Chapter 6
1. Jean Dreze and Amartya Sen, India: Economic Development and Social Opportunities (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999); Jean Dreze and Amartya Sen, Indian Development: Selected Regional Perspectives (Helsinki: WIDER, 1996).
2. Tapas Majumdar, ‘Education: Uneven Progress, Difficult Choices. In Hiranmay Karlekar, ed. Independent India: The First Fifty Years. (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 305.
3. Ibid. p. 306.
4. Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, The Constitution Seventy-Third Amendment Act 1992 on the Panchayats, p. 5.
5. Rajiv Balakrishnan, ‘Adult Education in India—Policy and Perspectives’. Social Change, 32 (3 and 4) (2002): pp. 181-194.
6. Asia Pacific Programme of Education for All, Challenges of Education for All in Asia and the Pacific and the APPEAL Response (Bangkok: UNESCO Principal Office for Asia and the Pacific, 1997), pp. 2–5.
7. S. Y. Shah, An Encyclopedia of Indian Adult Education (New Delhi: Adult Literacy Mission, 1999), pp. 6, 8.
8. Ibid. pp. 8–12.
9. Ibid. pp. 12–14.
10. Ibid. p. 15.
11. Ibid. pp. 12, 14.
12. Ibid. pp. 16–17, 19, 20–21.
13. Ibid. pp. 22–26.
14. Ibid. pp. 27–28.
15. C. J. Daswani, ‘Changing Concepts and Shifting Goals: Post Literacy and Continuing Education in India’. In Education for All: Spotlight on Adult Education (New Delhi: National Instiute of Adult Education, n.d.), pp. 36–37.
16. Anita Dighe, ‘Social Mobilisation and Total Literacy Campaigns’. In Education for All: Spotlight on Adult Education. (New Delhi: National Institute of Adult Education, n.d.), pp. 11–12.
17. C. J. Daswani. op. cit. p. 41.
18. Anita Dighe. op. cit. pp. 2–14.
19. C. J. Daswani. op. cit. p. 43
20. Ibid. p. 45.
21. Ibid. p. 46.
22. Ibid. pp. 46–47.
23. National Literacy Mission, A People's Movement, p. 23.
24. C. J. Daswani. op. cit. pp. 47-48.
25. Ibid. p. 48.
26. National Literacy Mission, A People's Movement (Delhi: Directorate of Adult Education, 2000), p. 3.
27. Nitya Rao, ‘Total Literacy Campaigns: A Field Report’. Economic & Political Weekly, XXVIII (19) (1993): p. 917.
28. M. Shatrugna, ‘Literacy as Liberation: The Nellore Experience’. In S. Shukla and R. Kaul, eds. Education, Development and Underdevelopment (Sage: New Delhi, 1998), pp. 250–251.
29. Anita Dighe, op. cit. p. 22.
30. M. Shatrugna, op. cit. pp. 251–252.
31. Ibid. pp. 252–258.
32. Anita Dighe, op. cit. p. 22.
33. Urban Literacy Project, Towards Urban Literacy Strategies, p. 1.
34. Ibid. pp. 5–7, 17–19.
35. Denzil Saldana, ‘Literacy Campaigns in Maharashtra and Goa: Issues, Trends and Direction’. Economic & Political Weekly. XXX (20) (1995): pp. 1182, 1191.
36. Anita Dighe, op. cit., pp. 16–17, 23–24.
37. Denzil Saldana, op. cit., pp. 1181, 1185.
38. Ibid. p. 1191.
39. V. Athreya and S. Chunkath, Literacy and Empowerment. Cited in Anita Dighe. n.d. Social mobilisation and total literacy campaigns. In Education for All: Spotlight on Adult Education (New Delhi: National Institute of Adult Education, 1996), p. 19.
40. Nitya Rao, op. cit., p. 916.
41. Bhaskar Chatterjee and Qutub Khan, Impact of Non–formal Adult Education in the Asia Pacific Region: A Four Country Synthesised Study (Bangkok: UNESCO Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 1997), p. 14.
42. Denzil Saldhana, op. cit., pp. 1189–1190.
43. Anita Dighe, n.d. op. cit., p. 26; Anita Dighe 1998. op. cit. p. 261.
44. Anita Dighe, 1998, op. cit., p. 260.
45. V. Ramachandran, ‘Adult Education: A Tale of Empowerment Denied’. Economic & Political Weekly, XXXIV (15) (1999): p. 879.
46. Nitya Rao, op. cit., p. 915.
47. Anita Dighe, n.d. op. cit., pp. 27–28.
48. Ibid. p. 29.
49. C. J. Daswani, n.d. op. cit., pp. 43–44.
50. V. Ramachandran, op. cit., p. 878.
51. Nitya Rao, op. cit., p. 918.
52. Denzil Saldana, op. cit., p. 1191.
53. Tapas Majumdar, ‘Education: Uneven Progress, Difficult Choices’. In Hiranmay Karlekar, ed, Independent India: The First Fifty Years (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 293–294.
54. The Times of India, 16 May 1999.
55. A. Vaidyanathan and P. R. Gopinath Nair, eds. Elementary Education in India: A Grass-roots View (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2001), p. 26.
56. Ibid. p. 26; Sarthi Acharya, ‘Access to Primary Education: Rural Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh’. In A.Vaidyanathan and P. R. Gopinath Nair, eds. 2001, op. cit. pp. 49-85; A. Vaidyanathan, ‘Socio-economic Characteristics of Villages in North Arcot’. Review of Development and Change (July-December 1996); cited in A.Vaidyanathan and P. R. Gopinath Nair. 2001. Introduction. In A. Vaidyanathan and P. R. Gopinath Nair, eds, op. cit. pp. 49-85.
57. Gerry Rogers, Charles Gore and Jose B. Figueiredo, eds. Social Exclusion: Rhetoric, Reality, Responses. (Geneva: ICO, 1995).
58. Manabi Majumdar, ‘Exclusion in Education: Indian States in Comparative Perspective’. In Harris, White and Subramanian, eds. Illfare in India (New Delhi: Sage, 1999), p. 267.
59. Manabi Majumdar, op. cit., p. 270.
60. A. Vaidyanathan and P. R. Gopinath Nair, op. cit., p. 31.
61. Abusaleh Sharifff and P. K. Ghosh, ‘Indian Education Scene and the Public Gap’. Economic and Political Weekly, XXXV (16) (2000): p. 1396.
62. A. Vaidyanathan and P. R. Gopinath Nair, op. cit., p. 24.
63. Ibid., p. 36.
64. Jean Dreze and Haris Gazdar, ‘Uttar Pradesh: The Burden of Inertia’. In Jean Dreze and Amartya Sen, eds. Indian Development: Selected Regional Perspectives (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 72.
65. Ibid., p. 35.
66. Abusaleh Sharifff and P. K. Ghosh, 2000. op. cit., p. 1403.
67. Ibid., p. 1404.
68. Vaidyanathan and P. R. Gopinath Nair, 2001. Introduction. In A. Vaidyanathan and Gopinath Nair, eds. op. cit., pp. 40–47.