NOTES
Chapter 1
1. Author interview with Erneshia Pinder, November 11, 2020.
2. Argyris, C., Overcoming Organizational Defenses: Facilitating Organizational Learning, Pearson, New York, 1990.
3. Personal conversation, Greenberg and Greenlee, June 2020.
4. Rich, M., “Restrictive Covenants Stubbornly Stay on the Books,” New York Times, April 21, 2005.
5. Holtje, M., “It’s Not Over: A Historical and Contemporary Look at Racial Restrictive Covenants,” Homelight.com, September 14, 2020.
6. Newman-Carrasco, R., shared with authors, interview January 2021.
7. Watt, N., and Hannah, J., “Racist Language Is Still Woven into Home Deeds Across America. Erasing It Isn’t Easy, and Some Don’t Want To,” CNN, February 15, 2020, https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/15/us/racist-deeds-covenants/index.html.
8. Popovic, S., Blueprint for a Revolution: How to Use Rice Pudding, Lego Men, and Other Nonviolent Techniques to Galvanize Communities, Overthrow Dictators or Simply Change the World, Random House, New York, 2015.
9. Latson, J., “How Poisoned Tylenol Became a Crisis-Management Teaching Model,” Time magazine, September 2014.
10. Markel, H., “How the Tylenol Murders of 1982 Changed the Way We Consume Medication,” PBS Newshour, September 29, 2014.
11. Ibid.
12. Kiger, P. J., “Minimum Wage in America: A Timeline,” History News, October 28, 2019, https://www.history.com/news/minimum-wage-america-timeline.
13. Taylor, K., “Jeff Bezos Called for Amazon’s Competitors to Raise Their Minimum Wage. Here’s How Retail Rivals like Walmart, Target, and Costco Stack Up on Worker Pay,” Business Insider, April 2019.
14. Smith, A. D., Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992, Anchor Books, New York, 1994.
15. Eswaran, V., “The Business Case for Diversity in the Workplace Is Now Overwhelming,” World Economic Forum, April 29. 2019, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/04/business-case-for-diversity-in-the-workplace/.
16. Author interview with Nereida Perez, January 12, 2021.
17. Author interview with Erneshia Pinder, November 11, 2020.
18. Greenberg, M. and Greenlee, G, Race in the Workplace Online Survey, August–September, 2020.
Chapter 2
1. Eswaran, V., “The Business Case for Diversity in the Workplace Is Now Overwhelming,” World Economic Forum, April 29, 2019, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/04/business-case-for-diversity-in-the-workplace/.
2. Hunt, V., Prince, S., Dixon-Fyle, S., and Yee, L., “Delivering Through Diversity,” McKinsey and Company, January 2019 , https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/organization/our%20insights/delivering%20through%20diversity/delivering-through-diversity_full-report.ashx.
3. “2018 Deloitte Millennial Survey: Millennials Disappointed in Business, Unprepared for Industry 4.0,” https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/About-Deloitte/gx-2018-millennial-survey-report.pdf.
4. Lorenzo, R., Voigt, N., Tsusaka, M., Krentz, M., and Abouzahr, K., “How Diverse Leadership Teams Boost Innovation,” BCG Henderson Institute, January 23, 2018, https://www.bcg.com/publications/2018/how-diverse-leadership-teams-boost-innovation.
5. Creary, S., Rothbard, N., Mariscal, E., Moore, O., Scruggs, J., and Villarmán, N., “Evidence-Based Solutions for Inclusion in the Workplace: Actions for Middle Managers,” Wharton People Analytics, Diversity Inc., May 2020, p. 2.
6. “70% of Job Seekers Value a Company’s Commitment to Diversity When Evaluating Potential Employers,” PRNewswire, June 18, 2020, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/70-of-job-seekers-value-a-companys-commitment-to-diversity-when-evaluating-potential-employers-301079330.html.
7. Greenberg, M., and Greenlee, G., Race in the Workplace Survey, August–September 2020.
8. Hunt, Prince, Dixon-Fyle, and Yee, “Delivering Through Diversity.”
9. Author interview with Kathy Taylor, December 14, 2020.
10. Peterson, Dana M., and Mann, Catherine L., “Closing the Racial Inequality Gaps: The Economic Cost of Black Inequality in the U.S.,” Citi GPS, September 2020, https://www.citivelocity.com/citigps/closing-the-racial-inequality-gaps/.
11. Author interview with Ben Hecht, December 8. 2020.
12. Rojas, R., and Atkinson, K., “50 Years After the Uprising: Five Days of Unrest That Shaped, and Haunted, Newark,” New York Times, July 11, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/11/nyregion/newark-riots-50-years.html.
13. Author interview with Susan Somersille Johnson, January 28, 2021.
14. Author interview with Ray Martinez, December 3, 2020.
Part II
1. American Psychiatric Association, “APA’s Apology to Black, Indigenous, and People of Color for Its Support of Structural Racism in Psychiatry.” January 18, 2021, https://www.psychiatry.org/newsroom/apa-apology-for-its-support-of-structural-racism-in-psychiatry.
Chapter 3
1. Macdonald , M., “‘I Am Not Your Negro’ review: A Poetic Journey Into The Heart Of The Civil-Rights Movement,” Seattle Times, February 1, 2017, https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/movies/i-am-not-your-negro-review-a-poetic-journey-into-the-heart-of-the-civil-rights-movement/
2. Author interview with Lorie Valle-Yañez, December 17, 2020.
3. MultiCultural Institute, “Diversity & Inclusion: An Overview,” Diversity Primer, Chap. 1, https://www.diversitybestpractices.com/sites/diversitybestpractices.com/files/import/embedded/anchors/files/diversity_primer_chapter_01.pdf.
4. Newkirk, P., Diversity, Inc.: The Fight for Racial Equality in the Workplace, Bold Type Books, New York, 2020.
5. Roberts, B., Women and Leadership Archives, Loyola University Chicago, https://www.luc.edu/media/lucedu/wla/pdfs/Roberts,%20Bari-Ellen.pdf.
6. Mulligan, Thomas S. and Kraul, Chris, “Texaco Settles Race Bias Suit for $176 Million,” Los Angeles Times, November 16, 1996; https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-11-16-mn-65290-story.html.
7. Anand, R., and Winters, M., “A Retrospective View of Corporate Diversity Training from 1964 to the Present,” Academy of Management Learning & Education, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 356–372, 2008.
8. https://www.hudson.org/about/history and https://www.amazon.com/Workforce-2000-Workers-Century-Executive/dp/0160038871.
9. McCormick, Kate, “The Evolution of Workplace Diversity,” State Bar of Texas 15th Annual Advanced Employment Law Course, Chap.16.1, February 1–2, 2007, http://www.texasbarcle.com/Materials/Events/6369/4079_01.pdf.
10. Author interview with Nereida Perez, January 12, 2021.
11. Ibid.
12. Anand and Winters, “A Retrospective View of Corporate Diversity Training from 1964 to the Present.”
13. Newkirk, Diversity, Inc.
14. Newkirk, Diversity, Inc.
15. Newkirk, Diversity, Inc.
16. Newkirk, Diversity, Inc.
17. Holmes, Steven A. “Blacks, Citing Bias at Work, Sue Coca-Cola,” New York Times, April 23, 1999, https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/23/business/blacks-citing-bias-at-work-sue-coca-cola.html.
18. Email exchange between the authors and the anonymous person in May 2021.
19. Author breakout group discussion “How Can Companies Move Beyond Race Talk to Racial Equity,” University of Pennsylvania Masters of Applied Positive Psychology (MAPP) Summit, October 24, 2020.
20. Newman-Carrasco, R., “Why the Ad Industry’s Diversity Strategy Needs a New Brief: The Phrase ‘Diversity and Inclusion’ Is Doing Our Industry More Harm Than Good,” AdAge, August 2016 , https://adage.com/article/agency-viewpoint/ad-industry-s-diversity-strategy-a/305638.
Chapter 4
1. Oliver, J., “America’s Failures on Black America,” Broken News (video transcript), June 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aE8OqAtbn0s.
2. Author discussion with anonymous consultant, December 2020.
3. Author interview with Liz Rowan, December 21, 2020.
4. “George Floyd: Timeline of Black Deaths and Protests,” BBC News, April 22, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52905408.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. “Tamir Rice Killing: US Closes Investigation into 2014 Shooting,” BBC News, December 30, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55481339.
8. “George Floyd: Timeline of Black Deaths and Protests.”
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. “Federal Officials Decline Prosecution in the Death of Freddie Gray,” Justice News, US Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, September 12, 2017, https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/federal-officials-decline-prosecution-death-freddie-gray.
13. Serrano, Richard A. “All 4 Acquitted in King Beating: Verdict Stirs Outrage; Bradley Calls It Senseless: Trial: Ventura County jury rejects charges of excessive force in episode captured on videotape. A mistrial is declared on one count against Officer Powell,” Los Angeles Times, April 30, 1992, https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-04-30-mn-1942-story.html.
14. Hassett-Walker, Connie, “How You Start Is How You Finish? The Slave Patrol and Jim Crow Origins of Policing,” Human Rights magazine, Vol. 46, No. 2, January 12, 2021, https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/civil-rights-reimagining-policing/how-you-start-is-how-you-finish/.
15. Hassett-Walker, Connie, “The Racist Roots of American Policing: From Slave Patrols to Traffic Stops,” June 4, 2019 (updated June 2, 2020), https://theconversation.com/the-racist-roots-of-american-policing-from-slave-patrols-to-traffic-stops-112816.
16. Robinson, Michael, “From the Slave Codes to Mike Brown: The Brutal History of African Americans and Law Enforcement,” Justice and Domestic Affairs (blog), October 5, 2017, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2017/10/05/from-the-slave-codes-to-mike-brown-the-brutal-history-of-african-americans-and-law-enforcement/.
17. Potter, Gary, “The History of Policing in the United States,” Gary Potter @ EKUonline, https://plsonline.eku.edu/sites/plsonline.eku.edu/files/the-history-of-policing-in-us.pdf.
18. Hassett-Walker, “How You Start Is How You Finish?”
19. Green, Jeff, “Floyd Killing Forces U.S. Business to Examine Its Record on Race,” Bloomberg News, April 21, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-21/floyd-killing-forces-u-s-business-to-examine-its-record-on-race. For information on the OneTen Coalition, go to https://www.oneten.org/.
20. “The Participation of Black Workers in the US Private-Sector Economy,” February 2021 report by McKinsey & Co., https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/race-in-the-workplace-the-black-experience-in-the-us-private-sector#.
21. “A Class Divided,” Frontline, March 26, 1985, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/class-divided/.
22. Race: The Power of an Illusion, California Newsreel, Larry Adelman, executive producer, 2003, https://www.racepowerofanillusion.org/.
23. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: Race and Cultural Diversity in American Life and History, https://www.coursera.org/learn/race-cultural-diversity-american-life.
24. Yoshino, K., “Inclusion and Covering,” Beyond Microsoft, June 30, 2020, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/diversity/beyond-microsoft/default.aspx.
25. The Human Genome Project: National Human Genome Research Institute, https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project.
26. Race: The Power of an Illusion, Episode 1 (program transcript), California Newsreel, Larry Adelman, executive producer, 2003, https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-about-01-01.htm.
27. Race: The Power of an Illusion, California Newsreel.
28. The Human Genome Project, https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project.
29. Definition of Race: National Human Genome Research Institute, https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Race.
30. Night, S., “Are Humans Naturally Tribal?,” Be Human Project, March 5, 2014, https://behumanproject.org/why-are-we-tribal/.
31. Bishop, B., The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America Is Tearing Us Apart, Mariner Books, Boston, 2008.
32. “Historical Foundations of Race,” National Museum of African American History and Culture at the Smithsonian, https://nmaahc.si.edu/learn/talking-about-race/topics/historical-foundations-race.
33. Ibid.
34. Race: The Power of an Illusion, California Newsreel.
35. Jefferson, Thomas, Notes on Virginia, 1781, Thomas Jefferson Foundation, https://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/jefferson/jefferson.html.
36. The White House: James Madison, https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/james-madison/.
37. Race: The Power of an Illusion, California Newsreel.
38. Ambrose, Stephen E., “Founding Fathers and Slaveholders,” Smithsonian magazine, November 2002, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/founding-fathers-and-slaveholders-72262393/.
39. Kindy, D., “New Research Suggests Alexander Hamilton Was a Slave Owner,” Smithsonian magazine, November 2020, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/new-research-alexander-hamilton-slave-owner-180976260/.
40. Iaccarino, A., “The Founding Fathers and Slavery,” Britannica, January 2007, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Founding-Fathers-and-Slavery-1269536.
41. History.com Editors, “Trail of Tears,” November 2009, updated July 2020, https://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/trail-of-tears.
42. Race: The Power of an Illusion, California Newsreel.
43. Blakemore, Erin, “The Brutal History of Anti-Latino Discrimination in America,” History Stories, updated August 29, 2018, https://www.history.com/news/the-brutal-history-of-anti-latino-discrimination-in-america.
44. Race: The Power of an Illusion, California Newsreel.
45. Jones, K., How Can We Win, June 2020, https://digg.com/video/how-can-we-win-kimberly-jones/.
46. Wilkerson, I., The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of American’s Great Migration, Penguin Random House, New York, 2011.
47. “The Origins of Jim Crow,” home page, Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, Ferris State University, https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/origins.htm.
48. “What Was Jim Crow?,” Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, Ferris State University, https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/what.htm.
49. Ijeoma Oluo on Talking About Race and Racism, New York State Writers Institute, October, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2b_twxTjaoE&t=379s.
50. Equal Justice Initiative, “On this day Apr 24, 1877: Federal Troops Leave South, Ending Reconstruction,” https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/apr/24.
51. Traub, A., Sullivan, L., Meschede, T., and Shapiro, T., “The Asset Value of Whiteness: Understanding the Racial Wealth Gap—How Past Racial Injustices Are Carried Forward as Wealth Handed Down Across Generations and Reinforced by ‘Color-Blind’ Practices and Policies,” Demos, February 2017, https://www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/Asset%20Value%20of%20Whiteness_0.pdf,
52. Peterson, Dana M., and Mann, Catherine L., “Closing the Racial Inequality Gaps: The Economic Cost of Black Inequality in the U.S.,” Citi GPS, September 2020, https://www.citivelocity.com/citigps/closing-the-racial-inequality-gaps/.
53. Osbourne, H., “Financial Inequality: The Ethnicity Gap in Pay, Wealth and Property,” The Guardian, June 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/money/2020/jun/20/financial-inequality-the-ethnicity-gap-in-pay-wealth-and-property.
54. Jeung, R., Horse, A. Y., Popovic, T., and Lim, R., “Stop AAPI Hate National Report,” March 2020, https://secureservercdn.net/104.238.69.231/a1w.90d.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/210312-Stop-AAPI-Hate-National-Report-.pdf.
55. “Authorities Name All Eight Victims in Atlanta Spa Shootings,” The Guardian, March 19, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/mar/19/atlanta-spa-shootings-victims-named.
56. Lang, Cady, “The Atlanta Shootings Fit into a Long Legacy of Anti-Asian Violence in America,” Time magazine, updated March 19, 2021, https://time.com/5947723/atlanta-shootings-anti-asian-violence-america/?utm_medium=email&utm_source=sfmc&utm_campaign=newsletter+brief+default+ac&utm_content=+++20210318+++body&et_rid=150152715.
57. Suyin Haynes, “As Coronavirus Spreads, So Does Xenophobia and Anti-Asian Racism,” Time magazine, March 6, 2020, https://time.com/5797836/coronavirus-racism-stereotypes-attacks/.
58. Chow, K., “‘Model Minority’ Myth Again Used as a Racial Wedge Between Asians and Blacks,” Code Switch, NPR, April 19, 2017, https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2017/04/19/524571669/model-minority-myth-again-used-as-a-racial-wedge-between-asians-and-blacks.
59. Lang, “The Atlanta Shootings Fit into a Long Legacy of Anti-Asian Violence in America,” To learn more about Vincent Chin, see Little, Becky, “How the 1982 Murder of Vincent Chin Ignited a Push for Asian American Rights,” History Stories, May 5, 2020, https://www.history.com/news/vincent-chin-murder-asian-american-rights.
60. Lang, “The Atlanta Shootings Fit into a Long Legacy of Anti-Asian Violence in America.”
61. Ibid.
62. Author interview with Ray Martinez, December 3, 2020.
Chapter 5
1. Author interview with Joanna Barsh, January 5, 2021.
2. Plummer, D., Antiracist Style Indicator, https://asi.dlplummer.com/.
3. Vincenty, S., “Being ‘Color Blind’ Doesn’t Make You Not Racist—in Fact, It Can Mean the Opposite,” Oprah Daily , June 12, 2020.
4. Eberhardt, J., “Science: The ‘Colorblind’ Approach to Racism Doesn’t Work: You Can’t Make Your Kids Nonracist by Pretending Race Doesn’t Exist,” Literary Hub, April 2019, https://lithub.com/science-the-colorblind-approach-to-racism-doesnt-work/.
5. Wilkerson, I., Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents, Random House, New York, 2020.
6. Hirsch, Afua, “The ‘Playing the Race Card’ Accusation Is Just a Way to Silence Us,” January 16, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jan/16/playing-the-race-card-racism-black-experience.
7. NALEO Educational Fund, https://naleo.org.
8. “2020 Census Questionnaire Guidance for Latino Respondents,” Hagase Contar, https://hagasecontar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Census-form-instructions-NEF-03092020-Final-1.pdf.
9. Travae, M., “Racial Classification and Terminology in Brazil,” Black Brazil Today, November 2011, https://blackbraziltoday.com/racial-classification-and-terminology-in-brazil/.
10. Jean-Philippe, M., “So, What’s the Difference Between Race and Ethnicity?,” Oprah magazine, August 2019.
11. Author interview with Susan Somersille Johnson, January 28, 2021.
12. Author interview with Zakira Bhura, January 13, 2021.
13. Author interview with Manuel Meza, January 12, 2021.
14. Parvini S., and Simani, E., “Are Arabs and Iranians White? Census Says Yes, but Many Disagree,” Los Angeles Times, March 2019.
15. Jean-Philippe, M., “So, What’s the Difference Between Race and Ethnicity?” Oprah Daily, August 26, 2019. https://www.oprahdaily.com/life/a28787295/race-vs-ethnicity-difference/
16. Ignatiev, N., How the Irish Became White, Routledge, London, 1995.
17. Author interview with Lorie Valle-Yañez, December 17, 2020.
18. Author interview with Ruth Pearce, December 2, 2020.
Chapter 6
1. “Apple CEO Tim Cook Speaks on Diversity and Inclusion at Auburn University,” Silicon Review, April 10, 2017, https://thesiliconreview.net/ceo-review/apple-ceo-tim-cook-speaks-on-diversity-and-inclusion-at-auburn-university.
2. Author interview with Erneshia Pinder, November 11, 2020.
3. Author interview with Heather Bodington, December 21, 2020.
4. Hughes, B., Camp, N., Gomez, J., Natu, V., Grill-Spector, K., and Eberhardt, J., “Neural Adaptation to Faces Reveals Racial Outgroup Homogeneity Effects in Early Perception,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 116, no. 29, pp. 14532–14537, July 2019, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1822084116.
5. Author interview with Susan Somersille Johnson, January 28, 2021.
6. Author interview with Joanna Barsh, January 5, 2021.
7. Author interview with Rajesh Ramachandran, January 21, 2021.
8. Worline, M., and Dutton, J., Awakening Compassion at Work: The Quiet Power That Elevates People and Organizations, Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Oakland, CA, 2017, p. 5.
9. Riess, H., The Empathy Effect: 7 Neuroscience-Based Keys for Transforming the Way We Live, Work, and Connect Across Differences, Sounds True Publishing, Boulder, CO, 2018, pp. 45–62.
10. Dweck, C., Mindset: Changing the Way You Think to Fulfill Your Potential, Random House, New York, 2017.
11. Anderson, James, “Fixed vs Growth: Two Ends of a Mindset Continuum,” https://mindfulbydesign.com/fixed-vs-growth-two-ends-mindset-continuum/.
12. Ibid.
13. Gross-Loh, Christine, “How Praise Became a Consolation Prize,” The Atlantic, December 16, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/12/how-praise-became-a-consolation-prize/510845/.
14. https://mindfulbydesign.com/fixed-vs-growth-two-ends-mindset-continuum/.
15. Anderson, J., The Agile Learner: Where Growth Mindset, Habits of Mind and Practice Unite, Melbourne, Hawkerbrownlow, 2017.
16. Rush, B., Rush Studios, https://rushstudios.briannarush.com/contact-2/.
17. Cabane, O. F., and Pollack, J., The Net and the Butterfly: The Art and Practice of Breakthrough Thinking, Portfolio, New York, 2017.
18. Author interview with Nina Davis, December 16, 2020.
19. de Bono, E., Six Thinking Hats, rev. and updated, Back Bay Books, Boston, 1999, https://www.amazon.com/Six-Thinking-Hats-Edward-Bono/dp/0316178314.
20. de Bono, E., Lateral Thinking, https://www.edwddebono.com/lateral-thinking.
21. Six Thinking Hats® content republished under license from the copyright holder deBono.com.
Chapter 7
1. Noah, T., Born a Crime: Stories from a South African Childhood, Spiegel & Grau, New York, 2016.
2. Greenberg, M., and Greenlee, G., Race in the Workplace Online Survey, August–September 2020.
3. Author interview with Kathy Taylor, December 14, 2020.
4. Starbucks Race Together Campaign, https://stories.starbucks.com/stories/2015/what-race-together-means-for-starbucks-partners-and-customers/.
5. Carr, A., “The Inside Story of Starbucks’s Race Together Campaign, No Foam,” Fast Company, June 2015.
6. Brooks, K., “Why So Many Black Business Professionals Are Missing from the C-suite,” CBS News, December 2019, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-professionals-hold-only-3-percent-of-executive-jobs-1-percent-of-ceo-jobs-at-fortune-500-firms-new-report-says/.
7. Alcom, C., “Rosalind Brewer Officially Takes the Helm at Walgreens, Becoming the only Black Woman Fortune 500 CEO,” CNN Business, March 15, 2021.
8. Author interview with Ben Hecht, December 8, 2020.
9. Author interview with Susan Somersille Johnson, January 28, 2021.
10. Author interview with Ray Martinez, December 3, 2020.
11. Author interview with Kathy Taylor, December 14, 2020.
12. Author conversation with Mhayse Samalya, June 2020.
13. Email conversation between Meghan Donahue and the authors, January 19, 2021.
14. https://quotecatalog.com/quote/iyanla-vanzant-if-you-trust-yo-adbA2R7.
15. Author interview with Karen Senteio, January 7, 2021.
16. Edmondson, A., The Fearless Organization: Creating Psychological Safety in the Workplace for Learning, Innovation, and Growth, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2019.
17. Duhigg, C., “What Google Learned from Its Quest to Build the Perfect Team,” New York Times, February 25, 2016.
18. Creating Psychological Safety at Work in a Knowledge Economy | Amy Edmondson, Harvard (video), July 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUo1QwVcCv0&t=7s.
19. Author interview with Christine Robinson, December 21, 2020.
20. Bennett, J., “What if Instead of Calling People Out, We Called Them In?,” New York Times, November 19, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/19/style/loretta-ross-smith-college-cancel-culture.html.
21. Author interview with Ben Hecht, December 8, 2020.
22. McGlinchy, A., “After ‘Damaging’ Diversity Training, City Won’t Use Company Again for Similar Workshops,” Austin Monitor, September 11, 2020.
23. Author interview with Ben Hecht, December 8, 2020.
24. Author interview with Heather Thomas-McClellan, November 17, 2020.
25. Hecht, B., “Moving Beyond Diversity Toward Racial Equity,” Harvard Business Review, June 2020.
Chapter 8
1. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2016/03/08/international-womens-day-3-women-who-inspire-us.
2. Author interview with Everett Harper, November 19, 2020.
3. Author interview with Marianne Monte, December 11, 2020.
4. Slowey, K., “By the Numbers: Women in Construction,” Construction Dive, March 6, 2019, https://www.constructiondive.com/news/by-the-numbers-women-in-construction/549359/.
5. Mishel, L., “The Increased Diversity of New York City Union Construction Employment,” Working Economics Blog, January 19, 2017, https://www.epi.org/blog/the-increased-diversity-of-new-york-city-union-construction-employment/.
6. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Industries at a Glance: Construction, https://www.bls.gov/iag/tgs/iag23.htm#workforce.
7. Prudential newsroom, “Prudential Deepens Commitment to Advance Racial Equity,” August 5, 2020, https://news.prudential.com/prudential-deepens-commitment-to-advance-racial-equity.htm.
8. Author interview with Nereida Perez, January 12, 2021.
9. Author interview with Jackie Stavros, January 7, 2021.
10. Author interview with Heather Thomas-McClellan, November 17, 2020.
11. The Annie E. Casey Foundation, “Race Matters: Organizational Self-Assessment,” January 12, 2006, https://www.aecf.org/resources/race-matters-organizational-self-assessment/.
12. Author interview with Lorie Valle-Yañez, December 17, 2020.
13. Smith, R., “How to Make Your Small Wins Work for You,” Ideas.TED.com, January 29, 2019, https://ideas.ted.com/how-to-make-your-small-wins-work-for-you/.
14. Author interview with Christine Robinson, December 21, 2020.
Part V
1. Author interview with Susan Somersille Johnson, January 28, 2021.
2. Author interview with Joanna Barsh, January 5, 2021.
3. Author discussion with Leslie Ashford, January 5, 2021.
4. Author interview with Ray Martinez, December 3, 2020.
Chapter 9
1. Nigamboyz, “12 Motivational Quotes by Indra Nooyi, One of the Greatest Female CEO [sic] in the Present World,” Bumppy, November 2, 2017, https://www.bumppy.com/12-motivational-quotes-by-indra-nooyi-one-of-the-greatest-female-ceo-in-the-present-world/.
2. Lewis, M., Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game, W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2004.
3. Haun, L., “Billy Beane and the Science of Talent Management, the Moneyball Way,” ERE Media, February 28, 2012, https://www.tlnt.com/billy-beane-and-the-science-of-talent-management-the-moneyball-way/.
4. Gardner, Hayes, “The Iowa State Dropout Who Started Baseball-Reference,” Ames Tribune, October 4, 2019, https://www.amestrib.com/sports/20191004/iowa-state-dropout-who-started-baseball-reference. Sean Foreman is the “Iowa State dropout.” His LinkedIn page says that he is president of Sports Reference, LLC, and that he sets “direction and strategy for the largest group of sports statistics websites in the world.”
5. Goldstein, P., “Splunk .Conf2017: Oakland A’s Billy Beane Says Data Analytics Has Transformed Baseball,” BizTech.com, September 28, 2017.
6. Zettelmeyer, F. and Bolling, M., “Billy Beane Shows Why Leaders Can’t Leave Data Science to the Data Scientists,” Forbes, September 23, 2014, https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesleadershipforum/2014/09/23/billy-beane-shows-why-leaders-cant-leave-data-science-to-the-data-scientists/?sh=7abca1a74c7c.
7. Ibid.
8. “Wells Fargo CEO’s Comments About Diverse Talent Anger Some Employees,” CNBC, September 22, 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/22/wells-fargo-ceo-ruffles-feathers-with-comments-about-diverse-talent.html.
9. Author interview with Ted Fleming, October 22, 2020.
10. “Wells Fargo CEO’s Comments About Diverse Talent Anger Some Employees,” CNBC, September 22, 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/22/wells-fargo-ceo-ruffles-feathers-with-comments-about-diverse-talent.html.
11. Anonymous, email exchange, October 20, 2020.
12. “About Us,” National Association of Black Accountants, Inc., https://www.nabainc.org/about_us.
13. National Society of Black Engineers website, https://www.nsbe.org/home.aspx.
14. Wall Street Friends website, https://www.wallstreetfriends.org/our-team.
15. Stofer, A., and Quintard, B., “Diversity in U.S. Startups,” RateMyInvestor in partnership with Diversity VC, https://ratemyinvestor.com/DiversityVCReport_Final.pdf.
16. Valence Community, https://valence.community/about.
17. Valence Community.
18. OneTen, https://www.oneten.org/.
19. Ibid.
20. Bridge Partners, https://www.bridgepartnersllc.com/.
21. Office of Civil Rights, Minority Serving Institutions Program, https://www.doi.gov/pmb/eeo/doi-minority-serving-institutions-program.
22. The Divine Nine website, http://www.blackgreek.com/divinenine/.
23. A History of Historically Black Colleges and Universities,” https://hbcufirst.com/resources/hbcu-history-timeline.
24. White House Hispanic Prosperity Initiative, U.S. Department of Education, https://sites.ed.gov/hispanic-initiative/.
25. White House Initiative on American Indian and Alaska Native Education, https://sites.ed.gov/whiaiane/tribes-tcus/tribal-colleges-and-universities/.
26. The Asian American and Native American Pacific Islander-Serving Institutions (AANAPISIs), https://www.aanapisi.net/about_aanapisis.
27. Ibid.
28. MasterClass.com online course: Spike Lee Teaches Independent Filmmaking.
29. TDU website, “Teamsters Deserve Leadership That Looks Like the Membership and a Union That Fights For Social and Economic Justice for All Workers,” reported the TDU, November 6, 2019, https://www.tdu.org/black_teamsters_are_building_power.
30. Teamsters website, https://teamster.org/about/leadership/.
31. Brown, A. C., I’m Still Here: Black Dignity in a World Made for Whiteness, Convergent Books, New York, 2018.
32. Kang, Sonia, DeCelles, K., Tilcsik, A., and Jun, S., “Whitened Résumés: Race and Self-Presentation in the Labor Market,” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 61, No. 3, pp. 469–502, September 2016.
33. Woodman, C., Greenberg and Greenlee Race in the Workplace Survey Results, September 28, 2020.
34. Wainwright, O., “Architects Elsie Owusu and Shawn Adams: ‘Above the Glass Ceiling Is a Concrete Ceiling,’” The Guardian, June 25, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/jun/25/architects-elsie-owusu-and-shawn-adams-above-the-glass-ceiling-is-a-concrete-ceiling.
35. Author interview with Nereida Perez, January 12, 2021.
36. Author interview with Everett Harper, November 11, 2020.
37. Author email with Everett Harper, February 2021.
38. Author interview with Heather Bodington, December 21, 2020.
Chapter 10
1. Author interview with Karen Senteio, January 7, 2021.
2. The National Registry of Exonerations, a joint project of the University of California Irvine Newkirk Center for Science & Society, University of Michigan Law School, and Michigan State University College of Law, https://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/casedetail.aspx?caseid=3191.
3. Author interview with Marianne Monte, December 22, 2020.
4. Author interview with Manuel Meza, January 12, 2021.
5. Liu, J., “The Simple, but Meaningful, Interview Question This Anti-Racist Company Asks Job Applicants,” Make It, CNBC, June 23, 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/23/the-job-interview-question-this-anti-racist-company-asks-applicants.html.
6. Fractured Atlas company website, https://www.fracturedatlas.org/.
7. Liu, “The Simple, but Meaningful, Interview Question This Anti-Racist Company Asks Job Applicants.”
8. Author interview with Ben Hecht, December 8, 2020.
9. Author interview with Heather Thomas-McClellan, November 17, 2020.
10. Author interview with Ray Martinez, December 3, 2020.
11. Domise, A., “What Black People Have Always Known About Diversity Policies,” Fast Company, April 17, 2018, https://www.fastcompany.com/40560291/what-black-people-have-always-known-about-diversity-policies.
12. Jim Crow Museum Timeline, Part 4 (1877–1964) from Ferris State University Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, https://www.ferris.edu/htmls/news/jimcrow/timeline/jimcrow.htm.
Chapter 11
1. Harper, E., personal interview, November 11, 2020.
2. Cooney, S., “Should You Share Your Salary with Co-workers? Here’s What Experts Say,” Time magazine, August 2014, https://time.com/5353848/salary-pay-transparency-work/.
3. Kruse, K., “The Big Company That Has No Rules,” Forbes, August 2016, https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinkruse/2016/08/29/the-big-company-that-has-no-rules/?sh=42baa14356ad.
4. “Semco: A Participative Approach to Pay,” Build It: The Rebel Playbook for Employee Engagement, https://www.rebelplaybook.com/bonus-plays/a-participative-approach-to-pay-semco.
5. de Morree, P., “Fixing Work That Sucks: Semco’s Step-by-Step Transformation,” Corporate Rebels, 2018, https://corporate-rebels.com/semco/.
6. Author interview with Everett Harper, November 19, 2020.
7. Miller, S., “Black Workers Still Earn Less Than Their White Counterparts,” SHRM, June 11, 2020, https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/compensation/pages/racial-wage-gaps-persistence-poses-challenge.aspx.
8. “The Simple Truth About the Gender Pay Gap,” AAUW, https://www.aauw.org/resources/research/simple-truth/.
9. Sanchez, J., Greenberg and Greenlee Race in the Workplace Survey, August 28, 2020.
10. Zweigenhaft, R., “Fortune 500 CEOs, 2000–2020: Still Male, Still White,” The Society Pages, October 28, 2020, https://thesocietypages.org/specials/fortune-500-ceos-2000-2020-still-male-still-white/.
11. Wahba, P., “Only 19: The Lack of Black CEOs in the History of the Fortune 500,” Fortune, February 1, 2021, https://fortune.com/longform/fortune-500-black-ceos-business-history/.
12. Fairchild, C., “Seeing Only Two Black Female CEOs in the Fortune 500,” Working Together (newsletter), LinkedIn News, March 3, 2021, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/seeing-only-two-black-female-ceos-fortune-500-should-make-fairchild/.
13. Tulshyan, R., “Racially Diverse Companies Outperform Industry Norms by 35%,” Forbes, January 30, 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ruchikatulshyan/2015/01/30/racially-diverse-companies-outperform-industry-norms-by-30/?sh=5eed3a921132.
14. Anonymous, Greenberg and Greenlee Race in the Workplace Survey, August 19, 2020.
15. Author interview with Heather Thomas-McClellan, November17, 2020.
16. Author interview with Marianne Monte, December 22, 2020.
Chapter 12
1. Author interview with Kathy Taylor, December 14, 2020.
2. Rodriguez, S., “Reddit Co-founder Ohanian Resigns from Board, Urges Company to Replace Him with a Black Candidate,” CNBC. June 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/05/reddits-ohanian-resigns-from-board-in-support-of-black-community.html.
3. Connley, C., “Ex-Xerox CEO Ursula Burns: Companies Should ‘Improve Representation for Women and for Blacks’ or Be Forced to Meet Targets,” CNBC make it, June 17, 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/17/ex-xerox-ceo-ursula-burns-calls-out-corporate-america-for-lack-of-diverse-leadership.html.
4. Sumagaysay, L., “California Will Require Public Companies to Have Diverse Boards,” MarketWatch, September 2020, https://www.marketwatch.com/story/california-will-require-public-companies-to-have-diverse-boards-11601504807.
5. Author interview with Everett Harper, November 19, 2020.
6. Author interview with Ben Hecht, December 8, 2020.
7. “The State of Diversity in Nonprofit and Foundation Leadership,” Battalia-Winston white paper, 2017, https://www.battaliawinston.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/nonprofit_white_paper.pdf.
8. Dorsey, C., Bradach, J., and Kim, P., “The Problem with ‘Color-Blind’ Philanthropy,” Harvard Business Review, June 2020, https://hbr.org/2020/06/the-problem-with-color-blind-philanthropy.
9. Author interview with Kathy Taylor, December 14 , 2020.
10. Author interview with Marianne Monte, December 22, 2020.
11. “Giving Back to Your Community Through an Internship Program,” Intern Matters (blog), March 31, 2010, https://internmatters.wordpress.com/2010/03/31/giving-back-to-your-community-through-an-internship-program/.
12. Bateman, A., Barrington, A., and Date, K., “Why You Need a Supplier-Diversity Program,” Harvard Business Review, August 2020, https://hbr.org/2020/08/why-you-need-a-supplier-diversity-program.
13. Author interview with Nereida Perez, January 12, 2021.
14. TWIN Global 2015 Beyond the Game (video), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yc4CFocQnIo&t=472s.
15. Author interview with Erneshia Pinder, November 11, 2020.
16. Author interview with Lorie Valle-Yañez, December 17, 2020.
17. AT&T website, https://about.att.com/pages/diversity/employee_groups.
18. Limbong, Andrew, “Microaggressions Are a Big Deal: How to Talk Them Out and When to Walk Away,” NPR Life Kit (interview), June 9, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/06/08/872371063/microaggressions-are-a-big-deal-how-to-talk-them-out-and-when-to-walk-away.
19. Author interview with Heather Bodington, December 21, 2020.
20. Author interview with Kathy Taylor, December 14, 2020.
21. Dutton, J. E., Energize Your Workplace: How to Build and Sustain High-Quality Connections at Work, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 2003.
22. Author interview with Nina Davis, December 16, 2020.
Part VI
1. Washington, D., Good Reads, https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/9450482-just-because-you-are-doing-a-lot-more-doesn-t-mean.
Chapter 13
1. “A Happy Warrior: Mellody Hobson on Mentoring, Diversity, and Feedback,” McKinsey Global Institute (podcast), June 18, 2020, https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/a-happy-warrior-mellody-hobson-on-mentorship-diversity-and-feedback.
2. Author interview with Nereida Perez, January 12, 2021.
3. Personal interview with Heather Bodington, December 21, 2021.
4. Author interview with Lorie Valle-Yañez, February 3, 2021.
5. Garner, Megan, “Call It the ‘Bechdel-Wallace Test,” The Atlantic, August 25, 2015, https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/08/call-it-the-bechdel-wallace-test/402259.
6. “Bechdel Test,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechdel_test#:~:text=Media%20industry%20studies%20indicate%20that,For%20the%20test%20first%20appeared.
7. “The ANA’s AIMM Introduces the Cultural Insights Impact Measure™ (CIIM™) Proving That Cultural Relevance Drives Real Brand Results,” PR Newswire, September 2019, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-anas-aimm-introduces-the-cultural-insights-impact-measure-ciim-proving-that-cultural-relevance-drives-real-brand-results-300920266.html.
8. Author interview with Lorie Valle-Yañez, December 17, 2020.
9. Ibid., February 3, 2021.
10. Author interview with Rajesh Ramachandran, January 21, 2021.
11. Author interview with Heather Thomas-McClellan, November 17, 2020.
12. Hecht, B., “Moving Beyond Diversity Toward Racial Equity,” Harvard Business Review, June 16, 2020.
13. Personal interview with Kathy Taylor, December 14, 2020.
14. Author interview with Ben Hecht, December 8, 2020.
15. Author interview with Rochelle Newman-Carrasco, August 2020.
16. Anonymous, Greenberg and Greenlee Race in the Workplace Survey, October 19, 2020.
Chapter 14
1. Le Guinn, U. K., The Language of the Night: Essays on Fantasy and Science Fiction, Putnam, New York, 1979.
2. https://blacklivesmatter.com/.
4. Newman-Carrasco, R., “Why the Ad Industry’s Diversity Strategy Needs a New Brief: The Phrase ‘Diversity and Inclusion’ Is Doing Our Industry More Harm Than Good,” AdAge, August 2016, https://adage.com/article/agency-viewpoint/ad-industry-s-diversity-strategy-a/305638.
5. Bogost, I., Play Anything: The Pleasure of Limits, the Uses of Boredom, and the Secret of Games, Basic Books, New York, 2016.
6. Newman-Carrasco, “Why the Ad Industry’s Diversity Strategy Needs a New Brief.”
7. Ignatius, A., “How Indra Nooyi Turned Design Thinking into Strategy: An Interview with PepsiCo’s CEO,” Harvard Business Review, September 2015, https://hbr.org/2015/09/how-indra-nooyi-turned-design-thinking-into-strategy.
8. Porcini, M., “Closing the Gap Between Business and Design,” Service Design Show (podcast), Episode #44, January 25, 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlkOcBd1xpg.
9. John Bielenburg, Mike Burn, and Greg Galle, with Elizabeth Evitts Dickinson, Think Wrong: How to Conquer the Status Quo and Do Work That Matters, Instigator Press, 2016, https://www.thinkwrongbook.com/.
10. https://solvenext.com/about.
11. Think Wrong.
12. Fonteijn, M., “What Is Service Design,” Service Design Show (podcast), Episode #75 June 9, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLp-2QFRVXs.
13. Craig, “The Evolution of an Accidental Meme,” Medium, April 14, 2016, https://medium.com/@CRA1G/the-evolution-of-an-accidental-meme-ddc4e139e0e4.
14. “Why We Need to Step into #the4thbox,” Center for Story-based Strategy, https://www.storybasedstrategy.org/the4thbox.
15. Gayle, Latoya, “Customers Accuse Sainsbury’s of ‘Virtue Signalling’ over Christmas Advert Showing an All-Black Family and Claim the Retailer Is ‘Not Inclusive,’” Daily Mail, November 16, 2020, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-8954151/Twitter-call-Sainsburys-boycott-release-Christmas-advert-showing-black-family.html.
16. Kesslen, Ben, “Aunt Jemima Brand to Change Name, Remove Image That Quaker Says Is ‘Based on a Racial Stereotype,’” NBC News, June 17, 2020, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/aunt-jemima-brand-will-change-name-remove-image-quaker-says-n1231260.
17. Dallis, I., “We Need to Talk About How Media and Creatives Portray Black People: An African American Leader in the Media Industry Pens an Open Letter to the Industry on the Power of Images and Stories,” Fast Company, June 4, 2020, https://www.fastcompany.com/90512750/we-need-to-talk-about-how-media-and-creatives-portray-black-people.
18. Author interview with Liz Rowan, December 21, 2020.
19. Bhura, Z., personal interview, January 13, 2021.
20. BQ Desk, “Fair & Lovely Gets a New Name—Glow & Lovely. Emami Fumes,” BloombergQuint.com, July 2, 2020, https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/fair-and-lovely-gets-a-new-name-glow-and-lovely.
21. Rowan, L., personal interview, December 21, 2020.