experience positive changes than when the motivation was intrinsic. Finally, T-Groups could be very effective in encouraging emotional expression and battering down personal defenses but not so helpful in the long-term process of rebuilding one’s psyche. Many of the learnings from T-Groups were incorporated into the emerging field of Organizational Development, where they were used to address more traditional business needs of meeting goals and objectives and building purposeful teams.

23. The most recent edition of Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics (5^th Edition, 1995) is published and distributed by the Institute of General Semantics, Brooklyn New York. In 2001 IGS also released the 2^nd Edition of Korzybski’s 1921 book, Manhood of Humanity: The Science and Art of Human Engineering.

24. For an excellent short article on the basics of Korzybski’s thought, see “General Semantics: An Introduction to non-Aristotelian Systems” on the website of the Institute of General Semantics: <http://www.general-semantics.org/Insti-tute/AK_intro.shtml> (5 November, 2002).

25. RKG. Distefano interview, RKGC. One can speculate on reasons why Greenleaf did not personally “connect” with Korzybski, but it is possible that he had some disagreement with Korzybski’s thought. Bob, the person who wrote, “Not much happens without a dream,” believed in the power of imaginal language. Furthermore, he learned from George Greenleaf that “keeping your word” was synonymous with personal integrity— which meant that language about oneself and the reality of oneself were identical in that instance.

26. RKG “Hole in the Hedge,” FTL, Box 1.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

29. RKG, “Age 40–60: What I Did With Those Years,” FTL, Box 1.

30. James R. Newby, Elton Trueblood: Believer, Teacher, and Friend (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1990), 68. Newby writes, “[The Predicament of Modern Man] had the enthusiastic support of Reinhold Niebuhr who called it ‘an able and profound analysis of the spiritual situation of our time.’ Norman Vincent Peale wrote, ‘A powerful book. One hundred and five pocket sized pages of common sense. Convincingly shows that only the gospel can save our decaying society.’”

31. Ibid., 69.

32. D. Elton Trueblood, While It Is Day: An Autobiography (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), 69.

33. “Facilities,” website of Wainwright House, <http://www.wainwright.org/facilities.htm> (19 July, 2003).

34. RKG “Hole in the Hedge,” FTL, Box 1.

35. D. Elton Trueblood, While It Is Day: An Autobiography, 105–107.

36. James R. Newby, op. cit., 89.

37. D. Elton Trueblood, Alternative to Futility (New York: Harper & Row, 1949), 73.

38. James R. Newby, op. cit., 90–91.

39. D. Elton Trueblood (1974) While It Is Day: An Autobiography, 108–109.

40. Ibid., 114–116.

41. Ibid., 113.

42. Ibid., 116–117.

43. Jim Beier, Director of Institute for Executive Growth Director, correspondence to Larry Spears, 19 June, 2000, RKGC, Executive Training Program Collection.

44. RKG, “Memorandum, Proposed Management Development Program at Earlham College,” 1954. RKGC, Executive Training Program Collection.

45. Robert N. Huff, correspondence to Robert K. Greenleaf, March 5, 1954. RKGC, Executive Training Program Collection.

46. “Management Training, Schedule for Visiting Lecturers,” Memo to RKG from Earlham College, 1954–1955. RKGC Executive Training Program Collection.

47. James Beier, “The Earlham Institute for Executive Growth,” The Earlhamite, July 1967, 18.

48. “Facilities,” website of Wainwright House, <http://www.wainwright.org/facilities.htm> (22 July, 2003).

49. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0427S.

50. Ibid.

51. RKG, “Some Rough Notes on Growth Through Groups,” Receptive Listening Course Leadership Manual. (Rye, New York: Wainwright House) Unpublished document. There were several versions of the Leadership Manual and this was not the first. The most recent books and articles quoted in this version date to 1957. RKGC.

52. Ibid.

53. Ibid.

54. Ibid. Even though Esther Greenleaf’s name does not appear as the author of the article which describes the purpose of creative art activities in the manual, in private interviews—especially “Open Discussion”—Bob acknowledged her full participation. Apparently they wrote these pieces together.

55. Paolo J. Knill and Helen Nienhaus Barba and Margo N. Fuchs, Minstrels of Soul: Intermodal Expressive Therapy (Toronto: Palmerston Press, 1995), 140.

56. RKG, “Age 40–60: What I Did With Those Years,” FTL, Box 1.

57. Ibid.

58. Ibid.

59. Ibid.

60. Mitchell K., “Self Supporting,” part of a series of short articles about the history of Alcoholics Anonymous on the about.com website: <http://alco-holism.about.com/library/blmitch10.htm> ( 23 July, 2003).

61. Alcoholics Anonymous, 2^nd ed. (New York: Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc., 1955), 568. This is the famous “Big Book,” the basic text for AA.

62. Ibid., 567.

63. RKG, Servant Leadership, 221.

64. RKG, “Age 40–60: What I Did With Those Years,” FTL, Box 1.

65. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC.

66. RKG, transcript of audiotaped conversation with Gerald Heard, dated 1958, RKGC.

67. RKG “Age 40–60: What I Did With Those Years,” FTL, Box 1.

68. See Laurens van der Post. A Mantis Carol (New York: Morrow, 1976).

69. See Laurens van der Post The Voice of the Thunder, 1993. Also: Laurens van der Post, A Walk With A White Bushman: In conversation with Jean-Marc Pottiez (New York: William Morrow 1986).

70. Margaret Wheatley, address at the 1999 International Conference on Servant Leadership. RKGC Archives.

71. “Menninger develops management, leadership innovations,” Important Dates and Achievements, <http://www.menningerclinic.com/about/history.html.> (1, November, 2003).

72. RKG autobiographical notes. “Age 40–60: What I Did With Those Years,” FTL, Box 1.

73. Ibid.

74. Ibid.

75. Ibid.

76. William Wolf contributed to the book Rhythmic Functions in the Living System. (New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1962). His endocrinology textbook was Endocrinology in Modern Practice Edition, 2d ed. (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1939).

77. RKG, “Age 40–60: What I Did With Those Years,” FTL Box 1.

78. RKG, “Notes Greenleaf made on talks by Dr. William Wolf.” FTL, Box 12.

79. At the time Greenleaf met him, Heschel had already published dozens of German articles in various languages and several books which were reaching an English-speaking audience beyond the Jewish community. They included: Heschel, Abraham Joshua. The Earth is the Lord’s: The Inner World of the Jew in East Europe (NY: H. Schuman, 1950). ____. The Sabbath: Its Meaning for Modern Man (NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1952). ____. Man is Not Alone: A Philosophy of Religion (NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1951). ____. Man’s Quest for God: Studies in Prayer & Symbolism (NY: Scribner, 1954). ____. God in Search of Man: A Philosophy of Judaism (NY: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1955).

80. Edward K. Kaplan and Samuel H. Dresner, Abraham Joshua Heschel: Prophetic Witness (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). ix.

81. Ibid., 47.

82. RKG, Servant Leadership, 254.

83. Abraham Joshua Heschel, The Earth is the Lord’s: The Inner World of the Jew in East Europe (New York: H. Schuman, 1950), 28.

84. Kaplan and Dresner, op. cit., 160.

85. Abraham Joshua Heschel, Quoted in Kaplan and Dresner, 152.

86. Abraham Joshua. Heschel, Who Is Man? (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1965), 76–77.

87. Kaplan and Dresner, op. cit., 164.

88. Abraham J. Heschel, The Prophets: An Introduction (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), xii. This book is Volume I of II, which together constitute a 1969 paperback reprint of the first half of Heschel’s original book The Prophets.

89. Greenleaf’s prime example of withdrawal to make room for awareness and creative insight is the story of Jesus answering those who would stone an adulterous woman. He recounts the scene in The Servant as Leader, 20. “They cry, ‘The law says she shall be stoned; what do you say?. . . He [Jesus] sits there writing in the sand—a withdrawal device. In the pressure of the moment, having assessed the situation rationally, he assumes the attitude of withdrawal that will allow creative insight to function.”

90. RKG, Servant Leadership, 250–254.

91. Ibid., 250.

92. RKG, Distefano interview, RKGC.

CHAPTER 14

1. Meister Eckhart, The Cloud of Unknowing, trans. Ira Progoff, (New York: Dell Publishing, 1957), 62.

2. Abraham Joshua Heschel, Who Is Man?, 109.

3. See “Friends Conference on Religion and Psychology Conference Programs, 1943–2002,” complied by Richard A. (Dick) Bellin, June, 2002. <http://www.quaker.org/fcrp/fcrphistory.pdf> (30 August, 2003).

4. See Morelle Smith, Journeys In and Out of Time: The Life and Writing of Anais Nin, <http://www.lunatica.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/SAA/Documents/Anais_Nin/Anais_Nin.htm> (8 August, 2003).

5. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0550S.

6. In an interview published in Psychology Today, Ira Progoff remembered meeting Greenleaf in 1957. Progoff, however, does not appear on the program until the following year. See Robert Blair Kaiser, “The Way of the Journal,” Psychology Today, March, 1981.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. During the 1960s Dr. Progoff began to formalize a process of keeping journals that allowed ordinary people to be honest about where they were in their lives and look at fresh emotional, spiritual and career possibilities. See Progoff’s At a Journal Workshop: The Basic Text and Guide for Using the Intensive Journal, (New York: Dialogue House Library, 1975), and The Practice of Process Meditation (New York: Dialogue House, 1980).

10. Ira Progoff,. The Death and Rebirth of Psychology. (New York: Julian Press, 1956), 254–255.

11. Robert Blair Kaiser, op. cit.

12. Dr. Glenn Mosley telephone interview by the author, 3 September, 2003. Dr. Mosley worked with Ira Progoff as a colleague for three years. According to Mosley, Progoff believed that a dream would “interpret itself” if one immersed oneself into the imagery. Progoff also thought that important themes were revealed through series of dreams, with each series lasting as long as three months. The connections between individual dreams in a series held rich meaning. Through dreams, God could give guidance if one asked three questions: (1) What does the dream say about where I am in my life now? (2) What do similar dreams say about where I am in my life now? (3) What am I anxious about right now? For Progoff, anxiety indicated a “pregnancy” of coming experiences.

13. Kathy Juline, “An Interview with Ira Progoff.” Originally printed in Science of Mind magazine. July, 1992. Accessed online from <http://www.intensive-journal.org/Progoff/frame.htm> (8 August, 2003).

14. All dream material transcribed from handwritten papers: “Dreams” (c.1958–1962) FTL, Box 1. Transcriptions of RKG’s dream notebooks are part of the collection of the Robert K. Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership Archives.

15. Dr. Glenn Mosley telephone interview by the author, 3 August, 2003.

16. Carl Jung, C. G. Jung Speaking, W. McGuire, and R. F. C. Hull, eds. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), 296.

17. C. S. Hall and V. J. Nordby, eds. A Primer of Jungian Psychology (New York: New American Library, 1973), 46–47.

18. RKG, “Dreams (c.1958–1962).” FTL, Box 1. Quote also appears in Insights on Leadership, 357.

19. RKG, Seeker and Servant, Anne T. Fraker and Larry C. Spears, eds. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996), 103. The chapter quoted is titled “An Opportunity for a Powerful New Religious Influence,” which was included in “A New Religious Mission,” an earlier paper Greenleaf was working on at the time of his squirrel dream.

20. Nicholas Murray, Aldous Huxley: A Biography (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2002), 252.

21. Ibid., 252–253. Quoted from Christopher Isherwood, Christopher and His Kind (London: Eyre Methuen,1977), 81–82.

22. For a complete bibliography and short biography of Gerald Heard, visit his official <website at http://www.geraldheard.com/index.htm> (6 June, 2000).

23. RKG, Distefano interview, RKGC.

24. Gerald Heard, transcript of audiotaped conversation with RKG and Gerald Heard, 1958 RKGC.

25. Gerald Heard, The Eternal Gospel (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946), 6.

26. Ira Progoff, The Practice of Process Meditation: The Intensive Journal Way to Spiritual Experience (New York: Dialogue House, 1980) 10.

27. Ibid., 14.

28. RKG, Distefano interview, RKGC.

29. John Cashman, The LSD Story (Greenwich, CN: Fawcett Publications, 1966), 30–31.

30. See Edward M. Brecher, chapter 48, “Hazards of LSD Psychotherapy,” Licit and Illicit Drugs; The Consumers Union Report on Narcotics, Stimulants, Depressants, Inhalants, Hallucinogens, and Marijuana -Including Caffeine (New York: Little Brown and Company, 1972).

31. Aldous Huxley, The Doors of Perception (New York: Harper & Row, 1954), 22–23.

32. Ibid., 156.

33. Dr. Sidney Cohen wrote one of the popular classics to examine the effects of LSD: The Beyond Within: The LSD Story (New York: Atheneum, 1965). “Under [the influence of psychedelic drugs] episodes of psychotic disorganization are certainly possible. In other instances they have induced an experience of psychic integration which has been called identical with the spontaneous religious experience by people who have known both states. Mental disorganization results in a psychosis; a creative reorganization underlies the visionary state. Should this state, entered into with or without chemical aid, also be call insanity? It would seem more appropriate to differentiate it and call it unsanity in view of the constructive solutions that can arise from it. “ 61–62.

34. RKG, Distefano interview, RKGC.

35. Madeline Greenleaf Jaynes, Interview by the author, New York, NY, 15 December, 2000.

36. Lisa Greenleaf, interview by the author, New Haven, Connecticut, 16 December, 2000.

37. Madeline Greenleaf Jaynes, interview by the author, New York, NY, 15 December, 2000.

38. A 1963 law required investigators to turn stocks of LSD over to the federal government by 1965. “The first federal criminal sanctions against LSD were introduced in the drug Abuse Control Amendments in 1965. . . These amendments were modified in 1968: possession became a misdemeanor, and sale a felony. Individual states determined penalties, although most adopted the federal classification system.” See Leigh A. Henderson and William J. Glass, LSD: Still With Us After All These Years (Fan Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994), 41–42.

39. RKG, Distefano interview, RKGC.

40. Ibid.

41. See Laura Huxley’s book This Timeless Moment (Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts, 2000).

42. See: David E. Kahn as told to Will Oursler, My Life With Edgar Cayce (New York: Doubleday & Company, 1970), 203–204.

43. See: Sidney Cohen, “Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Side Effects and Complications,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 130 (January, 1960), 30–40.

CHAPTER 15

1. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 338.

2. Stephen Barrett, M.D. and Victor Herbert, M.D., J.D. (September 17, 2001) “Some Notes on Carleton Fredericks,” <http://www.quackwatch.org/11Ind/fredericks.html> (8 July, 2003).

3. Newcomb Greenleaf, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 4 June, 1997.

4. Madeline Greenleaf Jaynes, Interview by the author, New York, NY, 16 December, 2000.

5. Ibid.

6. Newcomb Greenleaf, Reflections on Leadership, 318.

7. Madeline Greenleaf Jaynes, Interview by the author, New York, NY, 16 December, 2000.

8. Poems, Stories, Drawings by Elizabeth, Madeline and Newcomb Greenleaf. (Mil-burn, New Jersey: Cella Press, 1946). Used by permission of the Greenleaf family.

9. Madeline Greenleaf Jaynes, Interview by the author, New York, NY, 16 December, 2000.

10. Lisa Greenleaf, interview by the author, New Haven, Connecticut, 17 December, 2000.

11. Lisa Greenleaf, telephone interview by the author, October 3, 2003.

12. Ibid.

13. Newcomb Greenleaf, “Reflections on Robert K. Greenleaf,” Reflections on Leadership, 314–315.

14. Ibid.

15. “Fascinating facts about the invention of Erector Sets by A.C. Gilbert in 1913.” The Great Idea Finder, <http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/erectorset.htm> (July 8, 2003).

16. Newcomb Greenleaf, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 4 June, 1997.

17. Lisa Greenleaf, interview by the author, New Haven, Connecticut, 17 December, 2000.

18. Newcomb Greenleaf, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 7 June, 2003.

19. RKG first wrote down his “hole in the hedge” philosophy in an untitled note dated October 3, 1954. FTL, Box 1.

20. Newcomb Greenleaf, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 4 June, 1997.

21. Madeline Greenleaf Jaynes, interview by the author, New York, NY, 15 December, 2000.

22. Lisa Greenleaf, telephone interview by the author, 12 October, 2003.

23. Newcomb Greenleaf, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 4 June, 1997.

24. Ibid.

25. Newcomb Greenleaf, Reflections on Leadership, 315.

26. Ibid.

27. Lisa Greenleaf, interview by the author, New Haven, Connecticut, 16 December, 2000.

28. Parker Palmer, “Foreword,” Seeker and Servant, xi.

29. Lisa Greenleaf, interview by the author, New Haven, Connecticut, 16 December, 2000.

30. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0443S.

CHAPTER 16

1. This talk, titled “A Concept of Vitality,” was the first of three speeches RKG wrote for AT&T President Kappel which comprise the series Vitality in a Business Enterprise delivered in April, 1960 at the McKinsey Foundation Lectures at the Graduate School of Business, Columbia University. AT&T. These were compiled into a book with Kappel listed as the author. See: Frederick Kappel, Vitality in a Business Enterprise (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960).

2. RKG, “Open Discussion,” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0443S.

3. Ibid.

4. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0446S.

5. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0443S.

6. See Peggy Noonan, What I Saw at the Revolution: A Political Life in the Reagan Era (New York: Random House, 1990).

7. A good example of Greenleaf’s consistent promotion of human growth can be seen in a 1957 document he prepared for the exclusive use of Bell System employees titled Present Implications of A Forward Look at Management Development. In it, he linked managers’ growth as persons (intellectual curiosity, new learning, heightened awareness, risk-taking, balance of family and other responsibilities) to performance in their jobs, all in an age of accelerating change. Greenleaf described the developmental growth challenges of different adult lifecycles then offered fifteen concrete suggestions on how the company could support sustained growth. AT&T, Collection 127 05 02, Location 79.

8. Most of the structural elements in Greenleaf’s ghostwritten speeches are found in the second lecture he penned for President Kappel in the series Vitality in a Business Enterprise. The title of that lecture was “Goals That Build the Future,” and was delivered on April 28, 1960. AT&T.

9. Cleo F. Craig “Big Business and the Community.” This speech was ghostwritten by Robert Greenleaf for AT&T President Craig and delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Life Insurance Association of America, New York, 8 December, 1954. It was reproduced in a Bell System pamphlet titled Big Business and the Community, 1954. AT&T, Corporate Collection, Location 127 04 01.

10. RKG, ghostwriter for Frederick R. Kappel, Lecture III, “The Spark of Individuality,” delivered May 12, 1960 found in the book Vitality in a Business Enterprise. AT&T.

11. Ibid.

12. Kappel, op cit., Lecture II. “Goals that Build the Future.”

13. Kappel, op cit., Lecture I. “A Concept of Vitality.”

14. The entire manuscript of The Ethic of Strength was first published as Part One of On Becoming a Servant Leader, 13–99.

15. Ibid., 13.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid., 27.

18. Ibid., 33.

19. Ibid., 81.

20. Ibid., 99.

21. “Education and Maturity” was first presented as a talk before the faculty and students of Barnard College at their Fifth Biennial Vocational Conference, 30 November, 1960. It was most recently published as a chapter in: RKG, The Power of Servant Leadership, Larry C. Spears, ed. (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 1998), 61–76.

22. RKG, The Power of Servant Leadership, 62.

23. Ibid., 62.

24. Ibid., 64.

25. Ibid., 65.

26. Ibid., 75.

27. Greenleaf’s 1963 manuscript was titled: Robert Frost’s Directive and the Spiritual Journey. It has been out of print for many years, but was included as the chapter “An Inward Journey” in the book Servant Leadership, pp. 315–328.

28. RKG, The Power of Servant Leadership, 318.

29. Ibid., 327.

30. RKG correspondence to “B,” 22 May, 1962, FTL, Box 2.

31. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0550S.

32. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0470S.

33. Warren Bennis, interview by Larry C. Spears, 2003, RKGC.

34. Peter Vaill, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 9 June,1997.

35. RKG, 28 January, 1974 correspondence with the editor of Business Week in response to an article which the magazine had recently published entitled “Why Scientists take Psychic Research Seriously.” FTL, Box 2.

36. All quotes are from correspondence from RKG to George Baker, Dean of Harvard Business School. No date is given in the letter, but it was written in the late spring or early summer following the 1962–63 academic year. FTL, Box 2.

37. Ibid.

38. RKG, Distefano interview, RKGC.

39. RKG, “Notes on Visits to Schools of Administration and a Concluding Observation,” 1963, RKGC Archives, Joseph Distefano Collection.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid.

42. Joseph J. Distefano completed his M.B.A. from Harvard and an M.A. and Ph.D. in social psychology from Cornell. He went on to a distinguished career as an international business and management expert. See his biographical sketch in the pamphlet Tracing the Vision and Impact of Robert K. Greenleaf (Robert K. Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, 1988).

43. Joseph J. Distefano, Tracing the Vision and Impact of Robert K. Greenleaf, 26.

44. See Chapter 17 of this book for the story of Greenleaf’s contribution to the Staff College at Hyderbad.

45. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 241.

46. RKG, “Autobiography: Narrative of Life and Work After Age 60,” FTL, Box 1.

47. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0550S. RKGC.

48. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0436S. RKGC.

49. Douglas Williams correspondence, 16 November, 1992, RKGC.

50. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription not numbered.

51. RKG, “Autobiography: Narrative of Life and Work After Age 60.” FTL, Box 1.

52. William Sharwell, telephone interview by the author, 29 July, 1999.

53. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription not numbered.

54. Newcomb Greenleaf, interview by the author, 6 June, 2003.

LEADER SECTION NOTES
CHAPTER 17

1. RKG, “Autobiography: Narrative of Life and Work After Age 60.” FTL, Box 1.

2. Ibid.

3. Besides Greenleaf, original incorporators included James Luther Adams, Joseph F. Fletcher, Charles P Price, J. Leslie Rollins, and John E. Soleau.

4. Center for Applied Ethics, Inc. “Agreement of Association,” The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Executed 10 September, 1964. RKGC Archives.

5. The “Covering Note” is found in the first book of minutes for the Center for Applied Ethics, Inc. No date is given but the preface indicates the proposal was provided by the Provisional Committee for a Center for Applied Ethics, which suggests it is the product of the Greenleaf’s preliminary proposal he developed with Dr. Joseph Fletcher during the period 1962–63. RKGC Archives.

6. Ibid.

7. Dr. Vernon Alden, telephone interview by the author, 22 August, 2002.

8. Ibid.

9. Vernon R. Alden, Speaking for Myself: The Personal Reflections of Vernon R. Alden (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1997), 5.

10. Ibid., 4.

11. Comments from participants in the Ohio Fellows Reunion were made to the author in Athens Ohio, 23 November, 2002.

12. RKG, “The Next Three Years.” A parenthetical note by Greenleaf says, “Written in the summer of 1967 from notes used in a talk to freshmen of Ohio University who had applied for appointment as Ohio Fellows, Athens, Ohio, April 1967.” FTL, Box 9.

13. Ibid. In 1968 the Center for Applied Studies (the name of the organization had been changed in January, 1968) published this talk under the title, “Have You a Dream Deferred” and sent it to eleven-hundred college presidents. They received fifty-five replies. The Greenleaf Center eventually published the essay and it is included in: RKG, The Power of Servant Leadership, Larry C. Spears, ed. (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 1998), 93–110.

14. Dr. Vernon Alden, telephone interview by the author, 22 August, 2002.

15. Ken Blanchard, “Foreword,” Focus on Leadership, Larry C. Spears, ed., (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002), ix.

16. Kenneth Blanchard, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 5 June, 2003.

17. Kenneth Blanchard, Focus on Leadership, x.

18. Kenneth Blanchard, interview by the author, 5 June, 2003.

19. Joseph Fletcher, Situational Ethics: The New Morality (Philadelphia: Westminster Press. 1966), 17.

20. Ibid.

21. Kenneth Blanchard, interview by the author, 5 June, 2003.

22. Kenneth Blanchard, Focus on Leadership, xii.

23. Dr. Vernon Alden, telephone interview with the author, 22 August, 2002.

24. RKG, “My Work in India,” 1983, FTL, Box 1.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

29. For a full description of current consulting activities, see the Administrative Staff College of India’s website. “Consultancy Activity,” <http://www.asci.org.in/cor_com/consultancy.html> (20 August, 2003).

30. RKG correspondence to Sr. Joel Read, 1981, FTL, Box 3.

31. RKG, “My Work in India,” FTL, Box 1.

32. Ibid.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid.

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid.

38. Douglas Williams, correspondence to Anne Fraker, 16 November, 1992 RKGC.

39. Madeline Greenleaf Jaynes, interview by the author, New York, NY, 15 December, 2000.

40. James McSwiney, telephone interview by the author, 5 February, 2004.

41. William H. A. Carr, Up Another Notch: Institution Building at Mead (Dayton, Ohio, The Mead Corporation, 1989), 40.

42. Carr, op. cit., 73.

43. Ibid., 57.

44. Ibid.

45. Robert K. Greenleaf, Teacher as Servant: A Parable (Indianapolis: Robert K. Greenleaf Center, 1987), 35.

46. James McSwiney, telephone interview by the author, 5 February, 2004.

47. John W. Nason correspondence to Robert K. Greenleaf, July 15, 1966. FTL, Box 2.

48. RKG, Servant Leadership, 250.

49. Carleton College News Bureau, news release (no headline) dated 28 May, 1969, CCA, M-8.

50. Call Report, 12 June, 1985. CCA, M-9.

51. Memo from Wallace Remington, Class Agent ‘26, 1986, CCA, M-9.

52. See the text of all five talks from the “Leadership and the Individual” lecture series in: RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 285–339.

53. Ibid., 327.

54. Ibid., 328.

55. John W. Garner, “The Antileadership Vaccine,” Annual Report of the Carnegie Corporation of New York (New York: Carnegie Corporation, 1965), 3–12.

56. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 330.

57. Ibid., 332.

58. Ibid., 302.

59. Ibid., 303.

60. Ibid., 303–305.

61. Ibid., 306.

62. Ibid., 306.

63. Ibid., 308.

64. Ibid., 310.

65. Ibid., 338.

66. Bernard M. Bass, Bass & Stogdill’s Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications, 3^rd ed. (New York: The Free Press, 1990), 6.

67. RKG, “Open Discussion” Interviews, RKGC.

CHAPTER 18

1. RKG, Servant: Leader & Follower. (New York: Paulist Press, 1978), 3–4.

2. RKG, “President’s Report,” Center For Applied Studies, Inc. 29 November, 1968. RKGC.

3. RKG, “Proposed Resolution to be considered at the March 31, 1967 meeting of the Trustees of The Center for Applied Ethics,” RKGC.

4. The Center’s 1969 financial report, for example, lists seven students who received stipends for summer study. In this case, these were radical Cornell students who met with Greenleaf and others to talk about current tensions and how universities could be better structured to serve students. The students produced their own report on the matter.

5. RKG. Distefano interview, RKGC.

6. Ibid.

7. RKG. Distefano interview, RKGC.

8. Ibid.

9. Quote is from the original 1970 version of The Servant as Leader which has been reprinted in: RKG, The Servant-Leader Within: A Transformative Path, Hamilton Beazley and Julie Beggs and Larry C. Spears, eds. (New Jersey: Paulist Press, 2003), 33.

10. Ibid., 34.

11. Ibid., 34–35.

12. Ibid., 35.

13. Ibid., 40.

14. Ibid., 41.

15. Ibid., 43. In 1972 Greenleaf removed the language about pyramidal structures from The Servant as Leader but included it in The Institution as Servant.

16. Ibid., 50–52.

17. Ibid., 44.

18. Ibid., 69.

19. Ibid.

20. RKG, “President’s Report,” Center For Applied Studies, Inc. March 23, 1970,” RKGC.

21. RKG, Distefano interview, RKGC.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

24. Robert Wood Lynn, telephone interview by the author, 30 August, 1999.

25. Robert Wood Lynn, correspondence to Anne Fraker, 27 November, 1995, RKGC.

26. Kenneth Blanchard, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 5 June, 2003.

27. Bill Bottum, correspondence with the author, April, 2003.

28. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0427S.

29. Ibid.

30. Ashley Cheshire, Partnership of the Spirit: The Story of Jack Lowe and TDIn-dustries. (Dallas: Taylor Publishing Company, 1987), 127.

31. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0443S.

32. RKG, Servant Leadership, 13–14.

33. Ibid., 8.

34. RKG, correspondence to Norm Shawchuck, July, 1982. FTL, Box 4.

35. RKG. Distefano interview, RKGC.

36. Ibid.

37. RKG, Robert Frost’s Directive and the Spiritual Journey (The Nimrod Press, Boston, 1963), 5.

38. Douglas Williams, correspondence to Anne Fraker, 16 November, 1992. RKGC.

39. James E. Perdue, 6 April, 1977 correspondence with Hugh Lally, Paulist Press. Used by permission of James E. Perdue.

40. RKG, “Open Discussion” Interviews, RKGC.

41. RKG, Servant Leadership, 49.

42. Ibid., 53–65.

43. Ibid., 63.

44. Ibid., 67.

45. Ibid., 84–85.

46. RKG, Distefano interview RKGC.

47. One prominent effort to implement primus inter pares can be seen in the Housing Facilities Department at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Their organizational chart—which reflects actual rather than theoretical functions— looks like a kaleidoscope, with lines joining interconnecting circles. In the 1990s the author once sat in on a meeting with a group of middle managers who worked for a multinational corporation and noticed it was being run by a primus inter pares model; decisions were made by consensus. When he asked the designated leader where she learned the technique, she said, “I’m a floor chief at my manufacturing plant. Unless it’s an emergency, I can’t just order people around. I’d be fired. We all participate in reaching consensus on important decisions.” I then asked, “Where did you learn how to do that?” She shrugged. “Oh, some Quakers came down and taught us.”

48. RKG, Servant Leadership, 94.

49. Ibid., 100.

50. Ibid., 103–104.

51. For thoughtful reflections and stories about how Greenleaf’s view of trusteeship can be realized in organizations, see Richard Broholm and Douglas Johnson, A Balcony Perspective: Clarifying the Trustee Role. (Indianapolis: The Robert K. Greenleaf Center, 1993).

52. RKG, Servant Leadership, 116.

53. Macolm Warford, interview by the author, Lexington, Kentucky, 9 September, 1999.

54. RKG, interview by Ann McGee-Cooper. RKGC.

55. Ibid.

56. Ibid.

57. Parker Palmer, interview by the author, Madison, Wisconsin, 17 August, 1998.

58. Parker Palmer, presentation at 2002 International Conference for Servant Leadership in Indianapolis, Indiana, June, 2002.

59. Ibid.

60. RKG, interview by Ann McGee-Cooper, RKGC.

61. Ibid.

62. Teacher As Servant has recently been made available in its entirety in The Servant-Leader Within: A Transformative Path.

63. Correspondence from John Goldberg to RKG, undated c. 1975, FTL, Used by permission.

64. RKG, correspondence to Jaxon and Arlene Tuck, 28 January, 1982, FTL, Box 4.

65. RKG “My Work in India,” FTL, Box 1.

66. Ibid.

67. Ibid.

68. RKG, correspondence to Loren Mead, 2 August, 1982. FTL, Box 4.

69. Ibid.

70. See the Center for Creative leadership website: <http://www.ccl.org/ca-pabilities/history.htm> (15 August, 2003).

71. Joann Lynch, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 21 June, 1999.

72. Ibid. “Bob was very quiet, very unassuming, down to earth, just a good guy. He was very deep, a good honest value, but he didn’t flash it around. In many ways I think that’s a common observation that I, and others, had of Mr. Eli.”

73. RKG, Servant Leadership, 214.

74. “Prudence and Creativity” is reprinted in the book Servant Leadership, 210–217.

75. RKG, Servant Leadership, 212.

76. Jim Morris, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 28 June, 1999.

CHAPTER 19

1. RKG, The Power of Servant Leadership, 163.

2. Macolm Warford, interview by the author, Lexington, Kentucky, 9 September, 1999.

3. Susan Wisely, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 21 June, 1999.

4. RKG, correspondence to Bob Lynn, 9 March, 1982. FTL, Box 4.

5. Correspondence from the Rt. Rev. David E. Richards to RKG, 26 December, 1978. Used by permission.

6. RKG, “Open Discussion,” FTL.

7. Definitions excerpted from Merriam Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition. (Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1993).

8. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader, 324.

9. For the full text of “Note on the Need for a Theology of Institutions” see Seeker and Servant, Reflections on Religious Leadership, 191–198.

10. Ibid., 191.

11. Ibid., 192.

12. Correspondence from The Rt. Rev. C. Charles Vache to RKG, 23 January, 1980. Used by permission.

13. Dick Broholm, former Director of the Center for Applied Ethics, has headed up an multi-year effort to develop a theology of institutions. You can download working papers and reports from: <www.seeingthingswhole.org>

14. RKG, The Servant as Religious Leader, 11.

15. Ibid., 15.

16. Ibid., 42.

17. RKG, correspondence to Jan Erteszek, 21 January, 1981, FTL, Box 3.

18. For a more complete description of Greenleaf’s logic model of how seminaries have the potential for affecting societal change, see Professor Joseph Diste-fano’s Tracing the Vision and Impact of Robert K. Greenleaf, available from the Greenleaf Center in Indianapolis.

19. Bob Lynn, telephone interview with the author, 20 August, 1999.

20. Macolm Warford, interview by the author, Lexington, Kentucky, 9 September, 1999.

21. Susan Wisely, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 21 June, 1999.

22. Reflections on Leadership, 271.

23. Bill Bottum, interview by the author, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 21 July, 1999.

24. For a full account of the details of T&B’s transformation into a trusteed corporation, see: Carl Rieser, The Trusteed Corporation: A Case Study of the Townsend & Bottum Family of Companies. (Indianapolis: The Greenleaf Center, 1987).

25. Bill Bottum, interview by the author, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 21 July, 1999.

26. RKG, “Open Discussion” interviews, RKGC, transcription 0443S.

27. Sister Joel Read, telephone interview by the author, 13 November, 1997.

28. Life’s Choices and Markers is available from The Robert K. Greenleaf Center in Indianapolis.

29. Bennett Sims, telephone interview by the author, 2 August, 1999.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. See Bennett J. Sims, Servanthood: Leadership for the Third Millennium (Boston: Cowley Publications, 1997).

33. Bennett Sims, telephone interview by the author, 2 August, 1999.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid.

36. Newcomb Greenleaf, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 4 June, 1997.

CHAPTER 20

1. RKG, On Becoming a Servant Leader. 272.

2. Ibid., 275.

3. Ibid., 275, 276–280.

4. RKG, undated memo, FTL, Box 1.

5. Ibid.

6. Bob Lynn, telephone interview by the author, 30 August, 1999.

7. Ibid.

8. “Greenleaf Center Timeline: 1964–2002,” compiled by Larry C. Spears. 26 October, 2002, RKGC.

9. May 20, 1986 report to Greenleaf Center Board, RKGC.

10. Diane Cory, interview by the author, Indianapolis, Indiana, 8 June, 2003.

11. James McSwiney, telephone interview by the author, 5 February, 2004.

12. “Greenleaf Center Timeline: 1964–2002,” compiled by Larry C. Spears. 26 October, 2002, RKGC.

13. RKG, interview by Ann McGee-Cooper. RKGC.

14. Jim Tatum, telephone interview by the author, 1 August, 1999.

15. Ibid.

16. RKG, “Autobiography of an Idea,” FTL, Box 1.

17. RKG. Distefano interview, RKGC.

18. Ibid.

19. Parker Palmer, interview by the author, Madison, Wisconsin, 17 August, 1998.

20. Madeline Greenleaf Jaynes, interview by the author, New York, NY, 15 December, 2000.

21. RKG, “Old Age; The Ultimate Test of Spirit—An Essay on Preparation” in The Power of Servant Leadership, 268–269.

22. Ibid., 264.

23. Lisa Greenleaf, telephone interview with the author, 3 August, 2003.

24. “Esther Hargrave Greenleaf: Artist, 84,” New York Times, 23 February, 1989. Esther’s obituary describes her as a painter, printmaker and ceramicist. “Mrs. Greenleaf taught art history at Cooper Union and the University of Minnesota, her alma mater. She exhibited in the Dartmouth College Gallery and the Cambridge Art Association’s Symphony Hall Show in Massachusetts.” Esther was survived by Bob, her three children, a brother, sister, and seven grandchildren.

25. Descriptions of the last days of Bob and Esther are compiled from in-person and telephone interviews by the author with all three children.

26. The Servant Leader, (newsletter of the Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership in Indianapolis) Winter 1990–91. RKGC.

27. Jan Arnett, interview with author, 8 December, 1997. Parts of the description of the memorial are also taken from Ms. Arnett’s guest column in the Terre Haute Journal of Business, 2 June, 1997.

28. Descriptions of graveside service are taken from author’s interviews with Jan Arnett, Larry Spears, Newcomb Greenleaf and Mac Warford.

APPENDIX I NOTES
ASERVANT LEADERSHIP PRIMER

1. RKG, The Servant as Leader (Indianapolis: Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, 1970, 1991), 8.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid., 9.

4. Ibid., 8.

5. Ibid., 18.

6. Ibid., 17.

7. Ibid., 7.

8. Ibid.

9. RKG, On Becoming a Servant-Leader, (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996), 70.

10. RKG. The Servant as Leader, 10.

11. RKG, On Becoming a Servant-Leader, 95.

12. Ibid., 129.

13. Ibid., 14.

14. RKG, On Becoming a Servant-Leader, 141–143.

15. RKG. The Servant as Leader, 16.

16. RKG, On Becoming a Servant-Leader, 317.

17. RKG. The Servant as Leader, 11.

18. Ibid., 12.

19. Ibid., 12–13.

20. Ibid., 13–14.

21. RKG, On Becoming a Servant-Leader, 217.

22. Ibid.

23. RKG, The Servant as Leader, 29.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid., 34–35.

27. Ibid., 4.

28. RKG, The Institution As Servant (Indianapolis: Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, 1972, 1976), 1.

29. Ibid., 6.

30. Ibid., 6–8.

31. Ibid., 12.

32. Ibid., 34.

33. RKG, Trustees as Servants (Indianapolis: Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership, 1974, 1991), 37.