Notes

This publication contains general information only, and none of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, its member firms, or their related entities (collectively the “Deloitte Network”) is, by means of this publication, rendering professional advice or services. Before making any decision or taking any action that may affect your finances or your business, you should consult a qualified professional adviser. No entity in the Deloitte Network shall be responsible for any loss whatsoever sustained by any person who relies on this publication.

Introduction

1. Ira Glass, “What Kind of Country,” This American Life, March 2, 2012, www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/459/transcript.

2. Milton Friedman, “The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits,” New York Times Magazine, September 13, 1970.

3. Center for Global Prosperity, Index of Global Philanthropy and Remittances 2011 (Washington, DC: Hudson Institute, 2011), 10, www.hudson.org/files/documents/2011%20Index%20of%20Global%20Philanthropy%20and%20Remittances%20downloadable%20version.pdf.

4. B Lab, “Impact Investing: Challenges and Opportunities to Scale, Q1 2011 Progress Report,” http://giirs.org/storage/documents/GIIRS_2011-Progress-Report-Final.pdf.

5. “Sustainable Living,” Unilever, accessed February 6, 2013, www.unilever.com/sustainability/casestudies/economic-development/creating-rural-entrepreneurs.aspx.

6. Matthew Bishop and Michael Green, Philanthrocapitalism: How the Rich Can Save the World (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008); Rosabeth Moss Kanter, SuperCorp: How Vanguard Companies Create Innovation, Profits, Growth, and Social Good (New York: Crown Business, 2009); David Vogel, The Market for Virtue: The Potential and Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2005); David Bornstein, How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas, updated ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).

7. US Census Bureau, “Census Bureau Releases 2010 American Community Survey Single Year Estimates,” September 22, 2011, www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/american_community_survey_acs/cb11–158.html.

8. Deloitte Research analysis, “U.K. Summary of Key Findings from Car-Pooling and Car-Sharing Analysis, 2012—Directline.com.”

9. Ibid.

10. According to the Victoria Transport Policy Institute, the cost of congestion in United States is about $0.13 per mile per car. We used this number to calculate the total costs. See also Deloitte, “U.K. Summary of Key Findings.”

11. Based on $0.05 per mile in infrastructure costs. Todd Litman with Eric Doherty, “Transportation Cost and Benefit Analysis II,” Victoria Transport Policy Institute, January 2009, Roadway Costs, table 5.6.3–3, www.vtpi.org/tca/tca0506.pdf.

12. Ibid., table 6.3–1, www.vtpi.org/tca/tca06.pdf.

13. “Real-Time Ridesharing,” Avego, accessed February 6, 2013, www.avego.com/products/real-time-ridesharing/.

14. Sean O’Sullivan, interview with authors, October 2011.

15. Deloitte, “U.K. Summary of Key Findings.”

16. “Delivery of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA),” US Department of Transportation, accessed February 6, 2013, http://flh.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/arra/.

17. Deloitte, “U.K. Summary of Key Findings.”

18. Noah Stevens, interview with authors, August 6, 2012.

19. “Big Society Fund Launches with £600m to Invest,” BBC News, last modified April 4, 2012, www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17602323.

20. Suzanne Perry, “Congress Agrees to $50-Million Social Innovation Fund, Cuts Volunteer Fund,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, last modified December 9, 2009, http://philanthropy.com/blogs/government-and-politics/congress-agrees-to-50-million-for-social-innovation-fund-cuts-volunteer-fund/11119.

21. “White House Launches Presidential Innovation Fellows Program,” The White House, August 23, 2012, www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2012/08/23/white-house-launches-presidential-innovation-fellows-program.

22. Remarks of Todd Park, White House Forum on Cross-Sector Leadership, Washington, DC, March 20, 2013.

23. “Building an Impact Economy in America,” Aspen Institute, Washington, DC, October 2011, www.aspeninstitute.org/sites/default/files/content/docs/pubs/Building-an-Impact-Economy-in-America.pdf.

24. Ibid.

One

1. “Bill Gates Announces the Winners of the Reinvent the Toilet Challenge,” press release, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, August 14, 2012, www.gatesfoundation.org/press-releases/Pages/Bill-Gates-Names-Winners-of-the-Reinvent-the-Toilet-Challenge-120814.aspx.

2. “One-one-One with Bill Gates,” ABC News, February 16, 2005, http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/CEOProfiles/story?id=506354, 6.

3. “Top Funders: 100 U.S. Foundations by Asset Size,” ranking according to most current database as of January 28, 2013, Foundation Center, http://foundationcenter.org/findfunders/topfunders/top100assets.html.

4. “Who We Are: Foundation Fact Sheet,” Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, accessed February 6, 2013, www.gatesfoundation.org/about/Pages/foundation-fact-sheet.aspx.

5. “Net ODA—DAC Countries—Constant 2010 USD Billion,” Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), accessed February 6, 2013, http://webnet.oecd.org/dcdgraphs/ODAGNI/.

6. Matthew Bishop and Michael Green, Philanthropcapitalism: How Giving Can Save the World (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008).

7. “Philanthropy: Current Context and Future Outlook,” Bellagio Initiative, July 2011, www.bellagioinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Philanthropy_Resource-Alliance_2011.pdf, 19.

8. See Bishop and Green, Philanthrocapitalism. See also David Bornstein and Susan Davis, “Social Entrepreneurship: What Everyone Needs to Know Teaching Notes,” Ashoka, December 2012, http://ashokau.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Social-Entrepreneurship-What-Everyone-Needs-to-Know-Teaching-notes-final.pdf, 12.

9. Despite strong precedents, the foundation devoted some resources toward identifying and calling attention to social-impact measures that had proven effective for some organizations (Melinda T. Tuan, “Measuring and/or Estimating Social Value Creation: Insights into Eight Integrated Cost Approaches,” Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, December 15, 2008, www.gatesfoundation.org/learning/Documents/WWL-report-measuring-estimating-social-value-creation.pdf, 6). For how the foundation measures the impact of internal funds and disbursed grants, see Fay Twersky, Jodi Nelson, and Amy Ratcliffe, “A Guide to Actionable Measurement,” Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 2010, accessed February 6, 2013, www.gatesfoundation.org/learning/Documents/guide-to-actionable-measurement.pdf. In addition, the foundation partnered with the RAND Corporation and the University of Michigan’s Institute for Social Research to measure teacher effectiveness among numerous other partnerships and was one of the founding organizations of the Global Impact Investing Network (“Foundation Invests $22 Million in Research and Data Systems to Improve Student Achievement,” Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, January 22, 2009, www.gatesfoundation.org/press-releases/Pages/collect-and-use-data-for-maximum-impact-on-teaching-and-learning-090122.aspx; Global Impact Investing Network, “Investor’s Council,” www.thegiin.org/cgi-bin/iowa/council/member/index.html). For the foundation’s expanding reach, see Donna Gordon Blankinship, “Report: Gates Foundation Gave Away $2.5B in 2010,” Associated Press, August 3, 2011, http://finance.yahoo.com/news/Report-Gates-Foundation-gave-apf-4031798694.html.

10. John Ydstie, “India Eye Care Center Finds Middle Way to Capitalism,” All Things Considered, NPR, November 29, 2011, www.npr.org/2011/11/29/142526263/india-eye-care-center-finds-middle-way-to-capitalism; “Global Health Initiative: Public-Private Partnership Case Example,” World Economic Forum, 2006, 3, www.acumenfund.org/uploads/assets/documents/A%20to%20Z%20Private-Public%20Partnership%20Study%20-%20Global%20Health%20Initiative_R1udShKh.pdf; Dee DePass, “Spreading the Word on Clean Water in Rural India,” One Water, www.onewater.org/stories/story/spreading_the_word_on_clean_water_in_rural_india/.

11. The average European VC fund invests $1.6 million to promising enterprises, and the average US VC fund invests $3.3 million, while a venture philanthropy contribution is typically measured in the thousands. This difference is understandable, considering the average European VC firm holds $50 million in assets, whereas half the venture philanthropy organizations in Europe hold less than $8 million.

12. “Financial Information,” Acumen Fund, accessed February 6, 2013, www.acumenfund.org/about-us/financial-information.html.

13. Jacqueline Novogratz, “Making a Case for Patient Capital,” BusinessWeek, October 20, 2011, www.businessweek.com/magazine/making-a-case-for-patient-capital-10202011.html.

14. Yasmina Zaidman (Acumen), interview with authors, January 2012.

15. Warren Buffett, “My Philanthropic Pledge,” The Giving Pledge, accessed November 6, 2012, http://givingpledge.org/#warren_buffett.

16. Bishop and Green, Philanthrocapitalism. See also Clare O’Connor, “High Roller: How Billionaire Peter Lewis Is Bankrolling Marijuana Legalization,” Forbes, April 20, 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/clareoconnor/2012/04/20/high-roller-how-billionaire-peter-lewis-is-bankrolling-marijuana-legalization/.

17. Mfonobong Nsehe, “South African Billionaire Patrice Motsepe Joins Giving Pledge,” Forbes, January 31, 2013, www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2013/01/31/south-african-billionaire-patrice-motsepe-joins-giving-pledge/.

18. “Mohammed Ibrahim: Profile,” Forbes, last updated March 2013,

19. www.forbes.com/profile/mohammed-ibrahim/.

20. Ibid.

21. “Global Social Investing: A Preliminary Overview,” The Philanthropic Initiative, Inc., May 2001, www.global-philanthropy.org/documents/global_social_investing.pdf, 15.

22. Steven Gunderson, “Current Trends in Philanthropy,” Journal of Jewish Communal Service 84 (winter–spring 2009): 91–95, www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=4119.

23. “Europe Fuelling Global Growth of Community Philanthropy, Says International Report,” press release, Worldwide Initiatives for Grantmaker Support, November 18, 2010, www.wings-community-foundation-report.com/gsr_2010/assets/images/pdf/GSR_News_Release_Nov_2010_Final.pdf.

24. “Sustainable and Responsible Investing Facts,” The Forum for Sustainable and Responsible Investment, http://ussif.org/resources/sriguide/srifacts.cfm, accessed December 18, 2012.

25. “The Clinton Factor: A Former President’s eBay of Giving,” Economist, September 25, 2007, www.economist.com/node/9857839.

26. “2011 Annual Meeting Topics,” Clinton Global Initiative, 2011, www.clintonglobalinitiative.org/ourmeetings/2011/meeting_annual_topics.asp?Section=OurMeetings&PageTitle=Meeting%20Topics.

27. “Sir Richard Branson to Invest $38 Billion to Fight Global Warming,” press release, Virgin Atlantic, www.virgin-atlantic.com/en/us/allaboutus/environment/bransonpledge.jsp; “YUM! In the News,” YUM! Brands, September 2011, www.yum.com/company/inthenews/pressreleases/092011.asp; “President Bill Clinton Opens the 2011 Clinton Global Initiative Annual Meeting with a Focus on Generating Jobs for the 21st Century, Sustainable Consumption for Our Planet, ‘What Works’ for Girls and Women, and Progress of Member Commitments,” press release, Clinton Global Initiative, 2011, http://press.clintonglobalinitiative.org/press_releases/president-bill-clinton-opens-the-2011-clinton-global-initiative-annual-meeting/.

28. “Global Competitiveness,” World Economic Forum, www.weforum.org/issues/global-competitiveness; “History and Achievements,” World Economic Forum, www.we-forum.org/en/about/History%20and%20Achievements/index.html.

29. Sarah Kessler, “With 500 Million Views, TED Talks Provide Hope for Intelligent Internet Video,” Mashable, June 27, 2011, http://mashable.com/2011/06/27/ted-anniversary/.

30. “Sign the Global Petition Now,” Jamie Oliver’s Food Revolution, www.jamieoliver.com/us/foundation/jamies-food-revolution/sign-petition.

31. Analysis of statistics from Clinton Global Initiative. See also “President Bill Clinton Opens the 2011 Clinton Global Initiative Annual Meeting.”

32. Mike Lippitz, “Exploring the Aspen Network of Development Entrepreneurs,” Innovation Excellence, January 13, 2012, www.innovationexcellence.com/blog/2012/01/13/exploring-the-aspen-network-of-development-entrepreneurs-ande/.

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36. “Our Founder,” DEKA Research and Development Corporation, January 5, 2013, www.dekaresearch.com/founder.shtml.

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38. Tim Studt, “To Build a Better World,” R&D Magazine, August 21, 2006, www.rdmag.com/Awards/Innovator-Of-The-Year/2006/08/To-Build-a-Better-World/; Dean Kamen, interview by Stephen Colbert, The Colbert Report, Comedy Central, March 20, 2008, www.colbertnation.com/the-colbert-report-videos/164485/march-20–2008/dean-kamen; John Abele, “Innovation and Collaboration for Social Change: Dean Kamen’s Slingshot,” Kingbridge Collaboration Blog, September 25, 2009, www.kingbridgecentre.com/wordpress/?p=81.

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40. Jessie Scanlon, “Coca-Cola’s Freestyle, Dean Kamen, and More,” Business-Week, September 30, 2009, www.businessweek.com/innovate/next/archives/2009/09/coca-colas_freestyle_dean_kamen_and_more.html.

41. Ibid.

42. Paul Solman, “Tech’s Next Feats? Maybe On-Demand Kidneys, Robot Sex, Cheap Solar, Lab Meat,” Newshour, PBS, April 20, 2012, www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/jan-june12/makingsense_04–20.html.

43. Allan Gerlat, “Traveling Down the Long Green Road,” Waste News, November 6, 2006, www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1–154155985.html.

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47. Katie Kross, “An Authoritative and Candid Insider’s Guide to the Essential Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities Needed to Establish a Successful CSR Career” (review of Corporate Social Responsibility, Health, and Wellness, by Timothy J. Mohin [San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2012]), August 1, 2012, www.csrwire.com/press_releases/34432-An-Authoritative-and-Candid-Insider-s-Guide-to-the-Essential-Knowledge-Skills-and-Abilities-Needed-to-Establish-a-Successful-CSR-Career.

48. John Mackey and Rajendra S. Sisodia, Conscious Capitalism: Liberating the Heroic Spirit of Business (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, January 2013).

49. “Rethinking the Social Responsibility of Business,” Reason, October 2005, http://reason.com/archives/2005/10/01/rethinking-the-social-responsi/singlepage.

50. Michael Porter and Mark Kramer, “Creating Shared Value,” Harvard Business Review, January–February 2011, 64.

51. Bill Gates, “Remarks of Bill Gates, Harvard Commencement 2007,” Harvard Gazette, June 7, 2007, http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/06/remarks-of-bill-gates-harvard-commencement-2007/.

52. For CSR reporting, see Aman Singh, “CSR + Transparency: Can Voluntary Disclosure Increase Shareholder Value?” Forbes, February 14, 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/csr/2012/02/14/csr-transparency-can-voluntary-disclosure-increase-shareholder-value/. For businesses addressing all stakeholders’ interests, see John Mackey, “Conscious Capitalism: Creating a New Paradigm for Business,” Whole Planet Foundation, 2007, www.wholeplanetfoundation.org/files/uploaded/John_Mackey-Conscious_Capitalism.pdf, 5.

53. “Giving in Numbers: 2011 Edition: Trends in Corporate Giving,” Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy, June 2012, www.corporatephilanthropy.org/measurement/benchmarking-reports/giving-in-numbers.html; Margaret Coady, “2011 Trends in Corporate Philanthropy,” CECP, June 2012, www.corporatephilanthropy.org/pdfs/2012summit/CGS_Summit_Presentation_FINAL.pdf, 9.

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57. Alison Rose, “Giving in Numbers: 2011 Edition; Trends in Corporate Giving,” CECP, 2011, www.corporatephilanthropy.org/research/benchmarking-reports/giving-in-numbers.html.

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69. Deloitte Research economic analysis. The number of social entrepreneurs worldwide was used as a proxy for the number of social enterprises. Entrepreneurship activity was determined using the Global Report on Social Entrepreneurship by Monitor, “Monitor Group’s Survey of Social Entrepreneurs,” June 14, 2011, http://www.monitor.com/Expertise/Industries/NonprofitandSocialSector/tabid/79/ctl/ArticleDetail/mid/681/CID/20111406162413908/CTID/1/L/en-US/Default.aspx. Analysis is based on the assumption that the number of social enterprises per entrepreneur for the United Kingdom applies to the rest of the world. The total number of employees was determined assuming ten employees per social enterprise.

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97. Jennifer Pahlka, “Coding a Better Government,” TED Talk, February 2012, www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/jennifer_pahlka_coding_a_better_government.html.

98. Lester Salamon, “Putting Civil Society on the Economic and Policy Map of the World,” Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies, 2010, www.slideshare.net/EuclidNetwork/putting-civil-society-on-the-economic-and-policy-map-of-the-world.

99. Greg Hills and Adeeb Mahmud, “Volunteering for Impact: Best Practices in International Corporate Volunteering,” Brookings Institution, September 2007, www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2007/9/volunteering/volunteering_for_impact.

100. “Milestone Marker: 100 Companies Across U.S. Pledge to Build Nonprofit Capacity Through Skills-Based Volunteering,” press release, A Billion Plus Change, May 15, 2012, www.abillionpluschange.org/press_release/milestone-marker-100-companies-across-us-pledge-build-nonprofit-capacity-through.

101. “Philanthropy: Current Context and Future Outlook,” 19.

Two

1. See “Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in the United States: Facts and Figures,” annual series, US Environmental Protection Agency, accessed February 6, 2013, www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/msw99.htm; and “Waste (Denmark),” European Environment Agency, accessed February 6, 2013, www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/dk/soertopic_view?topic=waste.

2. Rhodes Yepsen, “Encouraging Sustainable Recycling Behavior Through Financial Incentives,” BioCycle 48 (December 2007): 34, www.biocycle.net/2007/12/encouraging-sustainable-recycling-behavior-through-financial-incentives/; Center for American Progress, “It’s Easy Being Green: It Pays to Recycle,” Recyclebank In the News blog, July 16, 2008, www.recyclebank.com/corporateinfo/index/presscoveragearticle/id/69?___store=uk&___from_store=us.

3. Ron Gonen, interview with authors, December 2011.

4. Ibid.

5. Mike Olsen, “10 Best Uses for RFID Tags,” Wired, February 23, 2009, www.wired.com/techbiz/it/magazine/17-03/st_best; Ashok Kamal (Triple Pundit), “Green IT: The Other Clean Tech,” August 29, 2011, Recyclebank In the News blog, www.recyclebank.com/corporate-info/newsroom/in-the-news/266. Some estimates note decreases in beverage container litter of between 70 and 84 percent, with total litter reduction between 34 and 47 percent from the bottle bill laws. “Litter Studies in Bottle Bill States,” Container Recycling Institute, accessed January 10, 2013, www.bottlebill.org/about/benefits/litter/bbstates.htm.

6. “Get Rewards,” Recyclebank, www.recyclebank.com/rewards/; “About This Partner: Macy’s,” accessed February 6, 2013, and Recyclebank, accessed February 6, 2013, www.recyclebank.com/reward/10-off-your-next-50-in-store-purchase-5656.

7. “Recyclebank (Finalist),” Philadelphia Sustainability Awards, accessed February 6, 2013, http://philadelphiasustainabilityawards.org/nominees/recycle_bank.

8. Jonathan Hsu, interview with authors, March 2013.

9. Yepsen, “Encouraging Sustainable Recycling Behavior.”

10. “Recyclebank (Finalist).”

11. Yepsen, “Encouraging Sustainable Recycling Behavior.”

12. Ibid.

13. “Get to Know Recyclebank,” Recyclebank, July 2012, www.recyclebank.com/media/Get_to_Know_Recyclebank_UK.pdf.

14. Supporters claim that it also cut emissions by as much as 16 percent in the first years of operation. Others argue, however, that car pollution was replaced with bus pollution. David Derbyshire, “Congestion Charge Has Had No Effect on Reducing London’s Pollution, Finds Study,” Daily Mail, May 1, 2008, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-563269/Congestion-charge-effect-reducing-Londons-pollution-finds-study.html; “London Congestion Charge Cuts CO₂ Emissions by 16%,” C40 Cities, accessed February 6, 2013, www.c40cities.org/c40cities/london/city_case_studies/londons-congestion-charge-cuts-co2-emissions-by-16.

15. Vicki Bogan, “Stock Market Participation and the Internet,” Journal of Financial and Qualitative Analysis 43 (March 2008): 191–212, http://dyson.cornell.edu/faculty_sites/bogan/doc/research/31244854.pdf.

16. “NYSE Group Volume Records: Top 10 Years,” NYSE Technologies, accessed February 6, 2013, www.nyxdata.com/nysedata/asp/factbook/viewer_edition.asp?mode=table&key=3003&category=3.

17. Howard Wilcox, “Press Release: Mobile Payments Market to Quadruple by 2014, Reaching $630bn in Value, Although Still Only Accounting for Around 5% of Ecommerce Retail Sales,” press release, Juniper Research, May 4, 2010, http://juniperresearch.com/viewpressrelease.php?pr=173.

18. Palash R. Ghosh, “Mobile Phone Service Skyrocketing in Africa, with Huge Potential for Further Growth,” International Business Times, November 10, 2011, www.ibtimes.com/articles/247111/20111110/africa-mobile-phone-service-subscription-growth-nigeria.htm; Killian Fox, “Africa’s Mobile Economic Revolution,” Guardian, July 23, 2011, www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/jul/24/mobile-phones-africa-microfinance-farming.

19. William Jack and Tavneet Suri, “The Economics of M-PESA: An Update,” October 2010, www.mit.edu/~tavneet/M-PESA_Update.pdf. See also Ken Banks, “The Invisible Bank: How Kenya Has Beaten the World in Mobile Money,” News-watch National Geographic, July 4, 2012, http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/07/04/the-invisible-bank-how-kenya-has-beaten-the-world-in-mobile-money/.

20. “M-PESA Documentary,” uploaded January 26, 2009, www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQo4VoLyHe0.

21. William Jack and Tavneet Suri, “The Economics of M-PESA,” revised August 2010, www.mit.edu/~tavneet/M-PESA.pdf; Menekse Gencer, “Amplifying the Impact: Examining the Intersection of Mobile Health and Mobile Finance,” World Economic Forum and the mHealth Alliance, January 2011, www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_HE_IntersectionMobileHealthMobileFinance_Report_2011.pdf, 2–6; Hash, “The Kenyan Mobile Money Ecosystem,” White African, December 8, 2010, http://whiteafrican.com/2010/12/08/the-kenyan-mobile-money-ecosystem/.

22. Fox, “Africa’s Mobile Economic Revolution.”

23. Ibid.

24. “Africa: Mobile Phones Achieve More Than Aid, Says Industry Chief,” all Africa.com, August 4, 2009, http://allafrica.com/stories/200908040141.html.

25. “Our Story,” Satellite Sentinel Project, accessed February 6, 2013, http://satsentinel.org/our-story.

26. Matt Richtel, “Now, to Find a Parking Spot, Drivers Look on Their Phones,” New York Times, May 7, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/05/08/technology/08parking.html?pagewanted=all.

27. “SFMTA releases SFpark Android App,” San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency, November 10, 2011, http://sfpark.org/2011/11/10/sfmta-releases-sfpark-android-app/; Will Reisman, “SFpark Hourly Meters Actually Save Motorists Money,” San Francisco Examiner, December 16, 2012, http://sfpark.org/2012/12/17/san-francisco-examiner-article-highlights-benefits-of-demand-based-meter-pricing/.

28. William D. Eggers and Joshua Jaffe, “Gov to Go: Boosting Public Sector Productivity by Going Mobile,” Deloitte University Press, February 2013, http://dupress.com/articles/gov-on-the-go/.

29. “SFMTA Approves PayByPhone for On Street Parking in San Francisco,” PayByPhone, accessed November 14, 2012, http://paybyphone.com/san-francisco-news/.

30. “mHealth Technologies: Applications to Benefit Older Adults,” Center for Technology and Aging, March 2011, 3, 6, www.techandaging.org/mHealth_Position_Paper_Discussion_Draft.pdf; Katherine Baicker et al., “Workplace Wellness Programs Can Generate Savings,” Health Affairs 29 (February 2010): 304–311, http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/29/2/304.abstract?sid=df003470–6867-4aaf-9b70-2d078c8208c2.

31. “It’s a Social World: Top 10 Need-to-Knows About Social Networking and Where It’s Headed,” ComScore, December 21, 2011, www.comscore.com/Press_Events/Presentations_Whitepapers/2011/it_is_a_social_world_top_10_need-to-knows_about_social_networking, 4–5; Azarias Reda et al., “Social Networking in Developing Regions,” 2012, www-personal.umich.edu/~azarias/paper/ictd2012.pdf.

32. Azarias Reda et al., “Social Networking in Developing Regions”; Jenna Wortham, “Public Outcry over Antipiracy Bills Began as Grass-Roots Grumbling,” New York Times, January 19, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/01/20/technology/public-outcry-over-antipiracy-bills-began-as-grass-roots-grumbling.html?pagewanted=all.

33. “Cleaning Out Corruption in India,” Avaaz.org, accessed February 3, 2013, www.avaaz.org/en/highlights--corruption.php.

34. “Profit with Purpose,” Economist, January 26, 2013, www.economist.com/news/business/21570763-how-profit-firm-fosters-protest-profit-purpose?fsrc=scn/tw_ec/profit_with_purpose.

35. Jared Keller, “How the CIA Uses Social Media to Track How People Feel,” Atlantic, November 4, 2011, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/11/how-the-cia-uses-social-media-to-track-how-people-feel/247923/.

36. “Crowdsourcing Contest Ends with Partial Victory for MIT Team,” TAG Challenge, April 4, 2012, www.tag-challenge.com/news/tag-winner-press-release/.

37. Brett Goldstein, interview with authors, March 2012.

38. Clay Shirky, “It’s Not Information Overload. It’s Filter Failure,” Web 2.0 Expo NY, September 19, 2008, http://blip.tv/web2expo/web-2-0-expo-ny-clay-shirky-shirky-com-it-s-not-information-overload-it-s-filter-failure-1283699; Russ Juskalian, “Interview with Clay Shirky,” Columbia Journalism Review, December 19, 2008, www.cjr.org/overload/interview_with_clay_shirky_par.php?page=all.

39. Kaylee Thompson, “The Santa Cruz Experiment: Can a City’s Crime Be Predicted and Prevented?” PopSci.com, November 1, 2011, www.popsci.com/science/article/2011-10/santa-cruz-experiment.

40. Ibid.

41. Charlie Beck and Colleen McCue, “Predictive Policing: What Can We Learn from Wal-Mart and Amazon About Fighting Crime in a Recession?” Police Chief, November 2009, www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_arch&article_id=1942&issue_id=112009.

42. Eric Mills, “An Ounce of Prevention,” Officer.com, September 1, 2009, www.officer.com/article/10233299/an-ounce-of-prevention, quotes McCue’s summary of the benefits: “The outcomes included a 49-percent reduction in gunfire complaints on New Year’s Eve, and a 26-percent reduction in gunfire complaints on the following days. Forty-five weapons were also seized. An unanticipated additional benefit to this operation was a $15,000 reduction in overtime expenses, as personnel were placed where they were needed most and 50 people were able to take the holiday off.” See also William M. Pottenger, Xiaoning Yang, and Stephen V. Zanias, “Free Text Conversion and Semantic Analysis Survey: Status Update, January 2006,” Lehigh University, January 2006, www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/219548.pdf.

43. Erick Schonfeld, “Knewton Takes Adaptive Learning to the Next Level,” TechCrunch, December 23, 2008, http://techcrunch.com/2008/12/23/knewton-takes-adaptive-learning-to-the-next-level/; Steve Kolowich, “Technology and the Completion Agenda,” Inside Higher Ed, November 9, 2010, www.insidehighered.com/news/2010/11/09/completion.

44. “Flipping the Classroom,” Economist, September 17, 2011, www.economist.com/node/21529062.

45. Michael Nielsen, “The New Einsteins Will Be Scientists Who Share,” Wall Street Journal, October 29, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204644504576653573191370088.html.

46. “Open Source Cancer Research: Jay Bradner on TED.com,” TED Conferences, October 27, 2011, http://blog.ted.com/2011/10/27/open-source-cancer-research-jay-bradner-on-ted-com/.

47. Ibid.

48. Spencer Reiss, “Cloud Computing: Available at Amazon.com Today,” Wired, April 21, 2008, www.wired.com/techbiz/it/magazine/16–05/mf_amazon?currentPage=3.

49. A study by Trend Micro in 2012 demonstrated that cloud providers do not adhere to the same standards. See Stefanie Hoffman, “Study: Data Security Biggest Cloud Inhibitor,” Channelnomics, August 30, 2012, http://channelnomics.com/2012/08/30/study-security-biggest-cloud-inhibitor/.

50. Krishnan Subramanian, “Reaching Africa Through Mobile and Cloud Computing,” CloudAve.com, December 24, 2009, www.cloudave.com/1014/reaching-africa-through-mobile-and-cloud-computing/.

51. Praekelt Foundation, Young Africa Live website, November 24, 2012, www.praekeltfoundation.org/young-africa-live.html.

52. “AWS Case Study: Praekelt Foundation,” Amazon Web Services, April 21, 2011, http://aws.amazon.com/solutions/case-studies/praekelt-foundation/.

53. “23andMe Goes to Washington,” 23andMe blog, October 17, 2012, http://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/in-washington-talking-about-parkinsons-research/.

54. Gretchen Cuda-Kroen, “Search for Parkinson’s Turns to Online Social Networking,” Health News, NPR, August 20, 2012, www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/08/20/158943097/search-for-parkinsons-genes-turns-to-online-social-networking.

55. Robert Langreth “Google’s Brin Makes Strides in Hunt for Parkinson’s Cure,” Bloomberg, May 11, 2012, www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-11/google-s-brin-makes-strides-in-hunt-for-parkinson-s-cure-health.html.

56. “Spotlight on Africa: Mobile Statistics & Facts 2012,” Praekelt Foundation, July 9, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=0bXjgx4J0C4.

Three

1. Adam Richardson, “The Four Technologies You Need to Be Working With,” Harvard Business Review, September 12, 2011, http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2011/09/the_four_technologies_you_need.html.

2. Adam Richardson, “Zipcar: The Apple of Car Sharing,” Good, September 17, 2010, www.good.is/post/zipcar-the-apple-of-car-sharing/.

3. Robin Chase, “Robin Chase on Product Failure,” presentation at FailCon France, September 23, 2011, www.slideshare.net/webwallflower/robin-chase-on-product-failure.

4. Willi Loose, “The Environmental Impacts of Car Sharing,” International Association of Public Transport, June 2009, www.uitp.org/pdf/factsheet_3e_Umwelt.pdf.

5. Ibid.

6. For Chase statement, see Robin Chase, “Entrepreneurship, Sustainable Mobility and the Digital Revolution,” SMART Presentation Summary, University of Michigan, May 18, 2006, www.um-smart.org/resources/speakers/chase.php. For car-sharing statistics, see Juan Ortega, “Car Sharing in the United States,” Community Transportation Association of America, April 2006, http://tinyurl.com/an8kybz; “One Thousand World Carshare Cities in 2009,” The Commons, last updated October 22, 2008, http://ecoplan.org/carshare/general/cities.htm#latest;“The Ride Revolution,” GoLoco, accessed February 6, 2013, www.goloco.org/greetings/guest; and “Rent a Car from Someone Nearby,” Getaround, accessed February 6, 2013, www.getaround.com/. For BMW and Mercedes involvement, see Horatiu Boeriu, “DriveNow: BMW and Six Joint Venture for Premium Car Sharing,” BMW Blog, March 21, 2011, www.bmwblog.com/2011/03/21/bmw-and-sixt-establish-drivenow-joint-venture-for-premium-car-sharing/.

7. Jerry Hirsch, “Avis Will Acquire Zipcar Car-Sharing Business for $500 Million,” Los Angeles Times, January 2, 2013, http://articles.latimes.com/2013/jan/02/autos/la-fi-hy-avis-buys-zipcar-20130102.

8. Itir Sonuparlak, “New Study: Millennials Prefer Car ‘Access Over Ownership,’” TheCityFix.com, December 6, 2011, http://thecityfix.com/blog/new-study-millennials-prefer-car-access-over-ownership/.

9. Michael Raynor, The Innovator’s Manifesto: Deliberate Disruption for Transformational Growth (New York: Crown Business, 2011), 67.

10. “The Bottom of the Pyramid: Businesses Are Learning to Serve the Growing Number of Hard-Up Americans,” Economist, June 23, 2011, www.economist.com/node/18863898.

11. V. Kasturi Rangan and Katharine Lee, “Bridge International Academies: A School in a Box,” Case 9–511-064 (Boston: Harvard Business School, 2010), 5–6, 11.

12. “History/Mission/The Founders,” Bridge International Academies, www.bridgeinternationalacademies.com/Bridge_International_Academies/About_Us.html.

13. “Bridge International Academies in Kenya: Quality Schooling for Less Than $4 per Month,” Pearson.com, March 7, 2011, www.pearson.com/news/2011/march/bridge-international-academies-in-kenya-quality-schooling-for-les.html?article=true.

14. “Results,” Bridge International Academies, http://www.bridgeinternationalacademies.com/results/academic/.

15. Laura Walubengo, “Bridge International Academies Feted at Africa Awards,” CapitalFM, October 13, 2012, www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2012/10/bridge-international-academies-feted-at-african-awards/.

16. “Our Model,” Bridge International Academies, http://www.bridgeinternationalacademies.com/approach/model/.

17. Rangan and Lee, “School in a Box,” 11.

18. “Bridge International Academies Launches Affordable Schools in Kenya,” Omidyar Network, December 8, 2009, www.omidyar.com/about_us/news/2009/12/08/bridge-international-academies-launches-affordable-schools-kenya.

19. Rangan and Lee, “School in a Box,” 11.

20. Deloitte Research economic analysis, August 2012.

21. “Gyan Shala: Summary,” ALYLLU Initiative, accessed February 6, 2013, http://aylluinitiative.org/indiamap/gyan-shala/.

22. “World Development Report 2009,” The World Bank, 2009, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2009/Resources/4231006–1225840759068/WDR09_18_GIM04web.pdf, 283.

23. “Where We Work,” LivingGoods, accessed February 6, 2013, http://livinggoods.org/what-we-do/where-we-work/; Monitor Group analysis, “Direct Sales Agent Models in Health,” January 2013, 3.

24. Monitor Group analysis, “Direct Sales Agent Models in Health,” 3.

25. Tina Rosenberg, “The ‘Avon Ladies’ of Africa,” NYtimes Opinionator Blog, October 10, 2012, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/10/the-avon-ladies-of-africa/.

26. Mark Riffee, “iPads Now Helping Marines Unleash Hell,” Wired, September 16, 2011, www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/09/death-on-an-ipad/.

27. Rashaun X. James, “Semper FiPad: Marine Corps Aviators Use Popular Tablet in Afghanistan,” June 10, 2011, www.cherrypoint.marines.mil/News/NewsArticleDisplay/tabid/4890/Article/66234/semper-fipad-marine-corps-aviators-use-popular-tablet-in-afghanistan.aspx.

28. Riffee, “iPads Now Helping Marines Unleash Hell.”

29. C. Todd Lopez, “‘Apps for Army’ to Shape Future Software Acquisition,” Army News Service, August 4, 2010, www.army.mil/article/43293/apps-for-army-to-shape-future-software-acquisition/. In all, the competition created seventeen Android and sixteen iOS app versions. See also “The US Army Marketplace Application Store,” CTIA Blog, November 11, 2011, http://blog.ctia.org/2011/11/11/the-u-s-army-marketplace-application-store/.

30. Digital manuals could save the military millions, and not just in paper costs. Medical forms, for instance, could be filled out via mobile devices. Besides cost and accuracy benefits, this would save time. It takes 15 minutes to fill out the average military medical form on paper, compared with 1.5 minutes on a smartphone. “Connecting Soldiers to Digital Applications (CSDA),” US Army, Army Capabilities Integration Center, http://news.idg.no/cw/art.cfm?id=D934A95B-1A64–6A71-CE91208A8EA22FF8.

31. Spencer Ackerman, “First Look: Inside the Army’s App-Store for War,” Wired, April 27, 2011, www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/04/armys-app-store-for-war/. The army will base its store on Apple’s strict model rather than Android’s open-source platform. The army will verify every application for security and applicability. Once cleared, the apps will be available for download.

32. Budi Putra, “iPhone Can Help Snipers Hit Targets,” iPhone Buzz, January 21, 2009, www.iphonebuzz.com/iphone-can-helps-snipers-to-hit-targets-215821.php.

33. “KAC Ballistics App for iPhone or iPod,” AccurateShooter.com, accessed February 6, 2013, www.accurateshooter.com/gear-reviews/kac-bullet-flight-app/.

34. “‘Bulletflight’ iPhone App Helps Snipers Hit Targets,” Fox News, January 21, 2009, www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,481004,00.html.

35. Styli Charalambous, “25 Billion Reasons Why Apple Isn’t Going Away Anytime Soon,” Asia Times, March 1, 2012, www.atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/NC01Dj01.html.

36. Wade Roush, “The Big Themes at Y Combinator’s Summer 2012 Demo Day,” Xconomy, August 22, 2012, www.xconomy.com/san-francisco/2012/08/22/the-big-themes-at-y-combinators-summer-2012-demo-day/.

37. Chris Anderson, “Free!: Why $0.00 Is the Future of Business,” Wired, February 25, 2008, www.wired.com/techbiz/it/magazine/16–03/ff_free?currentPage=all.

38. “What Is Freemium?” Freemium.org, accessed February 26, 2013, www.freemium.org/what-is-freemium-2/.

39. “Application Directory,” Apps for Democracy, accessed October 20, 2012, www.appsfordemocracy.org/application-directory/.

40. Sharon Machlis, “8 More Free Tools for Data Visualization and Analysis,” Computerworld, April 28, 2011, http://blogs.computerworld.com/18212/8_more_free_tools_for_data_visualization_and_analysis; Peter Burrows, “Nirav Tolia: Hyperlocal Boy Makes Good,” Businessweek, March 8, 2012, www.businessweek.com/articles/2012–03–08/nirav-tolia-hyperlocal-boy-makes-good.

41. Michail N. Giannakos and Panayiotis Vlamos, “Using Webcasts in Education: Evaluation of Its Effectiveness,” British Journal of Educational Technology, April 27, 2012, http://tinyurl.com/awv6ceu.

42. Jon Marcus, “Online Course Start-Ups Offer Virtually Free College,” Washington Post, January 21, 2012, www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/online-course-startups-offer-virtually-free-college/2012/01/09/gIQAEJ6VGQ_story.html?tid=pm_local_pop.

43. Mary Lou Forward, “Case Study 8: OpenCourseWare,” Educause, May 2, 2012, www.educause.edu/Resources/GameChangersEducationandInform/CaseStudy8OpenCourseWare/250542.

44. Steven Carson (MIT OpenCourseWare), interview with authors, February 2012.

45. “First Course Offered by MITx Begins,” MIT News, March 5, 2012, http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2012/6002x-mitx-begins-today-0305.html.

46. “Harvard and MIT Introduce EdX: The Future of Online Learning,” edudemic, May 2, 2012, http://edudemic.com/2012/05/harvard-and-mit-to-form-new-online-learning-project/.

47. “Stanford Engineering Everywhere: Courses,” Stanford University, accessed February 6, 2013, http://see.stanford.edu/see/courses.aspx.

48. Leonard Medlock and Betsy Corcoran, “YouTube U: The Power of Stanford’s Free Online Education,” Fast Company, March 31, 2011, www.fastcoexist.com/1678792/youtube-u-the-power-of-stanfords-free-online-education.

49. Ibid.

50. Steve Carson, interview with authors, February 2012.

51. “Solar Street Lights Are Functioning in Haiti,” Solar Street Lights Blog, May 21, 2010, http://www.streetlights-solar.org/2010/05/the-solar-street-lighting-are-functioning-in-haiti/.

52. http://web.mit.edu/fnl/volume/231/miyagawa.html.

53. Liz Gannes, “Watch: Sebastian Thrun Leaves Stanford to Teach Online,” All Things D, January 25, 2012, http://allthingsd.com/20120125/watch-sebastian-thrun-leaves-stanford-to-teach-online/.

54. Jeff Howe, Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of the Crowd Is Driving the Future of Business (New York: Crown Business, 2008); James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Doubleday, 2004); Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything (New York: Portfolio, 2006).

55. Erica Hagan, “Putting Nairobi’s Slums on the Map,” World Bank Institute, January 12, 2009, http://wbi.worldbank.org/wbi/devoutreach/article/370/putting-nairobi%E2%80%99s-slums-map; William Underhill, “Map Kibera,” Design Observer, July 26, 2010, http://changeobserver.designobserver.com/feature/map-kibera/14698/; Mark Hay, “More Money, More Problems: The Logic of Slums,” Columbia Political Review, December 19, 2011, www.cpreview.org/2011/12/more-money-more-problems/; “Kibera UK: The Gap Year Company,” Kibera UK, accessed February 6, 2013, www.kibera.org.uk/Facts.html.

56. Hagan, “Putting Nairobi’s Slums on the Map.”

57. Ibid.

58. The Tanzanian project is now collaborating with the Kenyan project.

59. Michael Levenson, “Send Photo, Get Action,” Boston Globe, February 2, 2010, www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/02/02/residents_use_iphone_to_report_street_level_woes/; “Boston Citizens Connect,” Macworld app guide, accessed January 21, 2013, www.macworld.com/appguide/app.html?id=323365&expand=false.

60. Sara Jacobi and Cate Lecuyer, “Citizens Connect a Success, According to Boston Officials,” SouthEndPatch, August 16, 2012, http://southend.patch.com/articles/citizens-connect-a-success-according-to-boston-officials.

61. “‘Street Bump’ App Detects Potholes, Alerts Boston City Officials,” Fox News, July 20, 2012, www.foxnews.com/tech/2012/07/20/treet-bump-app-detects-potholes-alerts-boston-city-officials/.

62. Chris Osgood, interview with authors, March 2012.

63. Luis von Ahn, “Massive-Scale Online Collaboration,” TED Talks, April 2011, www.ted.com/talks/luis_von_ahn_massive_scale_online_collaboration.html?awesm=on.ted.com_A4Pa&utm_campaign=&utm_medium=on.ted.com-twitter&utm_source=direct-on.ted.com&utm_content=tweetie.

Four

1. Luke Karmali, “Mists of Pandaria Pushes Warcraft Subs Over 10 Million,” IGN, October 4, 2012, www.ign.com/articles/2012/10/04/mists-of-pandaria-pushes-warcraft-subs-over-10-million.

2. Julian Dibbel, “Recalculating the Global Virtual GDP, Yet Again,” Terra Nova, June 26, 2007, http://terranova.blogs.com/terra_nova/2007/06/recalculating-t.html.

3. Vili Lehdonvirta and Mirko Ernkvist, “Converting the Virtual Economy into Development Potential: Knowledge Map of the Virtual Economy,” executive summary, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, April 2011, www.infodev.org/en/Document.1076.pdf.

4. Timothy Pratt, “What Happens in Brooklyn Moves to Vegas,” New York Times, October 19, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/10/21/magazine/what-happens-in-brooklyn-moves-to-vegas.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

5. Ibid.

6. “On the Origin of Species: Theories on Where Money Comes from Say Something About Where the Dollar and Euro Will Go,” Economist, August 18, 2012, www.economist.com/node/21560554; Thomas H. Greco Jr., Money: Understanding and Creating Alternatives to Legal Tender (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2001), 27–29, http://reinventingmoney.com/documents/MoneyEbook.pdf.

7. “Briton Bay Commercial Fishing,” Our Bristol Bay, www.ourbristolbay.com/commercial-fisheries.html, accessed February 6, 2013. See also John W. Duffield, Christopher J. Neher, David A. Patterson, and Oliver S. Goldsmith, “Economics of Wild Salmon Ecosystems: Bristol Bay, Alaska,” USDA Forest Service Proceedings, RMRS-P-49, 2007, www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_p049/rmrs_p049_035_044.pdf.

8. Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162 (December 1968): 1243–1248, www.sciencemag.org/content/162/3859/1243.full.pdf.

9. Debora Mackenzie, “The Cod That Disappeared,” New Scientist, September 16, 1995, www.newscientist.com/article/mg14719953.400-the-cod-that-disappeared.html.

10. Elizabeth Bluemink, “Pioneering Nobel Prize Winner Influenced Alaska, Resources,” Anchorage Daily News, October 12, 2009, www.adn.com/2009/10/12/971399/pioneering-nobel-prize-winner.html.

11. Vincent Ostrom, The Meaning of American Federalism (San Francisco: ICS Press, 1991), 163–197, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABM798.pdf.

12. “Acid Rain: The Power of Markets to Help the Planet,” Environmental Defense Fund, accessed February 6, 2013, www.edf.org/approach/markets/acid-rain.

13. For example, those used by the Carbon Disclosure Project.

14. Effective public policy can launch new currencies by creating markets that use them. In the United States, many states have established a renewable portfolio standard (RPS), which directs utilities to purchase RECs for some portion of their energy generation each year, with the goal of achieving certain targets down the line. For example, California plans to obtain 33 percent of its energy from renewable sources by 2020, and North Carolina plans to obtain 12.5 percent from renewable sources by 2021. Institute for Energy Research, The Status of Renewable Electricity Mandates in the States (Washington, DC: Institute for Energy Research, January 2011), 1, www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/IER-RPS-Study-Final.pdf; “100% Green Power Users,” Environmental Protection Agency, July 5, 2012, www.epa.gov/greenpower/documents/top100_july2012.pdf.

15. Pierre Omidyar, “How I Did It: eBay’s Founder on Innovating the Business Model of Social Change,” Harvard Business Review, September 2011, 41–44.

16. In exchange for foregoing a couple million dollars in annual charitable tax deductions, ON has considerable flexibility in how it deploys the $442 million it has committed to date.

17. Amy Klements (Omidyar Network), interview with authors, June 2012.

18. Cheryl Dorsey (Echoing Green), interview with authors, June 2012.

19. Omidyar, “How I Did It,” 44.

20. Robert P. Chilcott, “Compendium of Chemical Hazards: Kerosene (Fuel Oil),” UK Health Protection Agency, 2006, www.who.int/ipcs/emergencies/kerosene.pdf.

21. “Who We Are,” d.light, accessed February 6, 2013, www.dlightdesign.com/who-we-are/. Goals for 2015 are from Susan Phillips (Omidyar Network), interview with authors, June 2012.

22. “Let’s Hear It for Our 1,900th Playground!” KaBOOM! Blog, November 2, 2010, http://kaboom.org/blog/let%E2%80%99s_hear_it_our_1900th_playground.

23. Kevin Marsh, Evelina Bertranou, and Kunal Samanta, Cost-Benefit Analysis and Social Impact Bond Feasibility Analysis for the Birmingham BeActive Scheme (London: Matrix Knowledge, December 2011), 6, www.socialfinance.org.uk/sites/default/files/matrix_be_active_final_report_0.pdf.

24. “The Gigaton War,” EV World, October 25, 2010, www.evworld.com/syndicated/evworld_article_1928.cfm.

25. “From Silos to Synergy,” Global Impact Economy Forum, Washington, DC, May 4, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=kzspO6U61gE&feature=plcp.

26. “Operation: Green Capital,” Carbon War Room, accessed February 6, 2013, www.carbonwarroom.com/sectors/energy-supply/energy-efficiency/green-capital.

27. Todd Woody, “How to Tap a Trillion Dollars for Renewable Energy Investment,” Forbes, July 23, 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/toddwoody/2012/07/23/how-to-tap-a-trillion-dollars-for-renewable-energy-investment/2/.

28. GIIRS Newsletter, November 2012, http://giirs.org/about-giirs/press/giirs-reports/307.

29. Jason Roberts, “How to Build a Better Block,” TEDxOU presentation, February 21, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntwqVDzdqAU.

30. Ibid.; see also Allison Arieff, “How To: Build a Better Block,” Good Design, June 22, 2010, www.good.is/post/how-to-build-a-better-block/.

31. “The Better Block Protect San Antonio TX,” Digestible Media, March 6, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=VC5EFcD5aCM.

32. Jessica Day, “Get Creative with Your Rewards,” January 7, 2013, http://blog.ideascale.com/2013/01/07/get-creative-with-your-rewards/.

33. “Time Banking: New Economic Model for Those Tired with Capitalism,” Student Environmental Action Coalition, January 4, 2012, www.seac.org/time-banking-new-economic-model-for-those-tired-with-capitalism/; “About Time-banking,” Time Banking UK, accessed February 6, 2013, www.timebanking.org/about/.

34. Deloitte Research analysis. There were 175 projects listed under the VSFS program in 2012–2013. The time and cost savings were calculated assuming seven to eight hours of work each week by the student intern on these projects and a $25 mean hourly wage of a federal worker (source: Office of Personal Management). US Department of State, “U.S. College Students Can Apply Now for Virtual Student Foreign Service eInternships,” July 3, 2012, www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2012/07/194548.htm.

35. Charities Aid Foundation, World Giving Index 2011 (London: Charities Aid Foundation, December 19, 2011), 22, www.cafonline.org/pdf/World_Giving_Index_2011_191211.pdf.

36. Lester M. Salamon et al., Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Center for Civil Social Studies, 1999), 13, http://politiquessociales.net/IMG/pdf/chapter1.pdf.

37. Lester M. Salamon, S. Wojciech Sokolowski, and associates, Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, vol. 2 (Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press, 2004), 3, table 3, http://ccss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/10/Comparative-Data_2004_FINAL.pdf.

38. “SBTF/USAID: A Partnership—The Future of Digital Volunteers?” The Standby Task Force, June 12, 2012, http://blog.standbytaskforce.com/sbtfusaid-a-partnership/.

39. Ibid.

40. Simon Owens, “Can Todd Park Revolutionize the Health Care Industry?” Atlantic, June 2, 2011, www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2011/06/can-todd-park-revolutionize-the-health-care-industry/239708/.

41. Todd Park, “Welcome,” presented at Health Data Initiative Forum 2011, Bethesda, Maryland, June 9, 2011, www.iom.edu/Activities/PublicHealth/HealthData/2011-JUN-09/OpeningSession/Administrator.aspx.

42. Kathleen O’Malley, “Health Datapalooza 2012: Apps Are Making a Difference,” Journal of Participatory Medicine 4 (June 19, 2012), www.jopm.org/media-watch/conferences/2012/06/19/health-datapalooza-2012-apps-are-making-a-difference/.

43. Todd Park, “Lean Startup in Government,” slide presentation, South by Southwest, Austin, Texas, March 13, 2012, www.slideshare.net/500startups/todd-park-macon-philips-lean-startup-sxsw.

44. For tracking the spread of disease, see O’Malley, “Health Datapalooza 2012.” For food desert information, see “About the Locator,” US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, accessed February 6, 2013, www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-desert-locator/about-the-locator.aspx#Defined.

45. Carleen Hawn, “Government 2.0,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, fall 2011, www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/government_2.0; James Manyika et al., “Big Data: The Next Frontier for Innovation, Competition, and Productivity,” McKinsey Global Institute, May 2011, www.mckinsey.com/insights/mgi/research/technology_and_innovation/big_data_the_next_frontier_for_innovation; David Stegon, “Park: ‘Energy Datapalooza’ in the Works,” Fedscoop, July 12, 2012, http://fedscoop.com/park-energy-datapalooza-in-the-works/.

46. “The Global Positioning System (GPS) Market 2008–2012,” TechNavio, April 15, 2009, www.technavio.com/content/global-positioning-system-gps-market-2008–2012-0; Matt Rosoff, “Here’s What Google Will Lose When Apple Wipes Google Maps from the iPhone,” Business Insider, June 8, 2012, www.businessinsider.com/apple-maps-effect-on-google-2012-6#ixzz20WNNL89s.

47. Nicolas Chavent, “Building an OSM Environment, Haiti,” Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team, accessed February 6, 2013, http://hot.openstreetmap.org/projects/haiti-2; Jeffrey Johnson, John Crowley, and Schuyler Erle, “Haiti: Crisis-Mapping the Earthquake,” presented at O’Reilly Where 2.0 Conference, San Jose, CA, March 30, 2010.

48. Alex Howard, “How Data and Open Government Are Transforming NYC,” O’Reilly Radar, October 7, 2011, http://radar.oreilly.com/2011/10/data-new-york-city.html; Rachel Stern, “How Open Government Is Transforming New York,” presented at the Strata Conference, New York, NY, February 2011, http://radar.oreilly.com/2011/10/data-new-york-city.html.

49. See Rozell et al., “IOGDS: International Open Government Dataset Search,” accessed February 6, 2013, http://logd.tw.rpi.edu/demo/international_dataset_catalog_search; Jesse Lichtenstein, “Why Open Data Alone Is Not Enough,” Wired, July 2011, www.wired.com/magazine/2011/06/st_essay_datafireworks/;Noor Huijboom and Tijs Van den Broek, “Open Data: An International Comparison of Strategies,” European Journal of ePractice 12 (March–April 2011), www.epractice.eu/files/European%20Journal%20epractice%20Volume%2012_1.pdf.

50. Heather Broomfield, “The Open Data Hotel: Norwegian Hospitality at Its Best!” October 20, 2011, Norway Agency for Public Management and eGovernment, http://data.norge.no/blogg/2011/10/open-data-hotel.

51. “NZ Police Let Public Write Laws,” BBC News, September 26, 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7015024.stm.

52. Lichtenstein, “Why Open Data Alone Is Not Enough.”

53. “Transparency and Open Government,” Office of the White House, accessed February 6, 2013, www.whitehouse.gov/open/documents/open-government-directive.

54. Jennifer Pahlka, “Coding a Better Government,” TED Talk, February 2012, www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/jennifer_pahlka_coding_a_better_government.html.

55. Ibid.

56. Anya Kamenetz, “How an Army of Techies Is Taking Over City Hall,” Fast Company, November 29, 2010, www.fastcompany.com/magazine/151/icitizen-bonus.html.

57. Jennifer Pahlka (Code for America), interview with authors, May 3, 2012.

58. Markus Mobius and Adam Szeidl, “Trust and Social Collateral,” University of Chicago Booth School of Business, May 2007, http://faculty.chicagobooth.edu/appliedtheory/archive/pdf/AdamSzeidlSocialCollateralApril14Spring08.pdf.

59. Muskan Chopra, “Explaining Kiva Zip from a Whitewater Raft,” Kiva Fellows Blog, July 25, 2012, http://fellowsblog.kiva.org/2012/07/25/explaining-kiva-zip-from-a-whitewater-raft/.

60. Alex Goldmark, “Kiva’s Secret Project to Let You Give Peer-to-Peer Loans,” Fast Company, January 13, 2012, www.fastcoexist.com/1679137/kiva-s-secret-project-to-let-you-give-peer-to-peer-loans.

61. Naomi Klein, No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies (Toronto: Knopf Canada, 2000), 5.

62. Donald Katz, Just Do It: The Nike Spirit in the Corporate World (Avon, MA: Adams Media, 1995), 18.

63. Parag Gupta, interview with authors, July 18, 2012.

64. Amelia Gentleman, “Picking Up Trash by Hand, and Yearning for Dignity,” New York Times, September 27, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/09/27/world/asia/27ragpickers.html?_r=0.

65. Ananda Lee Tan, “Clean Development Mechanism Funding for Waste Incineration: Financing the Demise of Waste Worker Livelihood, Community Health, and Climate,” Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives, Quezon City, Philippines, accessed February 6, 2013, www.no-burn.org/downloads/Clean%20Development%20Mechanism%20Flyer.pdf.

66. “One Person’s Trash Is Another Person’s Treasure,” Waste Ventures, February 26, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=m2e6BrfnPok#!.

67. Parag Gupta, interview with authors, July 18, 2012. See also “Strategy,” Waste Ventures, accessed February 6, 2013, www.wasteventures.org/pages/our-strategy.

68. Linus Kendall, “Two Years and Counting,” Waste Ventures, August 2012, www.wasteventures.org/two-years-and-counting.

69. Olivia Solon, “Waste Ventures Gives India’s Pickers Access to Carbon Markets,” Wired UK, January 11, 2012, www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-01/11/waste-ventures.

70. “Changemakers: Waste Ventures,” Ashoka Changemakers, last updated August 20, 2012, www.changemakers.com/changeshop/waste-ventures.

71. “Outcomes,” Waste Ventures, accessed February 6, 2013, www.wasteventures.org/pages/outcomes.

Five

1. Tom Vander Ark, “How Intelligent Scoring Will Create an Intelligent System,” Huffington Post, January 9, 2012, www.huffingtonpost.com/tom-vander-ark/how-intelligent-scoring-w_b_1194249.html; Randall Stross, “The Algorithm Didn’t Like My Essay,” New York Times, June 9, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/06/10/business/essay-grading-software-as-teachers-aide-digital-domain.html?_r=1.

2. David Strom, “What You Can Learn from Kaggle’s Top 10 Data Scientists,” Read Write, April 12, 2012, www.readwriteweb.com/cloud/2012/04/what-you-can-learn-from-kaggle.php; Liz Gannes, “Kaggle Solves Big Data Problems with Contests—and Now Has Big Funders and $11M on Board,” All Things D, November 13, 2011, http://allthingsd.com/20111103/kaggle-solves-big-data-problems-with-contests-and-now-has-big-funders-on-board/.

3. Anthony Goldbloom, interview with authors, March 2012.

4. Jason Rhodes, “Competition Shines Light on Dark Matter,” White House Office of Scientific and Technology Policy, June 27, 2011, www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2011/06/27/competition-shines-light-dark-matter.

5. “Mapping Dark Matter,” Kaggle, accessed December 27, 2012, www.kaggle.com/host/casestudies/nasa.

6. Xavier Conort, email to authors, June 21, 2012.

7. “ASAP Interview with Martin O’Leary,” No Free Hunch (Kaggle blog), May 13, 2012, http://blog.kaggle.com/2012/05/13/asap-interview-with-martin-oleary/.

8. “Improve Health Care, Win $3,000,000,” Heritage Provider Network, accessed February 6, 2013, www.heritagehealthprize.com/c/hhp.

9. “Online Dating Industry Statistics Infographic Video,” February 26, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0VtT_5Wkh0.

10. John Hagel and John Seely Brown, “Why Most Online Communities Are Failures,” Forbes, January 18, 2012, http://management.fortune.cnn.com/2012/01/18/why-most-online-communities-are-failures/.

11. Rachel Botsman, “The Case for Collaborative Consumption,” TED Conferences, May 2010, www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/rachel_botsman_the_case_for_collaborative_consumption.html.

12. “Kickstarter Stats,” Kickstarter, accessed February 6, 2013, www.kickstarter.com/help/stats.

13. Sean Silverthorne, “New Research Explores Multi-Sided Markets,” Harvard Business School Working Knowledge, March 13, 2006, http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/5237.html.

14. Thomas Eisenmann, Geoffrey Parker, and Marshall W. Van Alstyne, “Strategies for Two-Sided Markets,” Harvard Business Review, October 2006, 92–101.

15. Simon Mainwaring, We First (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 37–38.

16. US Government Accountability Office, Multiple Employment and Training Programs: Providing Information on Colocating Services and Consolidating Administrative Structures Could Promote Efficiencies (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, January 2011), executive summary, www.gao.gov/new.items/d1192.pdf.

17. UK National Audit Office, “Department for Work and Pensions: The Introduction of the Work Programme,” executive summary, January 2012, 6, www.nao.org.uk/publications/1012/dwp_work_programme.aspx.

18. Ashish Sinha, “SkillKindle, an Online Marketplace for Skill-Sharing Secures Angel Funding,” NextBigWhat, March 15, 2012, www.nextbigwhat.com/skillkindle-an-online-marketplace-for-skill-sharing-secures-angel-funding-297/.

19. Britney Fitzgerald, “Avi Flombaum, Skillshare Teacher, Earns $100K a Year as Tech Educator, Quits Day Job,” Huffington Post, August 24, 2012, www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/24/avil-flombaum-skillshare_n_1817784.html.

20. “The Re-working of ‘Work,’” Institute for the Future, 2011, www.iftf.org/futureworkskills2020.

21. Fitzgerald, “Avi Flombaum, Skillshare Teacher.”

22. “Study Your Way to a New Career,” General Assembly, accessed February 6, 2013, http://tinyurl.com/b49z7td.

23. Arun Sundararajan, “From Airbnb and Coursera to Uber: Government Shouldn’t Regulate the Sharing Economy,” Wired, October 22, 2012, www.wired.com/opinion/2012/10/from-airbnb-to-coursera-why-the-government-shouldnt-regulate-the-sharing-economy/.

24. “Statistics,” Kiva, accessed February 6, 2013, www.kiva.org/about/stats.

25. Andrea Ordanini, Lucia Miceli, Marta Pizzetti, and A. Parasuraman, “Crowd-Funding: Transforming Customers into Investors Through Innovative Service Platforms,” Crowdsourcing.org, July 9, 2011, www.crowdsourcing.org/document/crowdfunding-transforming-customers-into-investors-through-innovative-service-platforms-/5214.

26. Winston Daryoue, “Liberia’s Baby Blues: No Policy for Pregnant School Girls,” Inter-Press Service News Agency, July 5, 2012, www.ipsnews.net/2012/07/liberias-baby-blues-no-policy-for-pregnant-school-girls/; “About Us,” More Than Me Foundation, accessed February 6, 2013, https://morethanme.org/about.html.

27. In the years since, More Than Me has focused its attention on its mission of educating women. Education, statistically speaking, delays a girl’s marriage by four years. Each year of primary school raises a woman’s eventual income by 10 to 20 percent. For more, see Amy Baratta, “More Than Me: Foundation Established by B’ville Native Helps Children in Liberia Get an Education,” Bernardsville (NJ) News, February 23, 2011, http://newjerseyhills.com/bernardsville_news/news/article_4a48f10c-3f62-11e0-ac87–001cc4c03286.html?mode=story; Josh Tetrick, “Crowdfunding: How Social Entrepreneurs Are Turning Small Donations into Big Bucks,” Huffington Post, January 14, 2011, www.huffingtonpost.com/josh-tetrick/crowdfunding-social-entrepreneurs_b_808613.html.

28. In its first two years, More Than Me won a video grant from Microsoft 7, the Ford Focus Global Test Drive Contest, Global Giving’s Facebook photo competition, and a prize from Chase Bank’s Community Giving contest. More Than Me directly traded increments of its supporters’ energy for money. In this way, it transformed a network of committed people into educations for little girls via Facebook likes and dollars—an odd currency, but for some Liberian woman, currency enough to mean the difference between child prostitution and educated adulthood. See also Tetrick, “Crowdfunding”; “About Us,” More Than Me Foundation.

29. Michael Norman, interview with authors, April 2012.

30. Christopher Borrelli, “Who Benefits Most from the Colbert-Bump?” Chicago Tribune, July 20, 2011, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011–07–20/entertainment/ct-ent-0720-colbert-as-political-forc20110720_1_colbert-nation-colbert-report-dutch-bank-dsb.

31. “Directory of Sites,” Crowdsourcing.org, accessed February 6, 2013, www.crowdsourcing.org/directory.

32. Crowdfunding Industry Report: Market Trends, Composition and Crowd-funding Platforms, Crowdsourcing.org, May 2012, 13–14, www.scribd.com/doc/92871793/Crowd-Funding-Industry-Report-2011; “The Crowdfunding Industry Growing Like Taters, PR Web, January 20, 2013, www.prweb.com/releases/2013/1/prweb10340558.htm.

33. Mark Milian, “After Raising Money, Many Kickstarter Projects Fail to Deliver,” BusinessWeek, August 21, 2012, www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-21/kickstarter-s-funded-projects-see-some-stumbles.

34. Olga Khazan, “How Popularise Brought Crowdsourcing to D.C.’s Commercial Real Estate Market,” Washington Post, June 1, 2012, http://tinyurl.com/7d5t7c5.

35. Tristina Sinopoli, “Social Finance: The Key to Innovation City,” MaRS Center for Impact Investing, August 2, 2012, http://socialfinance.ca/blog/post/social-finance-the-key-to-innovation-city.

36. Peter Corbett, interview with authors, April 2011.

37. Robin Wigglesworth, “$6.3tn Wiped off Stock Markets in 2011,” Financial Times, December 30, 2011, www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/483069d8–32f3–11e1–8e0d-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2FKny1Oi3.

38. “Report on Sustainable and Responsible Investing Trends in the United States 2012,” US SIF (The Forum for Sustainable and Responsible Investment), 2012, executive summary, 12, http://ussif.org/resources/pubs/documents/USSIFTrends2012ES.pdf.

39. Jaideep Singh Panwar and Jenny Blinch, Sustainable Stock Exchanges: A Report on Progress, Responsible Research, 2012, 13, www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/issues_doc/Financial_markets/Sustainable_Stock_Exchanges.pdf.

40. In areas such as microfinance, however, repayment rates are typically greater than 95 percent. “Microfinance Basics,” Grameen Foundation, accessed February 6, 2013, www.grameenfoundation.org/what-we-do/microfinance-basics.

41. “IRIS Metrics,” Global Impact Investing Network, accessed February 6, 2013, http://iris.thegiin.org/iris-standards#m=operationalimpact.

42. Antony Elliott, Gavin Francis, and Geoff Knott, Financial Planners as Catalysts for Social Investment (London: Nesta, 2012), 6, www.nesta.org.uk/library/documents/Financialplanners14.pdf.

43. New Economics Foundation, Developing a Social Equity Capital Market 2006 (London: New Economics Foundation, 2006), 12, http://tidescanada.org/wp-content/uploads/files/causeway/Developing_a_Social_Equity_Capital_Market_2006.pdf.

44. Malaika Maphalala, “Mission Markets Advances Impact Investing,” Natural Investments LLC, spring 2011, http://naturalinvesting.com/blog/2011/09/mission-markets-advances-impact-investing/.

45. Paul Sullivan, “With Impact Investing, a Focus on More Than Returns,” New York Times, April 23, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/your-money/24wealth.html?dbk&_r=0.

46. Sasha Dichter, Robert Katz, Harvey Koh, and Ashish Karamchandani, “Closing the Pioneer Gap,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, winter 2013, www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/closing_the_pioneer_gap.

47. Harvey Koh, Ashish Karamchandani, and Robert Katz, “From Blueprint to Scale: The Case for Philanthropy in Impact Investing” (Monitor Group, April 2012), 18, http://tinyurl.com/84yn9qv.

48. Gloria Nelund, “Impact Investing for Global Economic Growth,” Wall Street Transcript, January 9, 2012, www.twst.com/interview/28718.

49. US Securities and Exchange Commission, SEC Filing, EDGAR, TriLinc Global Impact Fund, LLC, accessed February 6, 2013, www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1550453/000095012312012569/filename2.htm.

50. Gloria Nelund (TriLinc Global), interview with authors, January 11, 2012.

51. “Impact Investing Emerges as a Distinct Asset Class,” Rockefeller Foundation, November 29, 2010, www.rockefellerfoundation.org/news/press-releases/impact-investing-emerges-distinct.

52. “Competition Fact Sheet, Wendy Schmidt Oil Cleanup X Challenge,” X Prize Foundation, accessed February 6, 2013, www.iprizecleanoceans.org/sites/iprizecleanoceans.org/files/presskit/final/WSOCXC_Fact_Sheet.pdf.

53. McKinsey & Company, “‘And the Winner Is . . .’ Capturing the Promise of Philanthropic Prizes,’” (McKinsey & Company, 2009), 70–90, www.mckinseyonsociety.com/downloads/reports/Social-Innovation/And_the_winner_is.pdf; Dave Sedgwick, “ePrize,” World Class Care Blog, accessed February 6, 2013, http://worldclasscare.wordpress.com/tag/eprize/.

54. Tina Rosenberg, “Prizes with an Eye Toward the Future,” New York Times, February 29, 2012, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/29/prizes-with-an-eye-toward-the-future/?ref=opinion.

55. Sheila Campbell, “Challenges and Challenge.gov,” Center for Excellence in Digital Government, U.S. General Services Administration, March 31, 2011, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INFORMATIONANDCOMMUNICATIONANDTECHNOLOGIES/Resources/D4S3P3-SheilaCampbell.pdf.

56. US Department of Health and Human Services, “OSTP Memo on Prizes and Challenges,” accessed February 6, 2013, www.hhs.gov/open/initiatives/challenges/ostp_memo.html.

57. Office of Citizen Services and Innovative Technologies, “2012 Annual Report,” General Services Administration, December 2012, 23, www.gsa.gov/portal/getMediaData?mediaId=156463.

58. Luciano Kay, Managing Innovation Prizes in Government (Washington, DC: IBM Center for the Business of Government, 2011), 17, www.businessofgovernment.org/sites/default/files/Managing%20Innovation%20Prizes%20in%20Government.pdf.

59. Jenn Gustetic, presentation, South by Southwest Interactive Festival, Austin, TX, March 2012.

60. Joe Parrish and Jason Cruzar (Office of the Chief Technologist, National Aeronautics and Space Administration), interview with authors, February 21, 2012.

61. Robert Lee Hotz, “Science Prize: Innovation or Stealth Ad?” Wall Street Journal, May 8, 2009, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124173078482897809.html.

62. “X-Prize Director Describes Incentive Prizes in an Interview with Sander Olson,” Next Big Future, June 3, 2011, http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/06/x-prize-director-describes-incentive.html.

63. Sean Mason, interview with authors, January 2012.

64. Tom Gash, interview with authors, January 2012.

65. Antonia Romero, interview with authors, January 2012.

66. Jeffrey B. Liebman, “Social Impact Bonds: A Promising New Financing Model to Accelerate Social Innovation and Improve Government Performance,” Center for American Progress, February 2011, www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/02/pdf/social_impact_bonds.pdf.

67. Randeep Ramesh, “Big Society Bank Aims to Boost Social Enterprise,” Guardian, February 22, 2011, www.guardian.co.uk/society/2011/feb/22/big-society-bank-social-enterprise-ronald-cohen.

68. Yao Huang (speech, Starting Block Social Innovation Institute 2013, New York, New York, August 4, 2013).

69. The government, which traditionally pays the full value regardless of whether the program works, often helps cover the loss if the target is not met, and is responsible for paying the return on the upside, to encourage investors to shoulder some of the risk.

70. The state invested $4.6 million and has received $34 million in economic value, including savings in welfare subsidies, food stamps, and other subsidies. “Pay for Success Projects and Social Impact Bonds: First Mover States—What Are They Doing and Why?” Nonprofit Finance Fund, June 9, 2011, http://payforsuccess.org/sites/default/files/first_mover_states_sib_webinar_transcript.pdf.

71. Katie Gilbert, “The Latest in Socially Conscious Investing: Human Capital Performance Bonds,” Institutional Investor, January 10, 2012, www.institutionalinvestor.com/Popups/PrintArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2958534.

72. “I’ll Put $2.4m on Recidivism to Fall,” Economist, August 6, 2012, www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/08/social-impact-bonds?fsrc=scn/tw_ec/ill_put_2_4m_on_recidivism_to_fall.

73. Antonia Romero, interview with authors, January 2012.

74. Dean James, interview with authors, January 2012.

75. “Potential Social Impact Bonds in Development,” Instiglio, accessed February 6, 2013, www.instiglio.org/publications/sib-applications-in-development/; “Social Impact Bonds Go International,” Social Finance Limited, May 30, 2012, www.socialfinance.org.uk/sites/default/files/international_working_group_and_director.pdf.

Six

1. “Diarrhoeal Disease,” World Health Organization, August 2009, www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/index.html; Sandy Cairncross et al., “Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for the Prevention of Diarrhoea,” International Journal of Epidemiology 39, issue supplement 1 (2010): i193–i205, http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/suppl_1/i193.abstract; Alyson Paige, “About Soap,” eHow, accessed February 6, 2013, www.ehow.com/about_4709726_soap.html.

2. “Hunger: Vital Statistics,” United Nations, accessed February 6, 2013, www.un.org/en/globalissues/briefingpapers/food/vitalstats.shtml.

3. C. K. Prahalad and Stuart L. Hart, “The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid,” Strategy and Business 26 (first quarter 2002), www.cs.berkeley.edu/~brewer/ict4b/Fortune-BoP.pdf.

4. “For Rojamma, Project Shakti Means Being Able to Educate Her Daughter,” Unilever, May 9, 2005, accessed February 6, 2013, www.unilever.com/images/es_Project_Shakti_tcm13–13297.pdf.

5. Louis Lucas, “Unilever Extends ‘Shakti’ Scheme to Africa,” Financial Times, August 30, 2011, www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/732067cc-d012-11e0–81e2–00144feabdc0.html#axzz1qXV9SHpN; “For Rojamma”; Trefis team, “Unilever Empowers Bottom of the Pyramid Entrepreneurs with Project Shakti,” Trefis, September 9, 2011, www.trefis.com/stock/ul/articles/73085/unilever-expands-project-shakti/2011-09-09.

6. Prahalad and Hart, “The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid.”

7. “Lifebuoy Launches Lifebuoy Swasthya Chetna,” Hindustan Unilever Limited, September 5, 2002, www.hul.co.in/mediacentre/news/2002/lifebuoy-swasthya-chetna.aspx.

8. “Promoting Handwashing,” Unilever, accessed March 4, 2013, www.unilever.com/sustainable-living/healthandhygiene/handwashing/; and “Global Handwashing Day,” Unilever, accessed February 6, 2013, www.unilever.com/sustainable-living/healthandhygiene/handwashing/globalhandwashingday/index.aspx.

9. “Diarrhoea Causes Over Three Million Deaths a Year. Handwashing with Soap and Water Can Reduce Diarrhoeal Diseases by Up to 48%,” Unilever, accessed February 6, 2013, www.unilever.se/Images/es_Lifebuoy_promotes_handwashing_tcm59–13301.pdf; Grant Tudor, “NextThought Monday: When Mass Marketing Meets Global Health, the Case of Lifebuoy Soap,” Next Billion 2.0, November 7, 2011, www.nextbillion.net/blogpost.aspx?blogid=2559.

10. “Spread of Water-Related Disease,” Nika Water Company, accessed February 6, 2013, www.nikawater.org/the-crisis/.

11. “Lifebuoy ‘Swasthya Chetna’: Unilever’s Social Marketing Campaign,” IBS Center for Management Research, www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Marketing/Lifebuoy%20Swasthya%20Chetna-Unilever%20Social%20Marketing%20Campaign.htm.

12. “Bangladesh: Empowering Women Through Micro-Enterprises,” Unilever, 2006, www.unilever.com/sustainable-living/news/casestudies/better-livelihoods/empowering-women-through-micro-enterprises.aspx.

13. Amit Sahasrabudhe, Holly J. Kellar, Vijay Sharma, and Bill Wiltschko, “Performance Ecosystems: A Decision Framework to Take Performance to the Next Level,” Deloitte Center for the Edge, 2012, www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-UnitedStates/Local%20Assets/Documents/TMT_us_tmt/us_tmt_performanceecosystems_060712.pdf.

14. Susan Phillips, interview with authors, May 2012.

15. Jacqueline Novogratz, interview with authors, September 2012.

16. “GAVI’s Impact,” GAVI Alliance, January 2013, www.gavialliance.org/about/mission/impact/.

17. Sasha Dichter, interview with authors, September 2012.

18. I. Elaine Allen and Jeff Seaman, “Going the Distance: Online Learning in the United States, 2011,” Babson Survey Research Group, November 2011, www.onlinelearningsurvey.com/reports/goingthedistance.pdf.

19. Rebecca Clothey, “Opportunities and Obstacles: Technology’s Potential for Expanding Access to Higher Education,” Excellence in Higher Education 2 (2011): 52, 54, http://ehe.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/ehe/article/view/29/28.

20. “International Housing Statistics and Research,” Habitat for Humanity, accessed February 6, 2013, www.habitat.org/how/why/intl_stats_research.aspx;Gustavo Capdevila, “More Than 100 Million Homeless Worldwide,” IPS News, March 30, 2005, http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=28086.

21. “Interview with Janice Perlman,” Global Citizens Initiative, accessed February 6, 2013, www.theglobalcitizensinitiative.org/Interviews-with-Gcitizen-Leaders/Interview-with-Janice-Perlman.aspx.

22. United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Financing Urban Shelter: Global Report on Human Settlements, 2005 (Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 2005), 5.

23. Aden Van Noppen, “Impact Investing in Affordable Housing,” in The BIG IDEA: Global Spread of Affordable Housing, ed. Scott Anderson and Rochelle Beck (Next Billion and Ashoka Full Economic Citizenship, 2012), 45, http://fec.ashoka.org/sites/fec.ashoka.org/files/The-Big-IDEA-ebook-FINAL.pdf.

24. Eric Ho, email exchange with the authors, March 15, 2013.

25. The teams also consulted several Haitians, each of whom worked closely with NGOs in Haiti. The designers learned that Haitians prefer a certain architecture style and building layout—rooms should ideally provide a galleria porch in front and two rooms behind it. The homes would have to withstand earthquakes and hurricanes, possibly requiring expensive refinements to the generic proposals.

26. Rochelle Beck, “Global Spread of Affordable Housing,” in The BIG IDEA: Global Spread of Affordable Housing, 10.

27. Mayura Janwalkar, “Slumdwellers Not Eligible for Rehab Can Hamper Plan,” Indian Express, April 26, 2012, www.indianexpress.com/news/slumdwellers-not-eligible-for-rehab-can-hamper-plan/941545/0.

28. “Creative Solutions for Affordable Housing: Fixing Egypt’s Housing Problem the Ashoka Way,” Ashoka Arab World, July 6, 2009, http://tinyurl.com/bbdhh7r; “‘Housing for All’ Program,” Ashoka, 2, http://tinyurl.com/alahdfh.

29. Bill Drayton and Valeria Budinich, “A New Alliance for Global Change,” Harvard Business Review, September 2010, 56–64.

30. Ibid.

31. Bill Drayton, interview with authors, April 2012.

32. Nick Wates Associates, “Mainstreaming Community-Led Processes for Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation: The Development of CODI and the Baan Mankong Programme,” Communityplanning.net, April 15, 2009, www.communityplanning.net/special/makingplanningwork/mpwcasestudies/mpwCS21.php.

33. Kanokphan U-sha, “The Baan Mankong Program: A New Dimension to Solve the Urban Poor’s Housing Problems,” Thai World Affairs Center, Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University, July 22, 2004, www.thaiworld.org/en/include/print.php?text=31&category_id=2&print=true.

34. Community Organizations Development Institute, “From Co-ops to CODI: A Glimpse of Thailand’s Hidden Legacy,” accessed February 6, 2013, www.codi.or.th/housing/CooperativeThai.html.

35. “Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2012,” United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2012, 1, www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/Trafficking_in_Persons_2012_web.pdf; “International Trafficking,” Polaris Project, accessed February 6, 2013, www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/international-trafficking.

36. Biiftuu Adam, “Want a Job?” Slavery in the 21st Century (blog of the Loyola University New Orleans), November 2, 2011, http://slaveryinthe21stcentury.blogspot.com/2011/11/want-job-children-dying-all-around.html.

37. “Applying Technology, Analytics, and Business Solutions to the Human Trafficking Challenge,” panel, Human Trafficking Symposium, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, January 30, 2013.

38. Robyn Fieser, “Trapped in Slavery,” Catholic Relief Services, accessed February 6, 2013, http://crs.org/brazil/trapped-in-slavery/.

39. “From Slaves to Homeowners,” Catholic Relief Services, accessed February 6, 2013, http://crs.org/brazil/from-slaves-to-homeowners/index.cfm; “Freed Slaves Take on Brazilian Government,” Catholic Exchange, January 11, 2012, http://catholicexchange.com/freed-slaves-take-on-brazilian-government/.

40. “Applying Technology, Analytics, and Business Solutions.”

41. “About the Freedom Registry,” Freedom Registry, accessed February 6, 2013, www.freedomregistry.org/aboutus.html.

42. “Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2012”; “Human Trafficking: The Facts,” UN Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking, accessed February 6, 2013, www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/issues_doc/labour/Forced_labour/HUMAN_TRAFFICKING_-_THE_FACTS_-_final.pdf.

43. US Government Accountability Office, Human Trafficking: Better Data, Strategy, and Reporting Needed to Enhance U.S. Antitrafficking Efforts Abroad (Washington, DC: GAO, July 2006), 8, www.gao.gov/new.items/d06825.pdf.

44. Chris Hilton, “Dying to Leave: The Business of Human Trafficking—Trafficking Routes,” Wide Angle series, PBS, September 25, 2003, www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/dying-to-leave/business-of-human-trafficking/trafficking-routes/1428/.

45. Nicholas Kristoff, “Fighting Back, One Brothel Raid at a Time,” New York Times, November 12, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/11/13/opinion/sunday/kristof-fighting-back-one-brothel-raid-at-a-time.html?ref=humantrafficking.

46. “What We Do,” End Slavery Now, accessed February 6, 2013, www.endslaverynow.com/?goto=what&section=about.

47. “Applying Technology, Analytics, and Business Solutions.”

48. Ibid.

49. “Google Ideas Summit: Illicit Networks,” Palantir, July 2012, www.palantir.com/info-summit/.

50. Robyn Fieser (Catholic Relief Services), email to authors, September 2012.

51. Mira Sorvino, keynote presentation, Human Trafficking Symposium, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, January 30, 2013.

52. Elsa Brander, “Bring on the Buzz!—Meet the City Bee Association, Copenhagen, Denmark,” Stories.coop, November 3, 2012, www.stories.coop/stories/video/bring-buzz-meet-city-bee-association-copenhagen-denmark.

53. “British Bees Are Endanger of Becoming Extinct in the Next Six Years,” London Wildlife, March 5, 2012, http://london-wildlife.com/?p=26.

54. “The Copenhagen City Cooperative,” Social Innovation Europe, June 22, 2011, www.socialinnovationeurope.eu/magazine/environment-and-climate-change/case-studies/copenhagen-city-honey-cooperative.

55. Ibid.

Seven

1. For the number of British civil servants, see UK Civil Service, “Civil Service Statistics: Civil Service Employment Since 1902,” CNS Quarterly Public Sector Employment Series, accessed August 23, 2012, http://resources.civilservice.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Q3–2011-stats-chart.png. For UK population increase, see “History: British Population Animation,” BBC, accessed February 6, 2013, www.bbc.co.uk/history/interactive/animations/population/index_embed.shtml. The UK population at the end of the 1940s was 49 million; in 2012, it was 63 million. For growth in UK civil society, see Jacques Defourny and Marthe Nyssens, “Social Enterprise in Europe: Recent Trends and Developments,” Social Enterprise Journal 4, no. 3 (2008): 202–228, www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1752745.

2. OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC), “Philanthropic Foundations and Development Co-operation,” DAC Journal 4, no. 3 (2003): 34, offprint, www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/4/22272860.pdf; Pierre Buhler, Paul C. Light, and Francis Charhon, “The Non-Profit Sector in the U.S. and France: A Compared Analysis,” IFRI (Institut Français des Relations Internationals), May 2003, www.ifri.org/?page=contribution-detail&id=4191&id_provenance=88&provenance_context_id=24; Helmut K. Anheier, Nonprofit Organizations: Theory, Management, Policy (New York: Routledge), 2005, 76, http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/30802428/172491159/name/01%2Banheier%2B(2005)%2Bnonprofit%2Borganizations-%2Btheory,%2Bmanagement,%2Bpolicy.pdf; Laurent Fraisse, “France: The Concept of Social Enterprise,” EMES: European Research Network 3 (2008): 202–228; “France Takes a Deeper Look at Social Enterprise,” Equal (newsletter of European Commission), November 2006, http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/equal/news/200611-se-avise_en.cfm.

3. Gareth Davies, interview with authors, September 2012.

4. “Big Society Fund Launches with £600m to Invest,” BBC News, last modified April 4, 2012, www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17602323.

5. “Rockstars of the New Economy,” in B Corporations Annual 2012 Report (Berwyn, PA: B Lab, 2012), 44, http://nicolascordier.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/bcorp-annual-report-2012.pdf.

6. “NFL Announces 34 Play 60 Super Schools,” National Football League, October 31, 2011, http://nflcommunications.com/2011/10/.

7. Luke Williams, Disrupt: Think the Unthinkable to Spark Transformation in Your Business (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2011), 17–18.

8. Robert Darko Osei, “Linking Traditional Banking with Modern Finance: Barclays Microbanking: Susu Collectors Initiative,” UN Development Programme, 2008, www.growinginclusivemarkets.org/media/cases/Ghana_Susu%20Collectors_2008.pdf.

9. Hillary Clinton, “Hillary’s Farewell Transcript,” Daily Beast, February 1, 2013, www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/02/01/hillary-s-farewell-speech-read-the-transcript.html.

10. “Obesity and Overweight,” fact sheet 31, World Health Organization, May 2012, www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/; Michele Cecchini et al., “Tackling of Unhealthy Diets, Physical Inactivity, and Obesity: Health Effects and Cost-Effectiveness,” Lancet, November 11, 2010, www.oecd.org/els/healthpoliciesanddata/46407986.pdf.

11. “Obesity Trends Among U.S. Adults Between 1985 and 2010,” US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed February 6, 2013, www.cdc.gov/obesity/downloads/obesity_trends_2010.pdf; “Obesity and Overweight for Professionals: Data and Statistics,” US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, accessed January 23, 2013, www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html.

12. Cecchini et al., “Tackling of Unhealthy Diets,” 1.

13. “NCHS Data Brief: Obesity and Socioeconomic Status in Adults: United States, 2005–2008,” US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, December 2010, www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db50.htm.

14. Jundong Song, “Walmart: No Loyalty Card from the World’s Largest Grocer?” 89 Degrees Blog, accessed January 24, 2013, http://blog.89degrees.com/post/Walmart-e28093-No-Loyalty-Card-for-the-Worlde28099s-Largest-Grocer.aspx;“First Lady Michelle Obama Announces Nationwide Commitments to Provide Millions of People Access to Healthy, Affordable Food in Underserved Communities,” press release, White House, last modified July 20, 2011, www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/07/20/first-lady-michelle-obama-announces-nationwide-commitments-provide-milli; “Wal-Mart Announces Healthy Food Campaign,” Sustainable Agriculture, January 20, 2011, http://sustainableagriculture.net/blog/walmart-healthy-campaign/; Elliot Zwiebach, “Big Buildup for Small Wal-Marts,” Supermarket News, last modified September 27, 2010, http://supermarketnews.com/retail-amp-financial/big-buildup-small-wal-marts#ixzz205Knm2Nh.

15. Bill Drayton and Valeria Budinich, “A New Alliance for Global Change,” Harvard Business Review, September 2010, 61.

16. Bill Drayton, interview with authors, April 2012.

17. Drayton and Budinich, “New Alliance for Global Change,” 58.

18. Ibid., 59.

19. Bill Drayton, interview with authors, April 2012.

20. Drayton and Budinich, “New Alliance for Global Change,” 58.

21. John Matson, “Phased Out: Obama’s NASA Budget Would Cancel Constellation Moon Program, Privatize Manned Launches,” Scientific American, February 1, 2010, www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=nasa-budget-constellation-cancel.

22. For Virgin Galactic spacecraft, see Jesse McKinley, “Spaceport America Eyes the (Near) Future,” New York Times, September 7, 2012, http://travel.nytimes.com/2012/09/09/travel/spaceport-america-eyes-the-near-future.html?ref=travel; Space.com Staff, “NASA Buys Flights on Virgin Galactic’s Private Spaceship,” Space.com, October 14, 2011, www.space.com/13280-virgin-galactic-nasa-spaceshiptwo-flights.html. For Blue Origin spacecraft, see Kit Eaton, “SpaceX, Blue Origin, and the Race to Control the Commercial Space Industry,” Fast Company, September 6, 2011, www.fastcompany.com/1778297/fireworks-or-workhorse-rockets-how-the-commercial-space-business-is-shaping-up. For NanoRacks, see David Zax, “Need a Lab in Outer Space? Try ScienceExchange, the Airbnb of Weird Science,” Fast Company, December 14, 2011, www.fastcompany.com/1800957/the-airbnb-of-weird-science.

23. W. J. Hennigan, “MoonEx Aims to Scour Moon for Rare Materials,” Los Angeles Times, April 8, 2011, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/08/business/la-fi-moon-venture-20110408; Jesse McKinley, “Space Tourism Is Here! Wealthy Adventurers Wanted,” New York Times, September 7, 2012, http://travel.nytimes.com/2012/09/09/travel/space-tourism-is-here-wealthy-adventurers-wanted.html?ref=travel&_r=0&pagewanted=all.

24. Carl Hoffman, “Shooting for the Stars,” Wall Street Journal, October 27, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204644504576653493609116516.html; “Dragon,” Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, accessed August 22, 2012, www.spacex.com/dragon.php.

25. “Space Boost,” Science Central Archive, August 25, 2006, www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218392842&cat=3_1; “Company Overview,” SpaceX, accessed February 6, 2013, www.spacex.com/company.php.

26. John P. Holdren, “Statement by John P. Holdren, Assistant to the President for Science and Technology, on Launch of Falcon 9 Rocket and Dragon Spacecraft,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration, May 22, 2012, www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/may/HQ_12–164_Holdren_SpaceX_Statement_prt.htm.

27. “What Is reCAPTCHA,” Google, accessed January 19, 2013, www.google.com/recaptcha/learnmore.

28. Deloitte Research updated analysis of Glenn Butts and Kent Linton, “The Joint Confidence Level Paradox: A History of Denial, 2009 NASA Cost Symposium,” 25–26, April 28, 2009, http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/nexgen/Nexgen_Downloads/Butts_NASA’s_Joint_Cost-Schedule_Paradox_-_A_History_of_Denial.pdf

29. “Higher Education: Not What It Used to Be,” Economist, December 1, 2012, www.economist.com/news/united-states/21567373-american-universities-represent-declining-value-money-their-students-not-what-it.

30. “UNESCO eAtlas of Out of School Children,” UNESCO Institute of Statistics, www.app.collinsindicate.com/uis-atlas-out-of-school-children/en-us.

31. Karthika Muthukumaraswamy, “Please Have a Seat, Your Smartphone Will Be Right with You,” Huffington Post, March 31, 2012, www.huffingtonpost.com/karthika-muthukumaraswamy/health-care-technology_b_1389409.html.

32. “mHealth Technologies: Applications to Benefit Older Adults,” Center for Technology and Aging, March 2011, 63, www.techandaging.org/mHealth_Position_Paper_Discussion_Draft.pdf.

33. Esther Duflo, Michael Kremer, and Jonathan Robinson, “Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 15131, July 2009, 5, www.nber.org/papers/w15131.

34. Ibid., 3.

35. Jonathan Greenblatt, interview with the authors, March 20, 2013.

36. “General Government Expenditures,” part 4 of Government at a Glance 2011, chapter III, “Public Finance and Economics,” OECD, 2011, http://tinyurl.com/bcqbulo

37. More than one of every four dollars that an OECD-member government spends goes toward procurement. “Size of Public Procurement Market,” part 4 of Government at a Glance 2011, chapter IX, “Public Procurement,” OECD, 2011, http://tinyurl.com/at3wt5r.

38. Jonathan Greenblatt, interview with the authors, March 2013.

39. Harvey Koh, Ashish Karamchandani, and Robert Katz, “From Blueprint to Scale: The Case for Philanthropy in Impact Investing,” Monitor Group, April 2012, 3, http://tinyurl.com/84yn9qv.

40. Matt Bannick and Paula Goldman, “Sectors, Not Just Firms,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, September 2012, www.ssireview.org/blog/entry/sectors_not_just_firms.

41. Celia Richardson, “How the Social Value Act Will Combat the Growing ‘Shadow State,’” Guardian, December 19, 2012, www.guardian.co.uk/public-leaders-network/2012/dec/19/social-value-act-shadow-state.

42. Allison Aubrey, “Sustainable Seafood Swims to a Big-Box Store Near You,” The Salt, NPR’s Food Blog, January 20, 2012, www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/01/19/145474067/sustainable-seafood-swims-to-a-big-box-store-near-you.

43. “Sustainable Living Plan: Progress Report 2011,” Unilever, 2011, 2–5, www.unilever.com/images/uslp-Unilever_Sustainable_Living_Plan_Progress_Report_2011_tcm13–284779.pdf.

44. One Percent for the Planet website, www.onepercentfortheplanet.org/en/.

45. “Workplace Rights Implementation Guide,” The Coca-Cola Company, April 23, 2012, 5, http://assets.coca-colacompany.com/55/b5/5dcc88f044faa9e56bf0d0f72a17/SupplierSGPImplementationGuideENGLISH.pdf.

46. “Alquería S.A,” International Finance Corporation, August 2012, www1.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/986fd7004d3308238872cdf81ee631cc/Alqueria.2012.pdf?MOD=AJPERES.

47. Bill Gates, “Bill Gates: My Plan to Fix the World’s Biggest Problems,” Wall Street Journal, January 25, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323539804578261780648285770.html.

48. “RARE Report 2012,” RARE, Arlington, VA, accessed February 6, 2013, www.rareconservation.org/sites/rareconservation.org/files/RareAnnualReport2012.pdf.

49. “About IRIS,” Global Impact Investing Network, IRIS (Impact Reporting and Investment), accessed February 6, 2013, http://iris.thegiin.org/about-iris.

50. Suzie Bozz, “Amplifying Local Voices,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, summer 2011, www.ssireview.org/articles/entry/amplifying_local_voices1.

51. Natasha Singer, “You’ve Won a Badge (and Now We Know All About You),” New York Times, February 4, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/02/05/business/employers-and-brands-use-gaming-to-gauge-engagement.html?_r=0.

52. “What Are UNESCO and World Heritage?” TripAdvisor, accessed March 18, 2013, http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/561/.

53. Patrick Meagher, “Enabling Environments for Microfinance: A Concept Note,” Financial Services Investment Project, July 2010, www.fsassessment.umd.edu/publications/pdfs/Enabling-Environments-Microfinanace.pdf; “Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Awards $5.8 Million Grant to ACCION for Microfinance Development in Africa and India,” PR NewsWire, January 2010, www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bill–melinda-gates-foundation-awards-58-million-grant-to-accion-for-microfinance-development-in-africa-and-india-55170757.html;“Financial Inclusion 2.0,” Livemint. com, December 7, 2010, www.livemint.com/Articles/2010/12/07205757/Financial-inclusion-20.html; Tavia Grant, “It’s Revolutionary, and Ridiculously Simple: What Poor People Really Need Is a Safe Place to Put Their Money,” Globe and Mail, July 16, 2011, http://tinyurl.com/ckm47cq.

54. Gates, “My Plan to Fix the World’s Biggest Problems.”

Appendix

1. We teamed up with our Monitor Deloitte colleagues Michael Kubzansky, Anamitra Deb, Ashish Karamchandani, and Harvey Koh to develop these strategies, borrowing in part from various earlier reports, including From Blueprint to Scale (2012), Emerging Markets, Emerging Models (2009), Investing for Social and Environment Impact (2009), and Promise and Progress (2011).

2. Michael E. Porter and Mark R. Kramer, “Creating Shared Value,” Harvard Business Review, January–February 2011, 68.

3. Bill Drayton and Valeria Budinich, “A New Alliance for Global Change,” Harvard Business Review, September 2010, 56–64.

4. Harvey Koh, Ashish Karamchandani, and Robert Katz, From Blueprint to Scale: The Case for Philanthropy in Impact Investing (Monitor Group, April 2012), 16, http://tinyurl.com/84yn9qvOk.

5. Jonathan Greenblatt, interview with the authors, March 20, 2013.