Index

Accessibility, 95

Affordability, 95

Air pollution, 93–94

Augmented reality, 102–104

Blue economy, 57

Brundtland Commission, 22

Capital City, 7–8

Circular economy

new models, 58–60

principles, 56–58

City

anticipated challenges, 15

characteristics of, 3–4

concept of, 1

definition of, 1

evolution of, 4–8

future of, 14–15

municipal services, 8–9

origin of, 2–4

virtual world and, 101–102

City Beautiful Movement, 11

City liveliness, 11–12

City metabolism, 37–42

City models

City Beautiful Movement, 11

city liveliness, 11–12

garden city, 11

health city, 11

overview of, 9–11

regenerative city, 12

resilient city, 12

City performance measures, 45–47

City services

types of, 71–73

virtual reality and, 104–106

Civil guard, 66

Closed-loop product life cycles, 57

Cognitive Revolution, 17

Community services, 72

Commute time, 96

Cooperation, 13

Core-value, 27

Cost per passenger-km, 96

Cyclical service, 62–66

Deep ecology, 20

Diversity, 13

Ecology, science of, 19

Economic sustainability indicators, 96–98

Ecosystem services, 72

EEIOA. See Environmentally extended input-output analysis

E-LCA. See Environmental life cycle assessment

Electronic governance

concept of, 83–84

four-stage process, 85–86

platform, 86–87

types of, 84–85

Environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA), 34–36

Environmentally extended input-output analysis (EEIOA), 36–37

Environmental sustainability indicators, 93–95

EPA. See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Equity, 13, 95

Expenses per revenue, 96

Flower Child Movement, 19

Gaia theory/hypothesis, 20

G2B. See Government to business

G2C. See Government to citizen

G2G. See Government to government

Global City, 8

Government to business (G2B), 85

Government to citizen (G2C), 84–85

Government to employee (G2E), 85

Government to government (G2G), 85

Green growth, 58–59

Greenhouse gas emissions, 38–39, 94

Habitat protection, 95

Heterogeneity, 23

Holistic service system, 76–78

Inseparability, 23

Intangibility, 23

International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 45

ISO. See International Organization for Standardization

Land use, 97

Language Revolution, 17

LCA. See Life cycle assessment

LCSA. See Life cycle sustainability assessment

Life cycle assessment (LCA), 32–33

environmental, 34–36

social, 48–54

Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA), 33–34

Local economy, 58–59

Mega City, 8

Mixed-service, 25

Municipal services, 8–9, 72

Nixon, Richard, 20

Noise pollution, 94

Nonphysical resource measures, 42–45

Parking services, 69–70

Perishability, 23

Physical resource measures, 32–33

Prioritization analysis, 41–42

Private services, 72

Qualitative assessments, 32

Quantitative assessments, 32

Rational use of resources, 13

Regenerative city, 12

Representative city performance measures, 45–47

Resilient city, 12

Resource efficiency, 94

Resource measures

nonphysical, 42–45

physical, 32–33

Romantic Movement, 18

Safety, 95

Scientific Revolution, 18

Self-service, 25

Service

characteristics of, 23

definition of, 22

Service-city architecture, 78–81

horizontal layers of, 78–79

vertical layers of, 78, 80

Service-city models

boundaries, 74–75

provider and customer, 75

types of, 71–73

value, 75–76

Service-dominant logic framework, 23

Shareconomy, 58–59

S-LCA. See Social life cycle assessment

Smart city, 12

Smart city action plan, 12–13

Smart economy, 13

Smart environment, 13

Smart governance, 13

Smart living, 13

Smart mobility, 13

Smart people, 13

Social circle, 60–62

Social life cycle assessment (S-LCA), 47–48

Social sustainability indicators, 95–96

Solid-waste management services, 47–48

S³-sustainability and services science, 28–29

Super-service, 25

Super-value, 27–28

Sustainability

components of, 22

indicators, 93

as service, 30

Sustainability cycle, 66–68

Sustainable city, 12, 13–14

Sustainable service, 26–30

Sustainable service assessment, 48–54

Sustainable urban transport service, 87–88

Urban revolution, 3–4

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 20

User satisfaction, 96

Value cocreation process, 27–28

Value-in-context, 64

Value in-exchange model, 65

Value in-return model, 65–66

Value in-use model, 63

Virtual reality (VR)

city planning, 102–104

city services, 104–106

Virtual service characteristics, 106–107

Virtual-world technologies, 99–102

Visualization, 105

Waste collection, 68

Waste management, 68–69

WCED. See World Commission on Environmental Conservation and Development

Well-being, 13

Whole service, 26, 76–78

World City, 8

World Commission on Environmental Conservation and Development (WCED), 21

World Health Organization, 11