Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contents

Notes to the Reader

Introduction

How to Read this Book

C++ Timeline

Focus on Use and Users

Programming Languages

References

Part I:

The Prehistory of C++

1.1 Simula and Distributed Systems

1.2 C and Systems Programming

1.3 General Background

C with Classes

2.1 The Birth of C with Classes

2.2 Feature overview

2.3 Classes

2.4 Run-Time Efficiency

2.5 The Linkage Model

2.6 Static Type Checking

2.7 Why C?

2.8 Syntax Problems

2.9 Derived Classes

2.10 The Protection Model

2.11 Run-Time Guarantees

2.12 Minor Features

2.13 Features Considered, but not Provided

2.14 Work Environment

The Birth of C++

3.1 From C with Classes to C++

3.2 Aims

3.3 Cfront

3.4 Language Features

3.5 Virtual Functions

3.6 Overloading

3.7 References

3.8 Constants

3.9 Memory Management

3.10 Type Checking

3.11 Minor Features

3.12 Relationship to Classic C

3.13 Tools for Language Design

3.14 The C++ Programming Language (1st edition)

3.15 The Whatis? Paper

C++ Language Design Rules

4.1 Rules and Principles

4.2 General Rules

4.3 Design Support Rules

4.4 Language-Technical Rules

4.5 Low-Level Programming Support Rules

4.6 A Final Word

Chronology 1985-1993

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Release 2.0

5.3 The Annotated Reference Manual

5.4 ANSI and ISO Standardization

Standardization

6.1 What is a Standard?

6.2 How does the Committee Operate?

6.3 Clarifications

6.4 Extensions

6.5 Examples of Proposed Extensions

Interest and Use

7.1 The Explosion in Interest and Use

7.2 Teaching and Learning C++

7.3 Users and Applications

7.4 Commercial Competition

Libraries

8.1 Introduction

8.2 C++ Library Design

8.3 Early Libraries

8.4 Other Libraries

8.5 A Standard Library

Looking Ahead

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Retrospective

9.3 Only a Bridge?

9.4 What Will Make C++ Much More Effective?

Part II:

Memory Management

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Separating Allocation and Initialization

10.3 Array Allocation

10.4 Placement

10.5 Deallocation Problems

10.6 Memory Exhaustion

10.7 Automatic Garbage Collection

Overloading

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Overload Resolution

11.3 Type-Safe Linkage

11.4 Object Creation and Copying

11.5 Notational Convenience

11.6 Adding Operators to C++

11.7 Enumerations

Multiple Inheritance

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Ordinary Base Classes

12.3 Virtual Base Classes

12.4 The Object Layout Model

12.5 Method Combination

12.6 The Multiple Inheritance Controversy

12.7 Delegation

12.8 Renaming

12.9 Base and Member Initializers

Class Concept Refinements

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Abstract Classes

13.3 const Member Functions

13.4 Static Member Functions

13.5 Nested Classes

13.6 Inherited::

13.7 Relaxation of Overriding Rules

13.8 Multi-methods

13.9 Protected Members

13.10 Improved Code Generation

13.11 Pointers to Members

Casting

14.1 Major Extensions

14.2 Run-Time Type Information

14.3 A New Cast Notation

Templates

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Templates

15.3 Class Templates

15.4 Constraints on Template Arguments

15.5 Avoiding Code Replication

15.6 Function Templates

15.7 Syntax

15.8 Composition Techniques

15.9 Template Class Relationships

15.10 Template Instantiation

15.11 Implications of Templates

Exception Handling

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Aims and Assumptions

16.3 Syntax

16.4 Grouping

16.5 Resource Management

16.6 Resumption vs. Termination

16.7 Asynchronous Events

16.8 Multi-level Propagation

16.9 Static Checking

16.10 Invariants

Namespaces

17.1 Introduction

17.2 The Problem

17.3 Ideals for a Solution

17.4 The Solution: Namespaces

17.5 Implications for Classes

17.6 C Compatibility

The C Preprocessor

18.1 Cpp

Index