INDEX
Numbers
1900–1909, 6–10
1910–1919, 10–19
1920’s, 21–60
1921, 25–29
1922, 29–34
1923, 34–39
1924, 39–42
1925, 42–45
1926, 45–48
1927, 48–53
1928, 53–55
1929, 55–60
overview, 21–25
1930’s, 61–90
1931, 63–65
1932, 65–68
1933, 68–70
1934, 70–74
1935, 74–77
1936, 77–79
1937, 79–81
1938, 81–84
1939, 84–90
overview, 61–63
1940’s, 91–123
1941, 92–95
1942, 95–99
1943, 99–101
1944, 101–2
1945, 102–5
1946, 105–10
1947, 110–13
1948, 113–20
1949, 120–23
overview, 91–92
1950’s, 125–63
1951, 135–39
1952, 139–42
1953, 142–47
1954, 147–50
1955, 150–53
1956, 153–55
1957, 155–56
1958, 156–59
1959, 159–63
overview, 125–35
1960’s, 165–200
1961, 171–74
1962, 174–79
1963, 179–82
1964, 182–85
1965, 185–88
1966, 188–93
1967, 193–95
1968, 195–97
1969, 197–200
overview, 165–71
1970’s, 201–32
1971, 206–8
1972, 208–12
1973, 212–15
1974, 215–16
1975, 216–18
1976, 218–21
1977, 221–23
1978, 223–28
1979, 228–32
overview, 201–6
1980’s, 233–60
1981, 236–39
1982, 239–41
1983, 241–43
1984, 243–44
1985, 244–47
1986, 247–49
1987, 249–54
1988, 254–57
1989, 257–60
overview, 233–36
1990’s, 261–309
1990, 263–67
1991, 267–73
1992, 273–78
1993, 278–81
1994, 281–83
1995, 283–89
1996, 289–95
1997, 295–99
1998, 299–303
1999, 303–9
overview, 261–63
2000’s, 311–40
2000, 321–22
2001, 322–28
2002, 328–32
2003–2004, 332–40
overview, 311–21
9/11 terrorist attack, 322–24
A
ABC television network, 93, 145
Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, 121–23
Action for Children’s Television (ACT), 197, 207
Ader, Clément, 4
adult contemporary music, 300
advertising
in 1920’s, 29–31, 40–41, 48, 54–55, 57–58
in 1930’s, 70
in 1940’s, 98
AFM (American Federation of Musicians), 99, 100, 105
AFR (Armed Forces Radio), 98, 114
African American broadcasting, 34, 120, 142
African-American soldiers, 100
AFTRA (American Federation of Television and Radio Artists), 153, 222, 328
Agnew, Spiro, 199–200
alcohol commercials, 70
Alexanderson, Ernest F.W., 15
Alexanderson alternator, 17–18
All-Channel Receiver Act, 174
Allen, Steve, 131–33
amateur radio (ham radio), 43–44, 108
American Broadcasting Company (ABC), 93, 145
American Business Consultants (AWARE), 125, 128, 145–47, 153
American Federation of Musicians (AFM), 99, 100, 105
American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA), 153, 222, 328
American Marconi Telegraph Company, 5
American Radio Relay League, 44
American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP), 15, 38, 90, 92
American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), 4, 32, 37, 41
AM frequency, 73, 89, 106, 111, 135
“Amos ‘n’Andy” radio show, 57, 61
Ampex Corporation, 153
ancient times, communication during, 2–6
announcers, 29
anthology drama, 143
AOL–Time Warner, 325
Armed Forces Radio (AFR), 98, 114
Armstrong, Edwin, 14, 73–74, 83, 89, 118–19, 139, 150
Armstrong, Neil, 197
Army-McCarthy Hearings, 147, 148
“Arthur Godfrey and His Friends” show, 145
ASCAP (American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers), 15, 38, 90, 92
Asner, Ed, 240
AT&T (American Telephone and Telegraph Company), 4, 32, 37, 41
audiotape, 111
AWARE (American Business Consultants), 125, 128, 145–47, 153
B
Bakker, Jim, 236
Ball, Lucille, 147
Barnouw, Erik, 86–87
Barter system, 266
baseball broadcasts, 111–12
BBC (British Broadcasting Company), 173
Beaty, Layne, 72–73
Bell, Alexander Graham, 4
Bell Telephone Company, 4
Berle, Milton, 116
Bilby, Kenneth, 265
Billboard Online, 306
Bill Haley and His Comets music group, 152
Biltmore Conference, 68
Black Tuesday, 59
Bland, Lee, 109–10
Bliss, Ed, 137–38
Block, Martin, 95
BMI (Broadcast Music, Inc.), 90
Borst, David, 88
Brinkley, Joel, 304
British Broadcasting Company (BBC), 173
Broadcasting magazine, 64, 238
Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI), 90
Browder, Earl, 78
Brown v. Board of Education, 153
C
cable broadcasting, 158–59
Cable Communications Policy Act, 211, 243
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act, 277
call letters, 33–34
Canada’s Radio-Television Commission (CRTC), 217
Captain Kangaroo, 155
Carnegie Commission, 194
Carter, Jimmy, 218
CATV (community antenna television), 151
CBS television network
in 1920’s, 51
in 1940’s, 93, 106, 109, 111–12, 115, 117–18
in 1950’s, 129, 133, 145, 147, 149, 159
chain broadcast, 34–35
Chase and Sanborn Hour, 80
Child, Julia, 181–82
children’s programming, 75–76
Children’s Television Entertainment Act, 267
Children’s Television Workshop (CTW), 198
Christian, Lynn, 160–61
Christmas in Korea, 141
Clark, Dick, 252
Clear Channel Communications, 304
Clinton, Bill, 261
Cloud, Stanley, 268–69
coaxial cable, 108
Code of Ethics, 58–59
Cold War, 239
Cole, Nat King, 155
color TV, 109, 112, 121, 133, 145, 155–56
Columbia Broadcasting System, see CBS television network
Columbia Records, 118
Columbia Workshop series, 79
Communications Act, 14, 70–71, 129, 162, 165, 226
Communications Decency Act, 292
Communications Satellite Act, 179
Communist Party of the United States, 78
community antenna television (CATV), 151
Conrad, Frank, 21–23
Cooperative Analysis of Broadcasting, 58
Coordinating Council for Negro Performers, 120
Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), 195, 207
Corwin, Norman, 109–10, 224–26
“Cosby Show, The” program, 244
Counterattack newsletter, 111, 119, 125
Cox, Eugene E., 99–100
CPB (Corporation for Public Broadcasting), 195, 207
Craft, Christine, 242–43
Cronkite, Walter, 129, 137–38, 188, 294
Crosby, Bing, 111
Crossley, Archibald M., 58
CRTC (Canada’s Radio-Television Commission), 217
D
DAB (digital audio broadcasting), 223, 270
DAT (digital audio tape), 247
Davis Amendment, 77–78
“Day After, The” program, 242
deejays, 65
Defense Communications Board, 98
De Forest, Lee, 6–7, 10, 14–15, 74
Diana, Princess, 295
digital audio broadcasting (DAB), 223, 270
digital audio tape (DAT), 247
Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 303, 316
Dill, Clarence, 50–51
discrimination, 75–76
disk jockeys, 65
division of radio stations, 38
Doerfer, John C., 166
Donahue, Tom, 194
DuMont television station, 99, 141, 153
E
Educational Broadcasting Facilities Act, 174
educational radio, 71–72
Edwards, Ralph, 130
EEO (Equal Employment Opportunity), 204, 279
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 140, 153–54, 166
electronic television transmission, 53
Emmy award, 123
Enron, 311
Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO), 204, 279
F
facsimile experiments, 38–39, 105
Fairness Doctrine, 95, 120, 162, 171–73, 183, 249
Farnsworth, Philo T., 58, 87, 133
Faulk, John Henry, 128–29, 153, 174
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 111
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
in 1930’s, 70–71, 77–78, 83, 84
in 1940’s, 93–95, 99–100, 101–2, 105–6, 109, 111, 112, 113, 120–21
in 1950’s, 128, 133, 134–35, 139, 150, 159, 162–63
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 111
Federal Communications Commission, see FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
Federal Radio Commission (FRC), 48–50, 55
Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 37, 39
feedback circuit, 74
female soldiers, 100
Fess, Representative Simeon D., 64
Fessenden, Reginald A., 6–9
fireside chats, 69
Fleming, John A., 7–8
FM Broadcasters Association, 107
FM frequency
in 1940’s, 91, 94, 105, 107, 111, 118–19
in 1950’s, 135, 139, 150, 152, 160–61
Forest, Lee de, 1
FRC (Federal Radio Commission), 48–50, 55
Frederick, Pauline, 143
frequency allocations, 102
Friendly, Fred, 135, 141, 147, 159
FTC (Federal Trade Commission), 37, 39
Furness, Betty, 143–44
G
General Electric, 17
Godfrey, Arthur, 145
Golden Age of Radio, 79
Goldwater, Barry, 182
government control of radio, 92–93
Gross, Terry, 230–31
H
Halperin, Martin, 114–15
Harding, Warren G., 37
HDTV (high-definition television), 133, 314
“Hear It Now” series, 135
Heinz, Catharine, 288
Herman, George, 219–20
Herrold, Charles “Doc”, 19
Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf, 4–5
high-definition television (HDTV), 133, 314
Hitler, Adolf, 70
Hollywood Ten, The, 110
Hooks, Benjamin L., 208
Hoover, Herbert, 30, 33, 38, 40, 52
Hoover, J. Edgar, 111
House Party, 141
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 110, 127
Huntley-Brinkley Report, 155
Hyde, Rosel H., 192
I
IBS (Intercollegiate Broadcasting System), 88
ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission), 3
“I Love Lucy” program, 142
image-orthicon camera, 105
Independent Television Association (INTV), 212
INS (International News Service), 66
Instructional Television Fixed Service (ITFS), 241
Intellectual Property and Communications Omnibus Reform Act, 307
Intercollegiate Broadcasting System (IBS), 88
International News Service (INS), 66, 68
international programming, 64
International Radio Union, 44
International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 229
International Telephone and Telegraph (IT&T), 192
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 3
INTV (Independent Television Association), 212
IT&T (International Telephone and Telegraph), 192
ITFS (Instructional Television Fixed Service), 241
ITU (International Telecommunications Union), 229
J
Jarvis, Al, 65
Johnson, Laurence, 128
Joint Committee on Educational Television, 135
K
Keillor, Garrison, 168–70
Kennedy, John F., 165–66, 172–73, 179
Kennedy, Robert F., 195
Khruschev, Nikita, 159
King, Martin Luther Jr., 153, 195
Korean War, 129
Kovacs, Ernie, 139
Kraft Music Hall, 111
L
LaRosa, Julius, 145
Laurent, Lawrence, 174–78
Lee, Robert E., 237
Leno, Jay, 280
Letterman, David, 280
“Life Is Worth Living” program, 141
Linkletter, Art, 141
“Live Aid” concert, 245
“Lone Ranger, The” program, 70, 121
Loring, Ann, 191–92
Lyons, Paula, 240
M
Macleish, Archibald, 80
Magnavox AM stereo system, 227
“Make Believe Ballroom, The” program, 95
“March of Time, The” series, 63–64
Marconi, Guglielmo, 5–8
Marshall, Pluria, 201–3
McCarthy, Joseph R., 125, 145, 147–49, 155
McCarthyism, 110, 125, 128, 147, 150, 155
McChesney, Robert W., 304
MDS (multipoint distribution service), 213
media diversity, 62–63
media events, 65–66
Meredith Broadcasting Company, 248
miniaturization of equipment, 99
Minow, Newton N., 171, 172, 180, 337
MMDS (multichannel multipoint distribution service), 213
monopoly investigation, 39, 93
Morrison, Herb, 80
Morrow, Bruce, 103
Morse, Samuel F.B., 3
motion picture industry, 136–37
multichannel multipoint distribution service (MMDS), 213
multipoint distribution service (MDS), 213
Murdoch, Rupert, 256, 283–84, 290
“Murphy Brown” program, 273
Murrow, Edward R., 103, 106–7, 135, 137–38, 141, 147–49, 159
Mussolini, Benito, 69
Mutual Broadcasting System, 73, 306
N
NABET (National Association of Broadcast Engineers and Technicians), 105
NAB (National Association of Broadcasters), 15, 38, 58–59, 71, 89–90, 106, 315
NABOB (National Association of Black Owned Broadcasters), 222
Nader, Ralph, 237
NAEB (National Association of Educational Broadcasters), 72, 208
NAFMB (National Association of FM Broadcasters), 160
National Advisory Council on Radio in Education, 62, 71
National Association of Black Owned Broadcasters (NABOB), 222
National Association of Broadcast Engineers and Technicians (NABET), 105
National Association of Broadcasters (NAB), 15, 38, 58–59, 71, 89–90, 106, 315
National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB), 72, 208
National Association of FM Broadcasters (NAFMB), 160
National Association of Television and Radio Announcers (NATRA), 222
National Broadcasting Company, see NBC television network
National Cable Television Association (NCTA), 187–88
National Committee on Education by Radio, 61, 71
National Educational Television (NET), 196
National Organization for Women (NOW), 232, 330
National Public Radio (NPR), 195
National Radio Broadcasters Association (NRBA), 160
National Radio Conference, 33, 38, 39, 40, 42
National Television Systems Committee (NTSC), 94, 133
NATRA (National Association of Television and Radio Announcers), 222
NBC Symphony Concerts, 157
NBC television network
in 1940’s, 93, 109, 111, 112, 117–18
in 1950’s, 145
network broadcast, 34–35
news broadcasts, 35–36, 91–92, 95, 101, 103, 106
newspaper competition, 52, 142
Nielsen, A.C., 253
Nielsen rating system, 327
Nixon, Richard, 140, 159, 199, 201, 208
Nixon, Richard M., 165
North, Oliver, 253
Nussbaumer, Otto, 8
O
Oboler, Arch, 96
Office of Censorship, 97
Office of Telecommunications Policy (OTP), 201
Office of War Information (OWI), 93, 97
Olsen, Don, 168–69
Olson, Ken, 340
Omnibus, 141
On a Note of Triumph, 104
O’Neal, Frederick, 120
O’Neal, Frederick, 120
One World Flight, 109–10
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 179
OTP (Office of Telecommunications Policy), 201
OWI (Office of War Information), 93, 97
P
Paramount Pictures, 145
Parks, Rosa, 153
payola, 162–63
PBS (Public Broadcasting Service), 195
Pearl Harbor, 92
Pertschuk, Michael, 223
Petrillo, James C., 99, 100, 105
phonograph records, 117–18
plugola, 162–63
political broadcasting, 36–37, 78, 101, 117, 129–30, 140
Pope Pius XI, 64
Post Roads Act, 3
Powell, Michael, 312
Press-Radio Bureau, 68
Press-Radio War, 68
prime time, 58
Prime Time Access Rule (PTAR), 204
program regulation, 94–95
prohibition, 70
propaganda, 96–97
PTAR (Prime Time Access Rule), 204
Public Broadcasting Act, 195
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), 195
public service programs, 159
Public Service Responsibilities of Broadcast Licensees (Blue Book), 105–6, 120
Q
quiz show scandals, 155–57
R
radar, 100
radio
development of, 10–19
government control of, 92–93
receivers, 31
Radio Act of 1927, 42, 48–50, 77
Radio Code, 89–90
Radio Corporation of America, see RCA
Radio Group, 41
Randolph, John, 126–27
ratings, 58
RCA (Radio Corporation of America), 16, 118–19, 133, 150
in 1940’s, 117–19
RCN (Residential Communications Network), 300
Reality programs, 307–9, 317–18, 327
regenerative circuit, 74
Reis, Philip, 4
religious broadcasting, 141
remote broadcasts, 32
Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television, 125
Report on Chain Broadcasting, 93
Residential Communications Network (RCN), 300
“Rise of the Goldbergs, The” program, 57
“Rock Around the Clock”, 152
Rogers, Fred, 198
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 69, 70, 92, 102
royalties, 38
Rule of Sevens, 135
Rule of Twelves, 243
S
SCA (Subsidiary Communications Authorization), 152
Scherer, Ray, 141–42
Schorr, Daniel, 116–17
Schwartzman, Andrew, 335–36
“See It Now” program, 135, 141, 147–49, 158
“Seinfeld” program, 318
self-censorship, 111
September 11 terrorist attack, 322–24
serial drama, 57
Serling, Rod, 144
Shaw, Irwin, 80
Sheen, Fulton J., 141
Siemering, Bill, 210–11
sitcoms, 138
Sixth Report and Order, 113–14, 139, 150
Sklar, Rick, 185–86
Special Committee on Legislative Oversight, 156
sports events broadcasting, 26
Stanton, Frank, 206
“Star Trek” program, 190
stock market crash, 59–60
Stubblefield, Nathan B., 5
Subsidiary Communications Authorization (SCA), 152
Sullivan, Ed, 116
T
talent raids, 115–16
tape recorder, 105
tax shelter plan, 115
technological innovations, 32–33
TELCO inquiry, 235
Telecommunications Act, 261, 291, 297
Telephone Group, 41
telethon, 121
television
demonstration of, 52
Television Decoder Circuitry Act, 267
Tesla, Nikola, 101
Texaco Star Theater, 116
“This Is Your Life” program, 130
Thomas, Lowell, 61
“thriller” drama, 57
Time Warner Cable, 313
Titanic ship, 12–13
TNT (Turner Network Television), 256
“Toast of the Town” program, 116
“Today Show”, 141
“Tonight Show, The”, 131–33, 149
Truman, Harry S., 117
Turner Network Television (TNT), 256
TV Guide, 142
Twentieth Amendment (Prohibition), 70
Twergo, Justin, 292
U
UHF (ultra-high-frequency) band, 113, 139
United Church of Christ (UCC), 182–83
United Independent Broadcasters (UIB) association, 51
United Press International (UPI), 158
United States Information Agency (USIA), 173
United States Satellite Broadcasting (USSB), 291
unregulated competition, 37
V
Verna, Tony, 272
VHF (very-high-frequency) band, 113, 139
“Victory at Sea” documentary, 140–41
videotape recorder (VTR), 153
Voice of America (VOA), 98
Volunteer Advertising Council, 98
W
Walters, Barbara, 220
“War of the Worlds, The” program, 81–83
Watergate, 212
Waves of Rancor:Tuning in the Radical Right (book), 309
Weaver, Sylvester “Pat”, 132–33
Welles, Orson, 81
Wells, H.G., 81
West, Mae, 80
westerns, 155
Westinghouse, 21–22, 25, 26–27, 68
Whitehead, Clay T., 201
White House Office of Telecommunications Policy (OTP), 201
Wildmon, Donald, 238
Wilson, Woodrow, 37
wireless, development of, 6–10
Wireless Ship Act, 12
wirephoto experiments, 38–39, 105
wire recorders, 109
Woodruff, Judy, 277–78
Woodstock, 197
World’s Fair, 87
World Trade Center attack, 322–24
Worthy, William, 155
Wouk, Herman, 80
Wright, Rick, 214
Z
Zenith Corporation, 48, 113, 134
zoom lens (zoomar), 112
Zworykin, Vladimir, 87