17

Social Disorganization

1. INTRODUCTION

Society is a web of social relationships. In an organized society, these relationships remain organized. In a disorganized society, these relationships remain disorganized. The process whereby social relations become disorganized is known as social disorganization. Social organizations include institutions, associations, and so on. In the process of disorganization, all these become disorganized. Social disorganization is a process opposed to social organization. It refers to serious maladjustments in society so that they fail to satisfy the needs of the individuals satisfactorily.

Social disorganization is the process by which the relationships between members of a group are broken or dissolved. It occurs when there is a change in the equilibrium of force, a breakdown of the social structure, so that former patterns no longer apply and accepted forms of social control no longer function effectively. Social organization and social disorganization are relative terms.

2. MEANING OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATIONS

According to Emile Durkheim, there is always a state of disequilibrium due to lack of social support within the members of the society. As per the views of Ogburn and Nimkoff, social disorganization starts with disturbance in the cultural practices within the people in the community, which creates disharmony of relationships within people in the community. Social disorganization otherwise means the breakdown in unity, coordination, and cooperation among people in the society. Two important aspects of the society are social organization and disorganization, which determine the total functioning of the society.

According to Elliot and Merrill, social disorganization means that the society’s social equilibrium and social structure do not function normally and effectively. People do not follow rules, and it becomes an utter failure. Basic cohesion and unity among members of the society are endangered and maladjusted as social disorganization creates disturbance in the total cultural elements, which endanger the survival of the entire group. Social organization is not static at all the times; though it has an ideal construct there is always an impact on the constant pattern of culture against the changing aspects. Such changes are found in all sections of the society.

According to the views of Elliot and Merrill, social disorganization has its comprehensive perspective on conscious, unconscious attitudes, clear and unclear ideas on cultural practices that make up complex interpersonal relationships, but social organization explains the way the society has been organized and how the people in the society are related with united ideas and concepts. It also describes the entire social status and roles and responsibilities of each individual in the society. The view of social organization has two perspectives:

1. First, what makes up the social organization as such, and
2. Secondly, at what stage the social organization get into disharmony to create social disorganization

Therefore, in order to solve the issues of social disorganization, it is important to understand the root cause, and sort out the issues and conflicts of human actions as those activities are against goals of social organization. These ideals can be regarding owing a property, maintaining stability in residential areas, successful running of any business enterprise, and maintaining the social discipline. Social problems can give raise to the social disorganization because the social problems, for example, are beggary, poverty, unemployment, famine or drought, dowry, female feticide, suicide, and so on. These problems always threaten social equilibrium, causing social disorganization and destroy the normal functioning of the social organization.

3. NATURE OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATIONS

Usually the nature of the society represents the human nature of interdependence on culture. The nature of the human in the society causing the social disorganization is represented in two ways. These are as follows:

1. Nature of social disorganization in the simpler societies
2. Nature of social disorganization in the complex societies

3.1. In Simpler Societies

It means the minimal behavioural changes shown by the individual in the society leading to social disorganization. It is mainly due to personal disorganization that has genetical influences showing different behaviour from others, and the knowledge about such difference in behaviour is very less in the group, therefore new coordination and policies are framed not only for the individual but also for the society to reduce the stress and strain leading to personal organization in the individual and the society.

3.2. In Complex Society

The main three reasons for social disorganization causing spontaneous variations in the society are as follows:

1. Basic needs of the society should be met to maintain stability in the society.
2. Families that follow specified cultural practices strictly.
3. Practice of specified cultural practices against the social order.

These reasons lead to emergence of different kinds of problems in the individuals and the society leading to social disorganization.

Certain innovative and creative concepts are developed to solve the issues of the social disorganization that has been even accepted by the people in the society whose aspects are related to their culture, in case of mores, innovation are not readily invited has majority with social disapproval since it varies from the organized polices of the society. In a simpler society people try to clear out the unpleasant policies and practices that are no longer clear and constant. If the creative ideas are not meeting the goals of a social organization, then it leads to social disapproval. When positive answers given by a group is not sufficient to explain the variant behaviour among the group, social disorganization happens and cannot be stopped as the newly formed behaviour loses it solidarity among the group and gets inculcated in the social order. Therefore, the leaders in the society take up the roles and responsibilities to bring the social equilibrium in the society, recheck the polices, and frame them so that the personal behaviour of any individual is identified and root cause conflicts are solved and peace and stability are maintain in the society.

4. CAUSES OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION

Social organization is a complex process and attribute it to cause a social disorganization is to commit a fallacy. It is created due to scientific and technological inventions on one hand and clashing interests of economic, social, and political classes on the other. Let us examine the causes one by one.

4.1. Social Change

Social organization is a complex process and attribute it to cause a social disorganization is to commit a fallacy. It is created due to scientific and technological inventions on one hand and clashing interests of economic, social, and political classes on the other. Let us examine the causes one by one.

4.2. Division of Labour

According to Emile Durkheim, extreme division of labour is a cause of social disorganization. Division of labour is generally productive and promotes social solidarity, but when it becomes excessive and complex, solidarity diminishes or disappears and social equilibrium is disturbed. Extreme division of labour gives rise to economic crises of all kinds, class struggle and industrial strife, and leads to demoralization of the individuals, the family, and the community.

4.3. Violation and Social Rule

According to W.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki, when the rules and regulations of society fail to keep individuals under control, social disorganization sets in. In society there are always individuals who violate social rules. This has a disorganizing effect upon social institutions, and unless the violations are checked, they may eventually lead to the death of institutions.

4.4. Cultural Lag

Cultural lag is also a cause of social disorganization. It is the name given to the phenomenon wherein an element of a culture fails to keep up with the others iii the process of change. This creates confusion in the society and social disorganization sets m. Non-physical elements change at a slow rate and their change lags behind the change in the physical elements. Beliefs and thoughts change with great difficulty but not much time is needed for the adaptation of material things.

4.5. Industrialization

Industrialization has led to capitalism, exploitation, and class conflicts. It has also contributed to unemployment, crime, immobility, family disorganization, urbanization, and its evils.

Figure 17.1 Causes of Social Disorganization

4.6. Change in Social Values

Social organization derives its strength from social values. This organization is destroyed when some injury is inflicted upon these values and the process of disorganization sets in. M.A. Elliott and F.E. Merrill have written that without social values neither social organization nor social disorganization would exist. Changes in the social values necessitate new social institutions and associations. These come into conflict with the existing order, institutions and associations. This creates disorder in society. The status and roles of people change in a cotdance with the change in social values.

4.7. War

War is also a cause of social disorganization because it introduces confusion and disorder in society. The community of young men is consumed in a way; young women become widows; and soldiers have to be far away from their families. Besides, war gives a jolt to social values. The expectancy of human life reduces. Murders, arson, and rape increase.

4.8. Crisis

W.I. Thomas writes that crisis is any occurrence which interrupts smoothly running habits by focusing attention upon a conflict situation. It may be of two kinds:

1. Precipitate crisis: A precipitate crisis is one which is so sudden as to deprive people of their senses, such as the death of a great leader, a terrible accident, famine, catastrophe, and so on. These crises change the situations and functions of millions of individuals.
   

   Figure 17.2 Types of Crisis

2. Cumulative crisis: As its name indicates, a cumulative crisis is not manifested instantaneously but takes root gradually and develops as a result of many successive incidents. The rift between the Hindus and the Muslims in undivided India that gradually escalated and the consequent creation of Pakistan is an example of a cumulative crisis.

4.9. Interventions

Industrial revolution was essentially a technological change, but it ushered in a serious modification in social interactions. Modern means of communication and scientific inventions altered the economic and social structure.

4.10. Natural Catastrophes

A maladjustment or conflict between man and his natural environment, especially under circumstances of radical change, such as epidemics, floods, famines, wars, and so on, significantly disrupts the normal functioning not only of certain units of society but also of the entire society.

4.11. Conflict Norms

The norms within society may conflict with changes in patterns of economic or other aspect of life and lead to disorganization. When ethnic and religious groups with differing norms come into contact, there arises a conflict of norms. The changing society there may lead to conflicts of norms between older and younger generations.

We may tabulate some of the causes that sociologists have pointed out behind social disorganization (Table 17.1).

 

TABLE 17.1 Causes of Social Disorganization

Sociologists	Causes
M.A. Elliott and F.E. Merrill	Social processes—cultural, political, and economic Cultural lag Conflicting attitudes and values Social crisis
Karl Manheim	Geographical factors Biological factors Cultural factors Technological factors Psychological factors

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION

• Conflict of mores and institutions: In every society, there are some mores and institutions, on the basis of which the life of the members proceeds smoothly and in an organized manner. With the passage of time, these mores and institutions become obsolete and antiquated, and fail to satisfy the needs of the members of society. Ever new ideals arise and new institutions are formed out of differences of opinion and of ideals. In this way, society is broken up into numerous groups.
• Transfer of functions from one group to another: The functions of every group are determined in an organized society. However, society is always dynamic and these functions of the groups cannot remain the same for a long time. As time passes, the functions of one group are transferred to another. This is not conducive to any precise definition of the functions of the various groups and they tend to become disorganized.
• Personal individualization: In an organized society, the functions of an individual are determined on the basis of social organization. From the social viewpoint, marriage, family, occupation, and so on, were based on some definite patterns in ancient India. But in the modern age of individualism, every person thinks upon all the important matters of life from his own individual viewpoint.
• Changes in social structure: A change in the social structure means change in the role, function, or status of its members. In an organized society; the status and functions of each individual are defined and everyone works accordingly. This maintains the society in an organized condition. But as time passes, changes in social values and thinking are accompanied by changes in these statuses and functions. This change takes away the precise definition of an individual’s status and function and the individuals do as they please. Due to this, social disorganization sets in.

6. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION PROCESS

Social structure is not a constant condition. It is also a social process. In a dynamic society, social structure is always a process of change. The role and status of society are not clearly defined. Therefore, a dynamic society carries within itself the forces of its own disorganization. The elements of society which make the social structure dynamic bring about its disorganization.

The process of social organization and disorganization exists side by side. We have not found any society which is completely organized or completely disorganized. Elements of organization and disorganization always exist at the same time. The elements of social organization develop those relationships which person and groups find satisfactory. On the other hand, the elements of social disorganization replace such relationship and bring disappointment, irritation, and unhappiness.

Like social organization, disorganization is also a social process. According to Martin Neumeyer, ‘social disorganization is not merely a maladjusted condition, for it is chiefly a process’. As such, it represents a series of events and occurrences that tend to disrupt the normal functioning of individuals and groups.

Martin Neumeyer thus regards social disorganization as a fundamental social process. According to him social disorganization is more than a condition; it is fundamentally a process or a series of processes. The series of events that make up the process involve conflict, excessive competition, social differentiation, and other disruptive sub-processes.

6.1. Processes Connected with Social Disorganization

It is evident from the above description that our society involves two types of social processes, namely integrative processes and disintegrative processes. Integrative processes lead the society towards organization, whereas disintegrative processes are responsible for social disorganization. Among the disintegrating processes, competition, contravention, conflict, stratification, and differentiation are most important.

• Competition: According to Bogardus, ‘competition is a contest to obtain something which does not exist in a quantity sufficient to meet the demand’. In other words, it is a struggle for the use or possession of limited goods. It is impersonal. According to Jones, ‘competition is one of the milder disintegrative processes’.
• Conflict: Conflict, according to Gillin and Gillin, is the social process in which individuals or group seek their ends by directly challenging the antagonist by violence or the threat of violence. Conflict is destructive. It breeds more problems than it solves.
• Differentiation: By differentiation, we mean that process in which members of a society cultivate differences. In other words, social differentiation is the process whereby social differences or dissimilarity of persons and groups occur.
• Stratification: Stratification is a process whereby society is divided into higher and lower social units. According to Gilbert, ‘social stratification is the division of society in permanent groups of categories linked with each other by the relationship of superiority and subordination’. As a result of differentiation, some people come to rank higher than others.

7. FACTORS OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATIONS

According to G.R. Madan, there are many factors that cause social disorganization in the society. These are as follows:

• Psychological factors: They are basically found in the human psychological concepts:
  • Lack of channels and failure of system of communication in the social system.
  • Unable to change one’s attitude at times when needed to be flexible.

These features facilitate negative behaviour in the society causing personal disorganization.

• Cultural lag: According to the views of W.E. Ogburn, concept of cultural lag is because there is no equilibrium in rate of changes in the material and non-material culture. Material culture means type of housing, either kutcha or pucca, modes of transport available, methods of communication, different types of dresses worn, different designs of ornaments used, and so on. Individuals change their concepts quickly, whereas an organization’s ideas, thoughts, philosophies, hobbies, and attitude cannot be changed quickly as needed. Thus, it creates cultural lag that causes the social disorganization.
• Physical or geographical factors: This is natural where the people under this situation undergo serious traumatic changes when their living areas are destroyed and their survival is difficult that leads to social disorganization. For example, in case of natural disasters such as cyclones, storms, hurricanes, severe famine, floods, and epidemics, people under go severe stress and grief due to lose of loved ones, children, and near one in the disaster. Loss of houses and harmful illnesses causing disability all lead to social imbalance in the society.
• Biological factors: They are rising population or extreme scarcity of population, where more chances of racial and intermixtures occurs. Transfer of defective traits from one generation to other cause the social disorganization in the society.
• Ecological factors: There are many factors that affect the ecological harmony in the society, such as deforestation, hunting of wild animals, pollution in water, land, and air, which cause disequilibrium in the relationship and harmony between the human and biological environment.
• Social problems: Social issues, such as beggary, poverty, unemployment, economic crisis, industrial revolution, war between the countries, mental illness, presence of political corruption, threaten the people’s peace and stability in daily living and cause social disorganization.
• Degeneration of values: Important social force that controls the society combines social values, beliefs, views, and ideas. They form the main strength and stability of the society as per the social order. These values get no respect as the beliefs are passed from one generation to other. The new generation may reject old ideas and concepts and may not value them, thus creating social conflicts between old and the new generation which affects the social disorganization.
• Political subordination: The political system existing in the country is not strong enough to maintain the social organization. As there are many political issues like economic crisis and corruption, social inequalities among the politicians create disharmony and finally leads to social disorganization.
• Conflict goals: Many people have conflicting ideas about any concepts implemented in the society. There isn’t complete acceptance from all the individuals regarding social values and cultural practices. Once there is disapproval in one particular concept, there arises personal disorganization leading to social disorganization.
• Lack of social control: Social control is impossible if the social order, rules and regulations, and strong law and order are not established and implemented. It is difficult to control the social problems in the society. According to the views of Thomas and Znaniecki if the rules and regulations framed to check the code and conduct of the individual are not obeyed by the people in the society, then that leads to social problems such as crimes, divorcés, juvenile delinquency, and mental illness leading to social disorganization.
• Complex or extreme division of labour: According to views of Durkheim, social disorganization is brought by unequal distribution of labour leading to complexity and lack of unity among the workers.
• Disruptive social change: There should be balance within the social organization that includes physical, biological, technological, and cultural activities of every individual. If there is any imbalance in any of such activities, then that will disturb entire equilibrium of the socialization.

8. SYMPTOMS OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION

Social disorganization is an indication of the existence of diseased or disruptive elements in society. Mabel A. Elliott and Francis E. Merrill have pointed out that social disorganization may be of three types (Table 17.2). Calvin F. Schmid listed the following symptoms of disorganized communities: high rate of population mobility, high rate of divorce, desertion, illegitimacy, dependency, delinquency and criminality, a disproportionately high rate of males, a low rate of home ownership, high rate of suicides, commercialized vice, and death due to disease and alcoholism. Herbert A. Bloch divided the symptoms of social disorganization into two categories: sociological and literary-ideological (Table 17.3). R.F.L. Fans has enumerated the following symptoms of social disorganization:

• Formalism
• Decline of sacred elements
• Individuality of interests and tastes
• Emphasis of personal freedom and individual rights
• Hedonistic behaviour
• Population heterogeneity
• Mutual distrust
• Unrest phenomenon

 

TABLE 17.2 Symptoms of Social Disorganization

Type	Symptoms of Disorganization
Individual social disorganization	Juvenile delinquency, various types of crime, insanity, drunkenness, and suicide
Family social disorganization	Divorce, illegitimate births, desertion, and venereal diseases
Community social disorganization	Poverty, unemployment, crime, and political corruption

 

TABLE 17.3 Bloch’s Symptoms of Social Disorganization

Type	Description
Sociological	Sociological symptoms can be divided into three classes: individual, family, and community
Literary-ideological	These are certain tendencies appearing in literary and artistic works which indicate a disturbed state of mind

9. APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION

There are basically five different approaches to the study of social disorganization. These are discussed in the following:

1. Social approach in social disorganization includes study about the social problems causing the societal disharmony. As each problem is unique and different from each other, details of each problem need to be researched and maladjustment rectified. This leads to delay in human advancement and cannot be called a scientific method of enquiry. Evangelism existed where preaching about the Christ by the Christians were evolved in order to reduce socially unaccepted behaviours, such a theft, juvenile delinquency, social inequalities, and other social problems. Evangelism speaks about adopting Christ as their life, that is, accepting and adopting everyone as they are and loving neighbours. All these are main reflections in evangelism. Adapting an evangelistic society probably reduces social problems.
2. Second type of approach is to learn about the biological and psychological factors causing social disharmony. According to the theories of Gobineau, there is mainly intermixing of races in the society that creates social disharmony. Eugenicists, who study about methods of improving the human race and help humans to carefully select the parents in order to produce strong children, believe that people should not get married to mentally unfit or have consanguineous marriages, and get married with strong races of different community.
3. Third approach is about study of the geographical factors. Availability of land, water, food, and shelter also determine the social harmony. If available sufficiently to all, then there is no social disharmony. Once there are inequalities in terms of shortage of water supply, electricity, and no places to reside safely, then everything adds up to create personal disintegration.
4. The fourth approach is about the study of the cultural difference that exists in each society. Everyone has their own forms of cultural practices and they respect their own but not others. This difference creates non-acceptance and malfunctioning. Respecting each other’s practices will avoid such issues in the society.
5. The fifth approach is about identifying the cultural lag that exists in the society. As per views of Ogburn, there exists difference between the material and the non-material culture. Quick changes are seen in the materialized culture and slow changes in the non-materialized culture creating a cultural lag in the society. There is a generation gap between the old and new generation where the cultural anthropologists describe their thoughts that cultural lag creates social disharmony. According to Thomas and Znaniecki, this issue is the culture conflict approach. Arrival of immigrants create conflicts in culture which is also the reason for the cultural lag.

10. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND DISORGANIZATION

The differences between social organization and disorganization have been enumerated in the Table 17.4.

 

TABLE 17.4 Difference between Social Organization and Disorganization

Social Organization	Social Disorganization
Unanimity	Multiplicity of opinions
Homogeneity of population	Heterogeneity of population
Mutual faith	Mutual distrust
Similarity in interests and attitudes	Individuality and variety in interests and attitudes
Intelligent behaviour	Hedonistic behaviour
Emphasis on duties	Emphasis on rights
Protection of sacred elements	Degeneration of sacred elements
Sincerity	Ostentation
Peace and happiness	Disturbance and pain
Synthesis between status and functions	Contradiction between status and functions
Clarity of situation and activities	Lack of clarity of situation and activities
Synthesis of mores	Conflict of mores
Synthesis between institutions	Conflict between institutions
System in symbols and tools of relationships	Disorder in symbols and tools of relationships
Strong social control	Absence of social control
Adjustment between society and the individual	Conflict between society and the individual
Respect for social laws	Disregard for social laws
Adjustment between the various parts of society	Conflict between the various parts of society

In this way, the process of social disorganization is completely opposed to the progress of social organization.

11. DEVIANCE AND DISORGANIZATION

Deviance is a kind of social disorder that endangers the social stability. Social deviance occurs in many situations. These are as follows:

• Society is a complicated system. If any important component of the society, physical, psychological, biological, or geographical component, is affected, then that leads to deviance.
• According to the expectation and the social job description, each and every member is obliged to do his or her respective functions. otherwise it leads to deviance.
• If a person is assigned with large activity, then he or she may be frustrated to do the job. It destroys the willingness to do the social work in the organization.
• If the workload and the hard work of any individual is not rewarded and recognized, then that leads to bitterness and deviance towards the organization.
• The deviance creates anger and lack of interest to work in the society, which further creates social isolation.
• Deviance destroys one’s confidence and courage to do any good activity in the society.
• Deviance destroys the trust, faith, fidelity, and loyalty within the individual towards the social organization.
• Certain enterprises never recognize the people who work hard and according to rules, who sacrifice time, money, and work. When such people are not rewarded for their work, they may go into deviance.

11.1. Paths of the Deviant or the Destiny of Any Deviant

There are four important types of deviant paths identified:

1. Conformity path: Each individual tries harder to succeed in accomplishing the societal goals. People accept the goals and try hard to achieve them. When an individual accepts the ways and means of achieving a goal, it becomes an approved path, also called as conformity path—approved by everyone. If any individual uses innovative ideas to achieve the goals, then he or she may not follow the rules and regulation of the organization, thus becoming deviant.
2. Ritualistic path: People who follow this path give more importance to the social values. They carefully observe the behaviour of others and give lip service to the society in relating to norms of the organization. They follow the fixed rules of the organization.
3. Path of retreatism: It is kind of escapism where people choose this path when they reject cultural and institutional goals. As per the views of Merton, people get addicted towards substances such as alcohol, become psychotics, or become chronic drunkards. Such people get strong disapproval from the society
4. Rebellion path: It is a kind of path chosen by the people that forms violent organized action. It tries to change the country’s political system of the society.

12. PERSONAL DISORGANIZATION

There are three main aspects that explain the personal disorganization, which are as follows:

1. Mild disapproval: It indicates the personal disharmony with the individual who deviated away from the social norms. It may be major or mild disproval of social values that creates disorganization in an individual. People may give positive or negative response to any social values. Mild social disapproval does not affect the social order as we are in a complex society.
2. Major disapproval: It is kind of violent activity by an individual when he or she gets major social disapproval.
3. Retreatism: It is like an individual jumping in to the fantasy world and escaping from the reality. The society totally disapproves his or her activity; furthermore, the person gets trapped in the mechanical world, loses his or her individuality, and adapts an addictive life by sticking to alcoholism, substance abuse, and finally ending up in suicidal attempts.

13. PERSONAL DISORGANIZATION AND SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION

Both the social and the personal disorganization are interrelated. Every person is a single unit of the society; therefore, collective personal disorganization leads to total social disharmony.

14. SOCIAL PATHOLOGY

Social pathology was defined by late 19th and early 20th century by some sociologists. It deals with a kind of social disease that affects the societal stability and socialization causing individual and social disorganization. There are many social problems that affect the disharmony of the society, such as beggary, poverty, theft, juvenile delinquency, dowry, sexual harassment. All these problems should be solved by the leader of the society. Each problem should be sorted out and rectified under law and order. If the personal problems of people are solved and rectified and the people are able to follow the law and order, then most of the personal disorganization can be controlled and social harmony can exist in the society

• Social disorganization is to be considered in terms of functional disequilibrium. It is disequilibrium within customs, institutions, groups, communities, and societies.
• While comparing social disorganization with social organization, S.A. Queen and E.B. Harper write, if social organization means the development of relationships, which persons and groups find mutually satisfactory, then disorganization means their replacement by relationships which bring disappointment, thwarted wishes, irritation, and unhappiness.

I. LONG ESSAY

• Define social disorganization. Explain the meaning and nature of social disorganization.

II. SHORT ESSAY

• Enumerate the causes of social disorganization.
• Explain the social disorganizations.
• Discuss the characteristics of social disorganizations.
• Enumerate the factors of social disorganizations.
• Describe the symptoms of social disorganizations.
• Explain the approaches to study of social disorganizations.
• Discuss the difference between social organization and disorganization.
• Enumerate the deviance and disorganization.

III. SHORT ANSWERS

• Explain types of deviant paths.
• Explain personal disorganizations.
• Explain social pathology.

IV. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Social disintegration is the process in which the relationship among the members of a group are:
   1. broken family
   2. misunderstanding
   3. conflict
   4. all the above
2. The inequalities implied in the estate system is based primarily on difference in
   1. wealth
   2. occupation
   3. legal right
   4. education
3. The term deviance is preferred over
   1. pathological state
   2. abnormal behaviour
   3. crime
   4. transgression
4. Which is a deviant behaviour?
   1. marriage, within the forbidden degree of relations
   2. not observing caste rules
   3. widow remarriage
   4. opposing the widow remarriage
5. The causes of social disorganizations are
   1. social change and division of labour
   2. violation of social rule
   3. cultural lag
   4. all of the above
6. Social disorganization is the process by which the relationships between members of a group are shaken. This view is by
   1. M.A. Ellion
   2. R.F.I. Faris
   3. W.I. Thomas
   4. E.R. Mowerer
7. Characteristics of social disorganizations are
   1. conflict of mores and institutions
   2. personal individualization
   3. changes in social structure
   4. all of the above
8. The process of habits, attitudes, the functions, and routines of all institutions are deviated from the normal is called
   1. social disorganization
   2. social change
   3. social control
   4. social problems
9. Capitalism is a major causative factor that leads to the disorganization by creating
   1. injustice
   2. inhuman
   3. inequalities
   4. inefficiencies
10. Personal disorganization represents the behaviour of the individual which deviates from the
    1. social norms
    2. social process
    3. social behaviour
    4. socialization

ANSWERS

1. d 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. d 6. d 7. d 8. a 9. c 10. a

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