Chapter 9
1. Times of India, 14 July, 1998.
2. Conference of Chief Ministers on Internal Security and Law and Order, 15 April, 2005. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
3. See Ghanshyam Shah, Social Movements in India: Review of Literature (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2004), p. 141.
4. Gail Omvedt, ‘Ambedkar and After: The Dalit Movement in India’. In Ghanshyam Shah, ed. Social Movements and the State, Readings in Indian Government and Politics—4 (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2002), pp. 293–309.
5. Francine Frankel and M. S. A. Rao, eds. Dominance and State Power in Modern India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1990–1991).
6. Government of India, 1988. Report of the Central Team on the Extremist Areas in Bihar, Occasional Paper. New Delhi: Department of Rural Development; Tilak D. Gupta, ‘Caste Complications in Agrarian Conflict’. Economic and Political Weekly, XXVII (18) (1992): pp. 929–930; Amaresh Misra, ‘Land Struggles in Uttar Pradesh’. Economic and Political Weekly, XXVIII (39) (1993): pp. 2059–2065; C. Chandramohan, ‘Political Economy of Agrarian Conflict in India’. Economic and Political Weekly, XXXIII (41) (1998): pp. 2647–2653.
7. Charu Gupta and Mukul Sharma, ‘Communal Construction Media Reality vs Real Reality’. Race and Class, 38 (1) (1996): p. 5.
8. G. H. Peiris, ‘Poverty, Development and Inter-group Conflict in South Asia: Covariance and Causal Connections’. Ethnic Studies Report, XVIII (1) (2000): p. 23.
9. Mushirul Hasan, ‘In Search of Integration and Identity: Indian Muslims since Independence’. Economic and Political Weekly, XXIII (45–47) (1988): pp. 2467–2478.
10. Conference of Chief Ministers on Internal Security & Law and Order, 15 April, 2005. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
11. P. R. Rajagopal, Communal Violence in India (New Delhi: Uppal Publishing House, 1989).
12. National Survey on socio-economic conditions of the Indian Muslims, conducted under the auspicies of the Centre of the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi, for the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. N. C. Saxena, ‘Public Employment and Educational Backwardness among Muslims in India’. Political Science Review, April-September (1983): pp. 130, 132–133.
13. Ibid.
14. Asghar Ali Engineer, ‘An Analytical Study of the Meerut Riot’. In A. A. Engineer, ed. Communal Riots in Post-Independence India (Bombay: Sangam, 1984). Asghar Ali Engineer, ‘Making of the Hyderabad Riot’. Economic and Political Weekly, XXVI (6) (1991): pp. 271274; Asghar Ali Engineer, ‘Sitamarhi on Fire. Economic and Political Weekly, XXVII (46) (1992): pp. 2462–2464; Asghar Ali Engineer, ‘Bastion of Communal Amity Crumbles’. Economic and Political Weekly, XXVIII (7) (1993): pp. 262–264; Asghar Ali Engineer, ‘Aligarh Riots: Unplanned Outburst’. Economic and Political Weekly, (13) (1995): pp. 665–667; Sudhir Chandra, ‘Of Communal Consciousness and Communal Violence: Impressions from Post-Riot Surat’. Economic and Political Weekly, XXVIII (36) (1993): pp. 1883–1887; Shail Mayaram, ‘Communal Violence in Jaipur’. Economic and Political Weekly, XXVIII (46–47) (1993): pp. 2524–2541; Jan Breman, ‘Anti-Muslim Pogrom in Surat’. Economic and Political Weekly, XXVIII (16) (1993): pp. 737–741; Roger Jeffery and Patricia M. Jeffery, ‘The Bijnor Riots, October 1990: Collapse of the Mythical Special Relationship’. Economic and Political Weekly, XXIC (10) (1994): pp. 551–558; Ishita Mukhopadhyaya, ‘Urban Informal Sector and Communal Violence: A Case Study of 1992 Riots in Calcutta’. Economic and Political Weekly, XXIX (35) (1994): pp. 2299–2302.
15. Mushirul Hasan, 1988, op.cit; Asghar Ali Engineer, ‘Communal Violence in Kanpur’. Economic and Political Weekly, XXIX (9) (1994): pp. 473–474.
16. Steven I. Wilkinson, Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Communal Riots in India (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 46.
17. Ibid., pp. 4, 23–25, 47.
18. Ibid., pp. 50–51.
19. Ibid., p. 25.
20. Ibid., p. 26.
21. Ibid., p. 43.
22. Ibid., p. 44.
23. Ibid., 35–36, 43. The electoral variables are salient also when the number of deaths from rioting is taken as the dependent variable (Ibid., pp. 44–46).
24. Paul R. Brass, The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 31.
25. Ibid., pp. 32–33.
26. Ibid., pp. 10–11, 14–15, 20–21.
27. Steven I. Wilkinson, op. cit., pp. 70, 73.
28. Ibid., pp. 76–84, 86–94.
29. Ibid., p. 85.
30. Ibid., pp. 141–142, 144–145.
31. Ibid., pp. 150–151.
32. Ibid., p. 155.
33. Asutosh Varshney, Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and Muslims in India (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002).
34. Ibid., p. 113.
35. Ibid., p. 9.
36. Year Book 2003. New Delhi: Institute of Applied Manpower Research.
37. NRGA Guidelines, Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India.
38. State of States, India Today, 11 September, 2006.
39. G. H. Peiris, 2000, op. cit., p. 19.
40. For the `coincidence’ thesis, acknowledgement is due to Karl W. Deutsch. Nationalism and Social Communication (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1953).
41. Samuel Paul and M. Vivekananda, Holding a Mirror to the New Lok Sabha (Bangalore: Public Affairs Centre, 2005), p. 12.
42. Ram Ahuja, Social Problems in India (Jaipur: Pawar Publications, 1992).
43. VAW as it has been predominantly used in most human rights discourses tends to provide a passive connotation to women rather than as agency of change.
44. Conference of Chief Ministers on Internal Security & Law and Order, 15 April, 2005. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.
45. Ibid.
46. Malvika Karlekar et al., No safe spaces—Report of a workshop on violence against women. New Delhi: CWDS, 1995.
47. S. N. Jha, ‘Dynamic View of Identity Formation: An Agenda for Research’. In Zoya Hasan, S. N. Jha and Rasheeduddin Khan, eds. The State, Political Process and Identity: Reflections on Modern India (New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1989), pp. 225–236.