BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abernathy, W. J., and K. Clark. 1985. “Innovation: Mapping the Winds of Creative Destruction.” Research Policy 14:3–22.

Ackoff, R. 1981. Creating the Corporate Future: Plan or Be Planned For. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Adler, P. S. 1989. “Technology Strategy: A Guide to the Literature.” In Research in Technological Innovation, Management and Policy, edited by R. Rosenbloom and R. Burgelman. Volume 4: 25–151. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.

Aldrich, H. E. 1979. Organizations and Environments. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Aldrich, H. E., and C. M. Fiol. 1994. “Fools Rush In? The Institutional Context of Industry Creation.” Academy of Management Review 19:645–670.

Amburgey, T. L., D. Kelly, and W. P. Barnett. 1993. “Resetting the Clock: The Dynamics of Organizational Change and Failure.” Administrative Science Quarterly 38:51–73.

Amit, R., and P. Schoemaker. 1993. “Strategic Assets and Organizational Rent.” Strategic Management Journal 14:33–46.

Ashby, W. R. 1956. An Introduction to Cybernetics. London: Chapman and Hall.

Bain, J. S. 1959. Industrial Organization. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Baldwin, C., and K. B. Clark. 1997. “Managing in an Age of Modularity.” Harvard Business Review 75:84–93.

Barney, J. B. 1991. “Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage.” Journal of Management 17:99–120.

———. 1986. “Strategic Factor Markets: Expectations, Luck, and Business Strategy.” Management Science 32:1231–1241.

Belanger, K. 1999. “Strategic Investing in Schumpeterian Environments: The Case of Enron.” Paper presented at the 1999 Babson College–Kauffman Foundation Entrepreneurship Research Conference at Columbia, S.C., May 12–15, 1999.

Bernheim, B. D., and M. D. Whinston. 1990. “Multimarket Contact and Collusive Behavior.” Rand Journal of Economics 21:1–26.

Birley, S., and P. Westhead. 1993. “A Comparison of New Businesses Established by ‘Novice’ and ‘Habitual’ Founders in Great Britain.” International Small Business Journal 12:38–60.

Birnbaum-More, P. H., and A. R. Weiss. 1990. “Discovering the Basis of Competition in Thirteen Industries: Computerized Content Analysis of Interview Data from the U. S. and Europe.” In Mapping Strategic Thought, edited by A. Huff. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Birnbaum-More, P. H., A. R. Weiss, and R. Wright. 1994. “How Do Rivals Compete: Strategy, Technology and Tactics.” Research Policy 23:249–265.

Black, F., and M. Scholes. 1973. “The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities.” Journal of Political Economy 81:637–654.

Block, Z., and I. C. MacMillan. 1985. “Milestones for Successful Venture Planning.” Harvard Business Review 62:4–8.

———. 1993. Corporate Venturing: Creating New Business within the Firm. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Bower, J. L. 1970. Managing the Resource Allocation Process. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Bowman, E. H. 1980. “A Risk/Return Paradox for Strategic Management.” Sloan Management Review 21:17–31.

Bowman, E. H., and D. Hurry. 1993. “Strategy through the Option Lens: An Integrated View of Resource Investments and the Incremental-Choice Process.” Academy of Management Review 18:760–782.

Brenneman, G. 1998. “Right Away and All at Once: How We Saved Continental.” Harvard Business Review 76:162–179.

Brown, S., and K. Eisenhardt. 1998. Competing on the Edge. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Burgelman, R. A. 1996. “A Process Model of Strategic Business Exit: Implications for an Evolutionary Perspective on Strategy.” Strategic Management Journal 17:193–214.

———. 1991. “Intraorganizational Ecology of Strategy Making and Organizational Adaptation: Theory and Field Research.” Organization Science 2:239–262.

———. 1988. “Strategy Making as a Social Learning Process: The Case of Internal Corporate Venturing.” Interfaces 18:74–85.

———. 1983. “A Process Model of Internal Corporate Venturing in the Diversified Major Firm.” Administrative Science Quarterly 18:223–244.

Caro, R. A. 1974. The Power Broker. New York: Knopf.

Carroll, G. R. 1993. “A Sociological View on Why Firms Differ.” Strategic Management Journal 14:237–249.

Chakrabarti, A. 1974. “The Role of Champion in Product Innovation.” California Management Review 17:58–62.

Chandler, A. D. 1962. Strategy and Structure. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.

Chen, M-J. 1996. “Competitor Analysis and Interfirm Rivalry: Toward a Theoretical Integration.” Academy of Management Review 21:100–134.

Chen, M-J., and I. C. MacMillan. 1992. “Nonresponse and Delayed Response to Competitive Moves: The Roles of Competitor Dependence and Action Irreversibility.” Academy of Management Journal 35:359–370.

Cheng, Y., and A. H. Van de Ven. 1996. “Learning the Innovation Journey: Order Out of Chaos?” Organization Science 7:593–614.

Christensen, C. 1997. The Innovator’s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Clark, K. B., and T. Fujimoto. 1991. Product Development Performance: Strategy, Organization and Management in the World Auto Industry. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Cohen, W. M., and D. A. Levinthal. 1994. “Fortune Favors the Prepared Firm.” Management Science 40:227–251.

———. 1990. “Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation.” Administrative Science Quarterly 35:128–152.

Collins, J. C., and J. I. Porras. 1994. Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies. New York: HarperBusiness.

Coser, L. A. 1956. The Functions of Social Conflict. New York: Free Press.

Coy, P. 1999. “Exploiting Uncertainty: The Real Options Revolution in Decision Making.” Business Week (June 7):118–124.

Crockett, R. O., and P. Elstrom. 1998. “How Motorola Lost Its Way.” Business Week (May 4):140–148.

Cyert, R. M., and J. G. March. 1963. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

D’Aveni, R. A. 1994. Hypercompetition: The Dynamics of Strategic Maneuvering. New York: Free Press.

D’Aveni, R. A., and I. C. MacMillan. 1990. “Crisis and the Content of Managerial Communications: A Study of the Focus of Attention of Top Managers in Surviving and Failing Firms.” Administrative Science Quarterly 35:634–657.

Day, D. L. 1994. “Raising Radicals: Different Processes for Championing Innovative Corporate Ventures.” Organization Science 5:148–172.

Day, G. 1990. Market Driven Strategy. New York: Free Press.

Dierickx, I., and K. Cool. 1989. “Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage.” Management Science 35:1504–1513.

Dos Santos, B. L., and K. Peffers. 1995. “Rewards to Investors in Innovative Information Technology Applications: First Movers and Early Followers in ATMs.” Organization Science 6:241–259.

Doz, Y., and G. Hamel. 1998. Alliance Advantage: The Art of Creating Value through Partnering. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Drucker, P. 1973. Management Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices. New York: Harper and Row.

Edwards, C. D. 1955. “Conglomerate Bigness as a Source of Power.” In Business Concentration and Price Policy (The National Bureau of Economics Research conference report). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 331–352.

Eisenhardt, K. 1989. “Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review.” Academy of Management Review 14:57–74.

Evans, P. B., and T. S. Wurster. 1997. “Strategy and the New Economics of Information.” Harvard Business Review 75:71–82.

Fuld, L. 1995. The New Competitor Intelligence: The Complete Resource for Finding, Analyzing, and Using Information about Your Competitors. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Galbraith, J. 1973. Designing Complex Organizations. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Garud, R., and A. Kumaraswamy. 1995. “Technological and Organizational Designs for Realizing Economies of Substitution.” Strategic Management Journal 16:93–109.

———. 1993. “Changing Competitive Dynamics in Network Industries: An Exploration of Sun Microsystems’ Open Systems Strategy.” Strategic Management Journal 14:351–369.

Garud, R., and P. R. Nayyar. 1994. “Transformative Capacity: Continual Structuring by Intertemporal Technology Transfer.” Strategic Management Journal 15:365–385.

Gersick, C. J. G. 1991. “Revolutionary Change Theories: A Multi-Level Exploration of the Punctuated Equilibrium Paradigm.” Academy of Management Review 16:10–36.

Ginsberg, A., and E. Abrahamson. 1991. “Champions of Change and Strategic Shifts: The Role of Internal and External Change Advocates.” Journal of Management Studies 28:173–190.

Grove, A. 1996. Only the Paranoid Survive: How to Exploit the Crisis Points That Challenge Every Company and Career. New York: Doubleday.

Guth, W. D., and I. C. MacMillan. 1986. “Strategy Implementation versus Middle Management Self-interest.” Strategic Management Journal 7:313–327.

Hambrick, D. C., and I. C. MacMillan. 1984. “Asset Parsimony: Managing Assets to Manage Profits.” Sloan Management Review 25:67–74.

Hambrick, D. C., I. C. MacMillan, and D. L. Day. 1982. “Strategic Attributes and Performance in the BCG Matrix: A PIMS-Based Analysis of Industrial Product Businesses.” Academy of Management Journal 25:510–531.

Hannan, M. T., and J. Freeman. 1977. “The Population Ecology of Organizations.” American Journal of Sociology 82:929–964.

Harrigan, K. R. 1981. “Deterrents to Divestiture.” Academy of Management Journal 24:306–323.

———. 1980. Strategies for Declining Businesses. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.

Hart, S. L., and M. B. Milstein. 1999. “Global Sustainability and the Creative Destruction of Industries.” Sloan Management Review 41:23–33.

Harvey, J. B. 1974. “The Abilene Paradox: The Management of Agreement.” Organizational Dynamics 3:63–80.

Haveman, H. 1992. “Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Organizational Change and Performance under Conditions of Fundamental Environmental Transformation.” Administrative Science Quarterly 37:48–75.

Hayek, F. 1945. “The Use of Knowledge in Society.” American Economic Review 35:519–530.

Henderson, B. D. 1980. The Experience Curve Revisited. Perspective No. 229. Boston: The Boston Consulting Group.

Henderson, R., and I. Cockburn. 1994. “Measuring Competence? Exploring Firm Effects in Pharmaceutical Research.” Strategic Management Journal 15:63–84.

Herbert, R. F., and A. N. Link. 1988. The Entrepreneur. New York: Praeger.

Itami, H. 1987. Mobilizing Invisible Assets. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Janis, I. L. 1972. Victims of Groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Kamien, M., and N. Schwartz. 1975. “Market Structure and Innovation: A Survey.” Journal of Economic Literature 13:1–37.

Kauffman, S. 1993. The Origins of Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kelly, K.. 1997. “New Rules for the New Economy: Twelve Dependable Principles for Thriving in a Turbulent World.” Wired Magazine (September): 140–197.

Kemezis, P., and J. Cowhie. 1995. “Industrial Gases: Prospects Brighten in ’95.” Chemical Week, February 22.

Kiesler, S., and L. Sproull. 1982. “Managerial Responses to Changing Environments: Perspectives on Problem Sensing from Social Cognition.” Administrative Science Quarterly 27:548–570.

Kirzner, I. 1997. “Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process: An Austrian Approach.” Journal of Economic Literature 35:60–85.

———. 1973. Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Knight, F. H. 1921. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Midway reprint 1971. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Kogut, B. 1991. “Joint Ventures and the Option to Expand and Acquire.” Management Science 37:19–33.

Kotler, P. 1994. Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control. 8th ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Lant, T. K. 1992. “Aspiration Level Adaptation: An Empirical Exploration.” Management Science 38:623–644.

Leonard Barton, D. 1992. “Core Capabilities and Core Rigidities: A Paradox in Managing New Product Development.” Strategic Management Journal 13:111–126.

Levinthal, D. 1997. “Adaptation on Rugged Landscapes.” Management Science 43:934–950.

Levinthal, D., and J. G. March. 1993. “The Myopia of Learning.” Strategic Management Journal 14:95–112.

Levitt, B., and J. G. March. 1988. “Organizational Learning.” Annual Review of Sociology 14:319–340.

Lieberman, M. B., and D. B. Montgomery. 1988. “First Mover Advantages.”Strategic Management Journal 9:41–58.

Low, M. B., and I. C. MacMillan. 1988. “Entrepreneurship: Past Research and Future Challenges.” Journal of Management 14:139–161.

Lynn, G. S., J. G. Morone, and A. S. Paulson. 1997. “Marketing and Discontinuous Innovation: The Probe and Learn Process.” In Managing Strategic Innovation and Change, edited by M. L. Tushman and P. Anderson. New York: Oxford University Press.

MacMillan, I. C. 1988. “Controlling Competitive Dynamics by Taking Strategic Initiative.” Academy of Management Executive 2:111–118.

———. 1987. “New Business Development: A Challenge for Transformational Leadership.” Human Resource Management 26: 439–454.

———. 1986. “To Really Learn about Entrepreneurship, Let’s Study Habitual Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Business Venturing 1:241–243.

———. 1985. “How Business Strategists Can Use Guerrilla Warfare Tactics.” Journal of Business Strategy 1:63–66.

———. 1983. “The Politics of New Venture Management.” Harvard Business Review 62:8–13.

———. 1975. “The Classification of Buyers into ‘Behavioural Sets’ in Order to Refine Industrial Marketing Efforts.” Business Management (South Africa) 6:19–27.

MacMillan, I. C., Z. Block, and P. N. SubbaNarasimha. 1986. “Corporate Venturing: Alternatives, Obstacles Encountered, and Experience Effects.” Journal of Business Venturing 1:177–191.

MacMillan, I. C., and D. Day. 1987. “Corporate Ventures into Industrial Markets: Dynamics of Aggressive Entry.” Journal of Business Venturing 2:19–39.

MacMillan, I. C., and P. Jones. 1986. Strategy Formulation: Power and Politics. 2d ed. St. Paul, Minn.: West Publishing Company.

MacMillan, I. C., M. L. McCaffery, and G. Van Wijk. 1985. “Competitors’ Responses to Easily Imitated New Products: Exploring Commercial Banking Product Introductions.” Strategic Management Journal 6:75–86.

MacMillan, I. C., and R. G. McGrath. 1996. “Discover Your Products’ Hidden Potential.” Harvard Business Review 74:58–73.

———. 1994. “Technology Strategy.” In Advances in Global High-Technology Management, edited by M. W. Lawless and L. R. Gomez-Mejia. Volume 4: 27–66. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.

MacMillan, I. C., R. Siegel, and P. N. SubbaNarasimha. 1985. “Criteria Used by Venture Capitalists to Evaluate New Venture Proposals.” Journal of Business Venturing 1:119–128.

MacMillan, I. C., L. Zemann, and P. N. SubbaNarasimha. 1987. “Criteria Distinguishing Successful from Unsuccessful Ventures in the Venture Screening Process.” Journal of Business Venturing 2:123–138.

Maister, D. 1993. Managing the Professional Service Firm. New York: Macmillan.

———. 1982. “Balancing the Professional Service Firm.” Sloan Management Review 24:15–29.

Mao Zedung. 1964. Selected Military Writings of Mao Zedung. Peking: Peking Press.

March, J. G. 1991. “Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning.” Organization Science 2:71–87.

March, J. G., and Z. Shapira. 1987. “Managerial Perspectives on Risk and Risk Taking.” Management Science 33 (11):1404–1418.

March, J. G., and H. Simon. 1993. Organizations. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

McGrath, R. G. Forthcoming. “Exploratory Learning, Innovative Capacity and the Role of Managerial Oversight.” Academy of Management Journal.

———. 1999. “Falling Forward: Real Options Reasoning and Entrepreneurial Failure.” Academy of Management Review 24:13–30.

———. 1998. “Discovering Strategy: Competitive Advantage from Idiosyncratic Experimentation.” In Strategic Flexibility: Managing in a Turbulent Economy, edited by G. Hamel et al. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

———. 1997. “A Real Options Logic for Initiating Technology Positioning Investments.” Academy of Management Review 22:974–996.

———. 1996. “Options and the Entrepreneur: Towards a Strategic Theory of Entrepreneurial Wealth Creation.” Best Papers, Academy of Management Proceedings, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 1996.

———. 1993. “The Development of New Competence in Established Organizations: An Empirical Investigation.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.

McGrath, R. G., and M. Boisot. 1998. “Corporate Level Real Options: The Strategic Equivalent to Requisite Variety.” Paper presented at the Strategic Management Society’s annual meeting, Orlando, Fl., November 1998.

McGrath, R. G., and I. C. MacMillan. 2000. “Assessing Technology Projects Using Real Options Reasoning: The STAR Approach.” Research-Technology Management. Forthcoming.

———. 1997. “Discovering New Points of Differentiation.” Harvard Business Review 75:133–145.

———. 1995. “Discovery Driven Planning.” Harvard Business Review 73:44–54.

McGrath, R. G., M-J Chen, and I. C. MacMillan. 1998. “Multimarket Maneuvering in Uncertain Spheres of Influence: Resource Diversion Strategies.” Academy of Management Review 23:724–740.

McGrath, R. G., I. C. MacMillan, and M. L. Tushman. 1992. “The Role of Executive Team Actions in Shaping Dominant Designs: Towards the Strategic Shaping of Technological Progress.” Strategic Management Journal 13:137–161.

McGrath, R. G., I. C. MacMillan, and S. Venkataraman. 1995. “Defining and Developing Competence: A Strategic Process Paradigm.” Strategic Management Journal 16:251–275.

McGrath, R. G., S. Venkataraman, and I. C. MacMillan. 1992. “Outcomes of Corporate Venturing: An Alternative Perspective.” Best Papers, Academy of Management Proceedings, Las Vegas, Nev., August 1992.

McGrath, R. G., et al. 1996. “Innovation, Competitive Advantage and Rent: A Model and Test.” Management Science 42:389–403.

Meyer, M. 2000. Finding Performance. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, forthcoming.

Miles, R. E., and C. C. Snow. 1978. Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Miller, D. 1993. “The Architecture of Simplicity.” Academy of Management Review 18:116–138.

Morri, Aldo. 1998. “Wireless to Monitor Elevators.” Wireless Week, July 20.

Mowery, D. C., and N. Rosenberg. 1982. “The Influence of Market Demand upon Innovation: A Critical Review of Some Recent Empirical Studies.” In Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics, edited by N. Rosenberg. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Myers, S., and D. G. Marquis. 1969. Successful Industrial Innovations: A Study of Factors Underlying Innovation in Selected Firms. No. NSF 69 17. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation.

National Commission on Space. 1986. Pioneering the Space Frontier. New York: Bantam Books.

Nelson, R. R., and S. J. Winter. 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Nerkar, A., R. G. McGrath, and I. C. MacMillan. 1996. “Three Facets of Satisfaction and Their Influence on the Performance of Innovation Teams.” Journal of Business Venturing 11:167–188.

Penrose, E. 1959. The Theory of the Growth of the Firm. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Pfeffer, J. 1992. Managing with Power. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Pfeffer, J., and G. Salancik. 1978. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper and Row.

Porter, M. E. 1998. “Clusters and the New Economics of Competition.” Harvard Business Review 76:77–90.

———. 1990. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press.

———. 1985. Competitive Advantage. New York: Free Press.

———. 1980. Competitive Strategy. New York: Free Press.

Reichheld, F. F. 1996. The Loyalty Effect. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Reinhardt, A., and C. Yang. 1999. “Risks Soar, the Rockets Don’t.” Business Week (May 31): 44.

Romanelli, E., and M. L. Tushman. 1994. “Organizational Transformation as Punctuated Equilibrium: An Empirical Test.” Academy of Management Journal 37:1141–1166.

Ross, J., and B. M. Staw. 1993. “Organizational Escalation and Exit: Lessons from the Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant.” Academy of Management Journal 36:701–732.

———. 1986. “Expo 86: An Escalation Protoype.” Administrative Science Quarterly 31:274–297.

Rumelt, R. P. 1987. “Theory, Strategy and Entrepreneurship.” In The Competitive Challenge: Strategies for Industrial Innovation and Renewal, edited by D. J. Teece. New York: Harper and Row.

Saba J. 1999. “Casebook No. 39.” MC Technology Marketing Intelligence 19:42 –45.

Scherer, F. M. 1979. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance. Chicago: Rand McNally.

Schmookler, J. 1966. Invention and Economic Growth. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Schoemaker, P. 1992. “How to Link Strategic Vision to Core Capabilities.” Sloan Management Review 34:67–81.

Schoemaker, P., and C. A. J. M. van der Heijden. 1992. “Integrating Scenarios into Strategic Planning at Royal Dutch/Shell.” Planning Review (May/June): 41–46.

Schon, D. A. 1963. “Champions for Radical New Inventions.” Harvard Business Review 41:77–86.

Schumpeter, J. 1950. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 3d ed. New York: Harper and Row.

Selznick, P. 1957. Leadership in Administration: A Sociological Interpretation. New York: Harper and Row.

Shapiro, C., and H. R. Varian. 1998. Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Silverman, G., and A. Osterland. 1999. “A Panic over Plastic: Consumers Are Wising Up about Pricey Late Fees.” Business Week (September 6): 32–33.

Singh, J. V. 1986. “Performance, Slack and Risk Taking in Organizational Decision Making.” Academy of Management Journal 29:562–585.

Sitkin, S. B. 1992. “Learning through Failure: The Strategy of Small Losses.” In Research in Organizational Behavior, edited by B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings. Volume 14: 231–266. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.

Slywotzky, A. J., and D. J. Morrison. 1997. The Profit Zone. New York: Random House.

Starr, J. A., and I. C. MacMillan. 1990. “Resource Cooptation and Social Contracting: Resource Acquisition Strategies for New Ventures.” Strategic Management Journal 11:79–92.

Staw, B. M., L. E. Sandelands, and J. E. Dutton. 1981. “Threat-Rigidity Effects in Organizational Behavior: A Multilevel Analysis.” Administrative Science Quarterly 26:501–524.

Stinchcombe, A. L. 1965. “Organizations and Social Structure.” In Handbook of Organizations, edited by J. G. March. Chicago: Rand McNally.

Stuart, T., H. Hoang, and R. C. Hybels. 1999. “Interorganizational Endorsements and the Performance of Entrepreneurial Ventures.” Administrative Science Quarterly 44:315–349.

Tapscott, D. 1995. The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Teece, D. J., G. Pisano, and A. Shuen. 1997. “Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management.” Strategic Management Journal 18:509–533.

Tushman, M. L., and P. Anderson. 1986. “Technological Discontinuities and Organizational Environments.” Administrative Science Quarterly 31:439–465.

Tushman, M. L., and C. A. O’Reilly III. 1997. Winning Through Innovation: Leading Organizational Change and Renewal. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Tushman, M. L., and E. Romanelli. 1985. “Organizational Evolution: A Metamorphosis Model of Convergence and Reorientation.” In Research in Organizational Behavior, edited by L. L. Cummings and B. M. Staw. Volume 7: 171–122. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.

Utterback, J. M. 1994. Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation: How Companies Can Seize Opportunities in the Face of Technological Change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Utterback, J. M., and W. J. Abernathy. 1975. “A Dynamic Model of Process and Product Innovation.” Omega 3:639–656.

Van der Heijden, K. 1996. Scenarios: The Art of Strategic Conversations. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Vasconcellos, J. A. S., and D. Hambrick. 1989. “Key Success Factors: Test of a General Theory in the Mature Industrial-Product Sector.” Strategic Management Journal 10:367–382.

Venkataraman, S. 1997. “The Distinctive Domain of Entrepreneurship Research.” In Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Growth, edited by J. Katz and R. Brockhaus. Volume 3: 119–138. Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press.

———. 1989. “Problems of Small Venture Start Up Survival and Growth: A Transaction Set Approach.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota.

Venkataraman, S., I. C. MacMillan, and R. G. McGrath. 1992. “Progress in Research on Corporate Venturing.” Chap. 19 in State of the Art of Entrepreneurship Research, edited by D. L. Sexton and J. D. Kasarda. Boston: PWS-Kent Publishing.

Venkataraman, S., and A. H. Van de Ven. 1993. “Hostile Environmental Jolts, Transaction Set, and New Business.” Journal of Business Venturing 13:231–255.

von Hippel, E. 1988. The Sources of Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.

Wageman, R. 1995. “Interdependence and Group Effectiveness.” Administrative Science Quarterly 40:145–180.

Weick, K. E. 1979. The Social Psychology of Organizing. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

Weick, K. E., and K. H. Roberts. 1993. “Collective Mind in Organizations: Heedful Interrelating on Flight Decks.” Administrative Science Quarterly 38:357–381.

Wernerfelt, B. 1984. “A Resource-Based View of the Firm.” Strategic Management Journal 5:171–180.

Wheelwright, S. C. and K. B. Clark. 1995. Leading Product Development: The Senior Managers’ Guide to Creating and Shaping the Enterprise. New York: Free Press.

Williamson, O. E. 1991. “Comparative Economic Organization: The Analysis of Discrete Structural Alternatives.” Administrative Science Quarterly 36:269–296.

Winter, S. 1995. “Four Rs of Profitability: Rents, Resources, Routines and Replication.” In Resource-Based and Evolutionary Theories of the Firm: Towards a Synthesis, edited by C. Montgomery. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Wright, M., P. Westhead, and J. Sohl. 1999. “Editor’s Introduction: Habitual Entrepreneurs and Angel Investors.” Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice 22:5–21.