aerocars 111
airline networks 151
all-directions transferring 136
ALRT see automated light rapid transit
American Ground Transport 14–15
Amsterdam, The Netherlands 188
anti-motorway campaigns 198
see also freeway revolts
anywhere-to-anywhere services 83, 134, 135, 166, 171, 199
Auckland, New Zealand 20–29, 78, 85–86, 176
Australia
CBDs 65
cycling 189
density 5–6, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60–61
franchising 70
multi-modal approaches 154–155, 177
Olympic Games 81
peak oil 40
rural areas 178
see also Melbourne, Australia
automated light rapid transit (ALRT) 101
automobiles 3, 11–35, 37–49, 53, 54, 65, 200
see also cars
autopia 19, 26–29, 32, 37, 41–43, 51, 54
balanced transport 37–38, 44, 45–46, 48, 114, 121, 130, 174–175
bicycles see cycling
biofuels 40
Boston, US 59
Brazil 116–119, 120, 152, 169, 199
Brisbane, Australia 59, 120–124, 172
Building the 21st Century Home 51–52
buses
deregulation 70, 75, 76–81, 84, 85–86, 152, 154, 178
free markets 150
monopolies 95
motorway development 22
rail integration 93–94, 100, 107–108, 127, 136, 143, 157–158
simplicity 169
busways 111–128, 155, 170, 172–173, 199
cabs 96
see also jitneys
Canada
CBDs 65
density 58, 59, 60–61, 62, 64, 200
subsidies 157
sustainable modes 49
Canberra, Australia 5–6, 44, 169
Caroll, J. Douglas 29
cars
busways 119
congestion charging 45–46, 47–48
cycling 189
dependency 3, 4, 9, 53, 54, 65
distance from centre 56
dominated cities 12, 31–32, 125
freedom 135
ownership 11, 64–65, 79, 97, 98
park and ride 174
public transport 75, 92, 93–95, 158, 185
university campuses 193
see also automobiles
CBD see Central Business District
Central Business District (CBD) 21, 28, 45, 65, 104, 116, 119, 148, 153
Certificate of Entitlement (COE) 45, 46
Chicago, US 29–32, 51, 52, 53, 57, 98
China 38
citizen participation 8, 49, 130–131, 142
City Bikes 188
climate change 7, 38–39, 41–43, 198
clock-face timetables 171, 172
COE see Certificate of Entitlement
collective action 152, 198–199
commuting see work travel
compact cities 6, 32, 39, 51–67, 127
comparative cities approach 8
competition
buses and rail 96–97, 121, 125
cars and public transport 93–95
franchising 74
free enterprise 76
inter-modal 103
walking and public transport 183–185
concessions 71, 74, 77, 86, 155
see also franchising
congestion
exaggerating 24
congestion charging 44–47, 70, 78, 79, 132
continuum of strategies 72
contracts 72, 86–87, 104–105, 161
coordination
efficiency 151
organizational structures 159–160
timetabling 1, 2–3, 78–79, 167, 171–172
Copenhagen, Denmark 168, 188, 190
corporations 73
costs
cycling and walking 183
franchising 105
fuel efficiency 43
light rail systems 166
metro systems 130
monopolies 82
rail-motorway 26
travel modes 48
cross-regional services 155
cross-subsidies 93, 120, 132, 137, 152, 167–168
Curitiba, Brazil 116–119, 169, 199
cycling
middle suburbs 102
Davis, Bill 99
defence contracting 80
demand-based approaches 170–171
demand elasticities 148, 150, 151
The Demand for Public Transport 165–166
density
busways 126
linear cities 117
low- 7, 8, 28, 62, 98, 133–134
middle suburbs 102
outer suburban areas 92
public transport 5–7, 82, 131, 133, 199, 200
deregulation
buses 75, 76–81, 84, 85–86, 152, 178
integrated transport systems 120
patronage and subsidies 154
public transport 52, 70, 71, 86
tactical planning 153
developing countries 38
dial-a-bus 52
direct service principle 151, 172–173
discounted transport tickets 137, 143, 156, 166, 175, 193, 195, 197
discretionary regulation 74
disincentives 48, 141–142, 162, 193
dispersed cities
compact cities 66
jeepney-like services 76
networks 83, 148–152, 153, 155, 157
see also sprawl
economics
activity and public transport 65
financial control 160
financial crisis 69
funding 19, 24, 75, 99, 135, 143, 159
public transport 147
tram finance 16
transport planning 201
economies of scale/scope 82, 83, 151, 153
efficiency 38–39, 42, 147, 151, 157, 159
electrically powered cars 43
electrification 22–23, 96, 121, 126
emissions 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 183
employment 27, 28, 79, 104, 105–106, 132, 136, 148
entrepreneurship 87
environment 5–6, 8–9, 37, 44, 45, 51, 183
European Commission 70, 71, 72
express services 2, 19, 115, 118, 134, 136, 152, 158
fares
capped 104
concessionary reimbursement 77
costs 99
integrated 120, 127, 136, 154–155
rail franchising 156
region-wide 114
single 108
zones 136
feeder services
buses 22, 93–94, 97, 98, 115, 199
busways 118
cross-subsidies 120
timed-transfer networks 171
see also funding; subsidies
Fischer, Karl 29
Fisher, Frank 191
flexibility 8, 54, 76, 135, 166–167, 169
Flink, James 12
Flyvbjerg, Bent 198
forget the timetable services 171, 172
Foz do Iguacu, Brazil 120, 152
fragmented development 97
franchises
busways 118
competition 74
integrated transport systems 120
lobbying difficulties 197
rail 70, 82, 104–106, 155–156, 160
tactical planning 153
see also concessions
free enterprise 70, 75–76, 77, 83
free markets 66, 70–71, 150, 154, 155
freeways
balanced transport systems 44
cycling 190
public transport decline 17–20
revolts 99–100, 107, 113, 114, 124, 132, 159
see also motorways
freight services 70
frequency
direct services 151
doubling 150
service 4, 101, 136, 137, 143, 156
transfers 167
Frisken, Frances 97
funding 19, 24, 75, 99, 135, 143, 159
see also finance; subsidies
General Motors (GM) 11, 14–17, 20, 28, 29, 111
GM see General Motors
good subject effect 186
Gordon, Peter 54
Graubunden, Switzerland 179–180, 186
see also emissions
Greyhound buses 83
grid patterns 94, 100, 150, 167
Hall, Peter 20
Hamer, Dick 99
Hass-Klau, Carmen 184, 185, 189
Heath, Joseph 188
Hensher, David 113, 119, 154–155
high-speed trains 134
horses 11
Howard, Ebenezer 12, 13, 32, 55, 124
hub-and-spoke patterns 167, 169
Huntingdale Station, Melbourne 1–2, 191
Huntingdon, Henry E. 17
ideology 69
IEA see International Energy Agency
Illich, Ivan 188
inaction, rationalization for 199–200
income 64–65, 97, 118–119, 166
integrated approaches
bus and rail 93–94, 100, 107–108, 127, 136, 143, 157–158
networks 84–85, 93–94, 131–132, 199
pulse timetables 135–139, 153, 171, 199
timetabling 127, 135, 136, 137, 143
see also multi-modal approaches; networks
Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems 111
interchanges 136, 167, 171–172, 172–174
see also transfers
inter-city transport 83–84, 156
International Energy Agency (IEA) 40–41
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 39, 42–43, 53
Interstate Highway system 19
inter-suburban travel 132
IPCC see Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
jeepneys 76
jurisdiction 160
Kain, John 13
Kaufmann, Vincent 141
Kenworthy, Jeff 30, 53–54, 56, 57–58
koala freeway 122
laboratory studies 42
land use 9, 29–30, 51–53, 54, 66, 93, 103, 166
light rail systems 20, 107–108, 112, 116, 166
linear cities 44–45, 82–83, 117
Livable Region Plan 47–48, 107
London, UK 46–47, 64, 76–77, 78–81, 157–158
long-distance services, free markets 70
Los Angeles, US 14–15, 17–20, 28, 58–59, 62
low-density areas 7, 8, 28, 62, 98, 133–134, 174
McCormick Rankin Report 121–122
Manchester, UK 199
Manila, Philippines 76
Master Transportation Plan, Auckland 23–24, 26, 28
Melbourne, Australia
density 9
interchanges 173
multi-modal marketing 176
park and ride 174
walking 187
Metrolinx 103
metropolitan statistical areas 58
Metropolitan Transit Authority 19–20
Meyer, John 13
middle-suburban areas 102, 133–134
Mitchell, Robert 29
modal shares 126, 139–140, 142–143, 150, 193–194
mode shifts
congestion charging 47
density 53
emissions 39
free travel 175
incentives and disincentives 48
park and ride 174
travel times 48
Monash University, Melbourne 1–3, 94–95, 100, 191, 197
Monbiot, George 156, 162–163, 198
monorails 111
see also freeways
multi-modal approaches
fares 100, 124, 154–155, 167, 175–176
rail franchising 156
see also integrated approaches; networks
municipal departments 73
Munster, Germany 189
National City Lines 15
natural monopolies 81–86, 151, 153–154
The Netherlands 188
net residential density 56, 57
networks
planning 81–86, 119, 120, 139, 147–163, 165–181
transfer-based 8
see also integrated approaches;multi-modal approaches
Newman, Peter 30, 53–54, 56, 57–58, 127
Newsom, Gavin 44
New Zealand 20–29, 70, 78, 85–86, 176
Nielsen, Gustav 8, 148, 162, 167, 168, 169, 171, 173
night-networks 136
non-work travel 141
North Coast, Australia 178
off-route deviations 170
Olympic games, 2000 81
one section one line principle 169
on-road car fleets 42
operational level 72, 79, 135–139, 161
organizational level 137–138, 157, 158–161
Ottawa, Canada 59, 112–116, 160, 199
Ott, Ruedi 184
Overground, London 158
overall urban density 57–58, 59
ownership
cars 11, 45, 46, 64–65, 79, 97, 98
public 16–17, 31, 32, 80, 93–95, 97, 139–142
Oxford, UK 189
Pacific Electric system 14, 15, 17, 18–19, 74
park-and-ride 94, 125, 174–175
participation 142, 158, 159, 194, 197–198
patronage
busways 113–114, 114–115, 118–119, 123–124, 125–126
public transport 92
trams 165
walking 183
Zurich model 131, 134, 136, 139, 140, 142
peak periods
bus lanes 196
park and ride 174
service frequency 81, 125, 168, 171
timed-transfer networks 171
transfer-free services 115, 116
pedestrianization 131
performance incentives 87
periodical ticket approaches 175, 193
personal rapid transit (PRT) 111–112
planning
linear cities 117
Melbourne and Toronto contrast 95–98
networks 81–86, 119, 120, 139, 147–163, 165–181
public transport 7
service 136
policy 7, 21, 95–98, 114, 161–162, 190, 198
politics
busways 116–117, 122, 124, 125, 126
cycling 190
networks 160
poly-centred conurbations 6, 55
population density 5–7, 17, 24–26, 30, 51, 60–61
see also density
privatization 79, 82, 103, 104, 157
Provos 188
PRT see personal rapid transit
public ownership 17, 32, 80, 93–95, 97, 139–142
public transport
beyond cars 49
bicycles 191
economic activity 65
Melbourne and Toronto contrast 91–109
tactical planning 153
pulse-timetabling 135–139, 153, 171, 199
quality bus partnerships 78
racing cyclists 190
rail
bicycles 191
busways 111, 112, 119, 120–123
closure 126
commuters 134
density 53
direct station access 170
electrification 22–23, 96, 121, 126
express 135
franchises 70, 82, 104–106, 155–156, 160
integrated systems 93–94, 100, 107–108, 127, 135–139, 143, 157–158
interchanges 173
investment 125
network planning 151
rural transport 179
suburbanization 141
random-transfer approaches 167, 171, 172
rapid transit systems 18–19, 27, 45, 117
Rapkin, Chester 29
rationalization for inaction 199
recovery of costs 140, 143, 150
recreational cycling 191
regional level
agencies 157
density 62
federation model 161
integrated pulse timetables 135
light rail systems 107
network planning 127, 153, 155, 166, 168
rural transport 178
Requiao, Robert 118
residential densities 30
Richardson, Harry 54
Ring-Plan 45
road pricing see congestion charging
San Francisco, US 44
Sao Paulo, Brazil 119
S-Bahn systems 130, 134, 135, 136, 141
Schaffhausen, Switzerland 142–143, 171, 186, 199
season tickets 137
semi-autonomous public authorities 161
service level
busways 125
concentrated 132
density 103
network planning 168
planning 136
rail patronage 106
suburban areas 140
shale oil 40
shared bicycle–bus lanes 190–191
smart cards 176
Soberman, Richard 101
Soria y Mata, Arturo 82
sparse networks 168
sprawl
compact cities 66
rail 141
see also dispersed cities
strategic level 72
Stretton, Hugh 55
structure 65
students 1–3, 141, 175, 186, 193–197
Stutz, Jakob 4
sub-contracting 73–74, 80, 87, 118, 138, 160, 161
subsidies
cross- 93, 120, 132, 137, 152, 167–168
demand elasticities 150
efficiency decline 157
provincial 101
regional transport 114
rural transport 179
see also finance; funding
supply-based planning 171
Switzerland 3–5, 70, 142–143, 171, 175, 186, 200
see also Zurich, Switzerland
Sydney, Australia 81, 154–155, 177
tactical planning 72, 78–79, 81–82, 86–87, 152, 153, 160
tailor-made public transport systems 83
Tasmania 43
tendering 71, 73–74, 76, 79–80, 81, 87
Thompson, Gregory 83, 162, 167
Thomson, J. Michael 8, 65, 150, 151
Thredbo Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport 70, 87
timed-transfer networks 167, 171–172
see also integrated pulse–timetables
timetabling
easy to remember 134
integrated 127, 135, 136, 137, 143
lack of coordination 1, 2–3, 78–79
patronage matching 81
regional 4
top-down approaches 71, 117, 155, 159, 161
Toronto, Canada 57, 80–81, 91–109, 136, 157, 173–174, 187
trams
decline of 14–16, 19, 21–22, 26–27, 97
density 52
modern city 32
patronage increases 165
transfers
all-directions 136
integrated fares 155
see also interchanges
transit first policy 114
transit systems 9, 84–85, 127, 183–193
see also public transport
transitways see busways
transparency 158
transport planning 5, 20, 21, 70
see also planning
Travelsmart 185
Troy, Pat 55
trunk and feeder models 112, 169–170
two-zone fare systems 100
UBC see University of British Colombia
underground systems 24, 45, 106, 130
United Kingdom (UK)
bus deregulation 70, 76–78, 84, 152, 154
compact cities 51
free travel 176
learning lessons 165
peak oil 40
public transport decline 75
rail franchising 82, 155–156, 160
school students 141
walking 183
United States of America (US)
balanced urban transportation 37
CBDs 65
climate change 38
compact cities 51, 52, 53, 57, 58–59, 62
congestion charging 44
defence contracting 80
density 53, 56, 57–58, 59, 60–61, 98, 200
franchising 86
multi-destinational networks 151
peak oil 40
public transport decline 12, 13, 75
subsidies 157
University of British Colombia (UBC) 193–197
universities 1–3, 94–95, 100, 158–159, 191, 193–197
see also density
urban design 5
see also planning
Vancouver, Canada
CBD 65
periodical ticket approaches 175
timed and random transfer 171, 172
verkehrsverbund 73, 135–139, 153, 157
see also federations
vertical separation 82
Vuchic, Vukan 75, 84–85, 127, 142, 158, 162, 172
walking
density 64
distance from station 93
middle suburbs 102
walk-on custom 94
Welles, Orson 129
West Yorkshire, UK 85
Wilson, Woodrow 95
Wohl, Martin 13
work travel
public transport 4, 91, 107, 124, 131
Wright, Joseph 26
X-Ray the City! 25–26, 56–57, 58–65
Y-freeways 132
York University, Toronto 2
Zurich, Switzerland
buses 85
density 17
integration 157
networks 153
periodical ticket approaches 175
politics 198
timed and random transfer 172
trams 158