Chapter 7
1. Jean Dreze and Amartya Sen, India: Economic Development and Social Opportunity (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995).
2. Even before Independence, the National Planning Committee of the Indian National Congress, headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, declared that its social objective should be ‘to ensure an adequate standard of living for the masses, in other words, to get rid of the appalling poverty of the people’ (S. Mahendra Dev and Ajit Ranade, ‘Poverty and Public Policy—A Mixed Record’. In Kirit S. Parikh (Ed.), India Development Report 1997 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 61.
3. V. M. Dandekar and Nilakanta Rath, Poverty in India (Lonavala: Indian School of Political Economy, 1971).
4. Mahendra Dev and Ajit Ranade, op. cit, p. 61.
5. Ibid. pp. 61–62.
6. Ashwani Saith, ‘Poverty Lines versus the Poor: Method versus Meaning’. Economic and Political Weekly, XL (43) (2005): p. 4603.
7. Pranab Sen, ‘Of Calories and Things: Reflections on Nutritional Norms, Poverty Lines and Consumption Behaviour in India’. Economic and Political Weekly. XL (43) (2005): p. 4614.
8. Ashwani Saith, op. cit., pp. 4604–4605.
9. Mahendra Dev and Ajit Ranade, op. cit., p. 62.
10. Abhijit Sen, ‘Economic Reforms, Employment and Poverty’. Economic and Political Weekly, XXXI (35, 36 and 37) (1996): pp. 2459–2477.
11. G. H. Peiris, ‘Poverty, Development and Inter-group Conflict in South Asia: Covariance and Causal Connection’. Ethnic Studies Report, XVIII (1) (2000): p. 2.
12. Still, the ‘head count ratio’ can indicate the severity of poverty when, for instance, it is used to compare HCRs based on poverty lines for the ‘poor’ and ‘ultra poor’ (Mahendra Dev and Ajit Ranade, op. cit., p. 62).
13. Ibid. p. 62.
14. G. H. Peiris, op. cit., p. 5.
15. Raja J. Chellaiah and R. Sudarshan, eds. Income Poverty and Beyond: Human Development in India (New Delhi: Social Science Press, 1999), p. xiv.
16. Mahendra Dev and Ajit Ranade, op. cit., p. 61.
17. V. M. Rao, Poverty Alleviation in India: Programmes and Action (New Delhi: Ashis Publishing House, 1989), p. 25.
18. K. R. Sudhaman, ‘Rozgar Yojana: Widening Horizon’. Yojana, 15 July, 38 (12) (1994).
19. Raja J. Chellaiah and R. Sudarshan, op. cit., p. 129.
20. Abhijit Sen, op. cit., p. 2459.
21. Abhijit Sen, op. cit., p. 2467.
22. Gaurav Datt, ‘Has Poverty Declined Since the Economic Reforms?’ Economic and Political Weekly, 11–17 December, XXXIV (50) (1999): pp. 3516–3518.
23. Ibid., pp. 3517–3518.
24. Pranab Sen, ‘Of Calories and Things: Reflections on Nutritional Norms, Poverty Lines and Consumption Behaviour in India’. Economic and Political Weekly, XL (43) (2005): pp. 4612, 4615–4617.
25. Gaurav Datt, op. cit., p. 3518.
26. Deepak Lal, Rakesh Mohan and I. Natarajan, ‘Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation: A Tale of Two Surveys’. Economic and Political Weekly, 24 March, XXXVI (12) (2001): pp. 1017–1028.
27. Richard Palmer-Jones and Kunal Sen, ‘On India's Poverty Puzzles and Statistics of Poverty’. Economic and Political Weekly, January 20, XXXVI (3) (2001): pp. 211–217.
28. Ibid.
29. G. H. Peiris, op. cit., p. 14.
30. Figures for 1999–2000 have not been shown on the chart as they are not comparable with figures for the earlier years.
31. Atul Kohli, The State of Poverty in India (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 162.
32. Angus Deaton, ‘Adjusted Indian Poverty Estimates for 1999/00’. In Angus Deaton and Valerie Kozel, eds. The Great Indian Poverty Debate (Delhi: Macmillan, 2005).
33. Raja J. Chellaiah and R. Sudarshan, op. cit., p. 134.
34. Raja J. Chellaiah and R. Sudarshan, op. cit., p. 139.
35. Planning Commission, National Human Development Report 2001 (New Delhi: Government of India, 2002) cited in R. Radhakrishna and K. Hanumantha Rao, ‘Poverty, Unemployment and Public Intervention’. In Council for Social Development. India Social Development Report. (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2006).
36. R. Radhakrishna and K. Hanumantha Rao, 2006, op. cit., pp. 6–7.
37. Ibid. p. 7.
38. Department of Food and Public Distribution, Government of India, 2006. High level committee report on long term grain policy. Summary and recommendations, p. 1.
39. Ibid.
40. Government of India. Planning Commission. Tenth Five-Year Plan, 2002–2007, p. 373.
41. Ibid., p. 365.
42. Ibid., p. 366.
43. Ibid., p 366.
44. Ibid., p. 367.
45. Ibid., p. 373.
46. Ibid., p. 374.
47. Ibid., p. 373.
48. Department of Food and Public Distribution, Government of India. 2006. Summary and recommendations of the committee on long term grain policy, p. 1.
49. Government of India, Planning Commission. Tenth Five Year Plan, 2002–2007, op. cit., pp. 374–375.
50. Ibid., pp. 374–375.
51. Ibid., pp. 372, 374.
52. Ibid., p. 368.
53. Ibid., p. 369.
54. Ibid., p. 367.
55. Ibid., p. 378.
56. Ibid., pp. 369–370.
57. Ranjan Ray and Geoffrey Lancaster, ‘On Setting the Poverty Line Based on Estimated Nutrient Prices’. Economic and Political Weekly, XL (1) (2005): pp. 46–56.
58. Ibid., pp. 44–45.
59. Ibid., pp. 44–46.
60. Rob Jenkins and Anne Marie Goetz, ‘Accounts and Accountability: Theoretical Implications of the Right-to-Information Movement in India’. Third World Quarterly. 20 (3) (1999): 603–622. p. 2. Reproduced in http://www.employees.org/~krishnap/kmss/SECTION%20A%20(ARTICLES)/ART_6%2.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., p. 4.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid., p. 5.
65. MKSS and People's Right to Information. n.d. ‘Towards a just and equal society’. National Campaign for the People's Right to Information.
66. Right to Information Act. Chapter II—Right to information and obligations of public authorities. Section 4. http://persmin.nic.in/RTI/Chapter1-RTI.htm.
67. Chapter II, Right to Information Act. http://persmin.nic.in/RTI/Chapter1-RTI.htm. Section 5.
68. Chapter II, Right to Information Act. http://persmin.nic.in/RTI/Chapter1-RTI.htm. Section 7 (1).
69. Chapter II, Right to Information Act. http://persmin.nic.in/RTI/Chapter1-RTI.htm, Section 8.
70. Chapter III, Right to Information Act. http://persmin.nic.in/RTI/Chapter1-RTI.htm, Sections 12 and 13, and Chapter IV, Sections 15 and 16, and Chapter V, Sections 18, 19 and 20.
71. Aruna Roy and Nikhil Dey. 2006. Taking the life out of the right to information. The Hindu. 24 July.
72. Arun Jaitley. 2006. Right to information: First principles and sound practice. The Hindu. 24 August, p. 10.
73. The Hindu, ‘Government in a bind over RTI Act’. 21 August 2006.
74. Arun Jaitley, op. cit.
75. Vidya Subramaniam, ‘Don't mess with the RTI ACT: Aruna Roy’. The Hindu, 22 August 2006.
76. The Hindu, ‘Centre backtracks on RTI Act’. 20 August, 2006.
77. Vidya Subramaniam, ‘Don't mess with the RTI ACT: Aruna Roy’. The Hindu, 22 August 2006.
78. Vidya Subramaniam, ‘The Empire strikes back’. The Hindu, 25 August 2006.
79. Vidya Subramaniam, ‘Secrecy is dead, long live secrecy’. The Hindu, 30 August 2006.
80. Vidya Subramaniam, ‘Secrecy is dead, long live secrecy’. The Hindu, 30 August 2006.
81. The Hindu, ‘Centre backtracks on Information Act’, 20 August 2006.
82. Arun Jaitley, op. cit.
83. Ibid.
84. The Gazette of India Extraordinary, Part II, Section II. New Delhi, Wednesday, 7 September 2005/Bhadra 16, 1927. Chapter II—Guarantee of Employment in Rural Areas, Section 3.
85. Ibid. Chapter III—Employment Guarantee Schemes and Unemployment Allowances, Section 4.
86. Ibid and Chapter I—Preliminary, Section 1.
87. Ibid. Chapter III—Employment Guarantee Schemes and Unemployment Allowance, Section 6.
88. Ibid. Chapter V—Establishment of National and State Employment Guarantee Funds and Audit, Section 20.
89. Ibid. Schedule II—Conditions for Guaranteed Rural Employment Under a Scheme and Minimum Entitlements of Labourers, Sections 24, 26, 27 and 33.
90. Ibid. Schedule II, Section 25.
91. Ibid. Chapter IV—Implementing and Monitoring Authorities, Sections 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19.
92. Ibid. Schedule I—Minimum Features of a Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, Section 16.
93. Mihir Shah, ‘National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005: A Historic Opportunity’. Economic and Political Weekly (11 December 2004): p. 7. http://www.epw.org.in
94. Ibid., p. 7.
95. Mihir Shah, ‘Delivering on the employment guarantee’. The Hindu, 4 May 2006.
96. The Gazette of India Extraordinary, Part II, Section II. New Delhi, Wednesday, 7 September 2005/Bhadra 16, 1927. Schedule I—Minimum Features of a Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme, Section 8.
97. Mihir Shah. op. cit.
98. Bela Bhatia and Jean Dreze, ‘Employment Guarantee in Jharkhand: Ground Realities’. Economic and Political Weekly. XLI (29) (2006): pp. 3200, 3202.
99. Jean Dreze, ‘National employment guarantee inaction’. The Hindu, 13 September 2006.
100. D. Bandyopadhyay, ‘A betrayal of worker's cause’. The Sunday Statesman, New Delhi, 7 October 2007.
101. PRIA. Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Implementation of NREGA. National Study: Phase II (New Delhi: PRIA, 2007), Annexure 1, table 5, p. 30.
102. PRIA. Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Implementation of NREGA. National Study: Phase II (New Delhi: PRIA, 2007) Annexure 1, table 2, p. 27.
103. PRIA. Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions in Implementation of NREGA. National Study: Phase II. New Delhi: PRIA, 2007), Annexure 1, tables 7 and 8, pp. 32–33.
104. Jean Dreze, ‘NREGA: Dismantling the contractor raj’. The Hindu, 20 November 2007.
105. Jean Dreze, ‘NREGA: Dismantling the contractor raj’ The Hindu, 20 November 2007.
106. Nirmala Lakshman, ‘The hundred days basket’. The Hindu, 14 August 2007.