Contents

Preface

Chapter 1  Basic Concepts

Digital Video Landscape

Minimum Standards for Audio

The Four Dimensions of a Sound Track

Digital Sound

Features of Digital Video Recording Formats

Chapter 2  Introduction to Digital Video

Basic Digital

Some Basic Video for Audio People

Frame Rates

Interlaced Video

“Film” Look

Resolution and Aspect Ratio

Under- and Over-Cranked Camera

Operational Matters

Quality Modes and Codecs

Interchangeability

Off-Line/Online

Time Code

User Bits

PAL Formats

Locked versus Unlocked Audio Sample Rate

Instant Playback

Interconnecting Video

Conclusion

Chapter 3  Preproduction Planning

The First Big Step: A Dedicated Sound Person

Location Scouting

Choosing a Sound and Camera Workflow

Single-System Recording

Double-System Recording

Testing Sync

Mic, Line, and Speaker Level

Reference Levels and Headroom

Setting Up the Recording Chain

Line Levels

Mixing Balanced and Unbalanced Connections

Chapter 4  Production Sound I: General Considerations

Coverage

Scene Coverage and Microphone Technique

What Can Be Done with an On-Camera Microphone?

How to Use the Two Channels

Other Items Recorded during Production Sound

Microphone Accessories

Booms/Fishpoles

Shock Mounts

Windscreens

Pop Suppression

Case Studies

Mounting Lavs

Radio Mic Usage

Disposable Mics

Production Sound Example

Boom Operator’s Job

Common Problems

Logging

DV Production Sound Log

Sound Kit Accessories

Chapter 5  Production Sound II: Microphones

Power

Dynamic Microphones

Polar Patterns

Differences Between Microphones Having Various Types of Polar Patterns

The Radio Part of Radio Mics

Chapter 6  Production Sound III: Dealing with the Output of Microphones

Recording Level Parallels to Early Cinematography

Cries

Whispers

Cries and Whispers

Multiple Level Controls in the Chain

Another Kind of Overload Distortion and How to Avoid It

Combining Features for Best Wind Performance

Chapter 7  Media Management

What Counts as a Backup?

Types of Media

Streaming Transfers and File Transfers

Streaming Transfers

File Transfers

Audio File Formats

Managing Double-System Recordings

Syncing Footage

Time code Autosync

PluralEyes and DualEyes to Autosync

Syncing by Hand with a Clapperboard Slate

If a Slate Wasn’t Used (What to Do in Case of Emergency)

Common Problems in Digital Audio File Transfers for Sound Accompanying Picture

Chapter 8  Sound Design

Film Sound Styles

Realism

Stretched Reality

What is Seen versus What is Heard: On-Screen versus Off-Screen

Hyper-reality

Surrealism

Montage

Shifting Levels of Reality

Sound Design as an Art

Spotting

Chapter 9  Editing

Non-Linear Editing

Random-Access Editing

Non-Destructive Editing

Visual Waveform Editing

Edits and Fade Files

File Management

How to Edit

Fine Editing of Production Sound

Stealing Presence

Where Presence Is Used

Documentary Considerations

Fixing Bumps

Sound Effects

Ambience/Backgrounds

Foley Effects

Cutting Music

Scene Changes

Plug-Ins/Processes

Tracks and Channels

Busses

Pan Pots

Solo/Mute

Grouping Tracks

Differences Between Picture and Sound Editing Systems

Picture–Sound Sync Resolution

Chapter 10  Mixing

The Mixing Hourglass

Audio Processes

Processes Related Mainly to Level

Level Controls

Gain Staging

Hand Compression

Compression

Limiting

De-esser

Noise Gate

Downward Expander

Processes Related Mainly to Frequency

Equalization

Filters

Combinations of Level and Frequency

Time-Based Devices

Reverberation

Other Time-Based Effects

Other Plug-Ins

Panning

Routing, and Limitations Caused by Routing

Busses, Channels

Delay Compensation

Voice Limitation

How to Mix

Chapter 11  Masters and Monitoring

Choice of Sound Format on Edit and Delivery Masters

Uses of Surround Sound

Mastering for Level

Background on –20 versus –12 dBFS Reference Level

Level Calibration

When You Can’t Calibrate with Test Signals

Best One-Size-Fits-All Approach

Mastering for DVD, Blu-ray, Digital Broadcast, and Digital Satellite Television

Monitoring

Film versus Video Mixes

Index

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